The present study explores the potential usefulness of wild black plum (Vitex donia) seed from Ebonyi State; by assessment of nutritional and phytochemical attributes of the seed which is usually discarded as waste after consumption of the fruit pulp. Fat and protein were the major nutrients found in the seed, with values of 36.52% and 27.57% respectively. Fatty acid profile showed that monounsaturated oleic acid (58.54%) and saturated palmitic acid (34.24%) are the predominant fatty acids of the seed oil; while amino acid profile showed that thrionine (7.55%) and methionine (6.22%) constitute the major essential amino acids; and proline (8.64%) and glutamic acid (7.33%), the major non essential amino acids. Total essential amino acid content of 37.17% was recorded, indicating that the seed can be considered a good source of essential amino acids. Ash content was 5.18% and is an indication that the wild seed contains reasonable amounts of minerals. In terms of phytochemicals, appreciable amounts of alkaloids (11.40mg/100g) and flavonoids (3.75mg/100g) were recorded, in addition to high level of phenolic compounds (170mg/100g) which suggests that the seed could possess good antioxidant properties. The above findings are indications that great potential exists for wild black plum seed as good source of nutrients and phytochemicals.
- Colonial Chemical is a 20-year-old surfactant company that manufactures and sells green, safe, and innovative surfactants worldwide.
- Their strategy is to create a series of surfactants from renewable resources that are mild, natural, and safe for personal care formulations and the environment.
- They offer a line of naturally derived surfactants called Poly Suga that are made from plants like coconuts, corn, and sunflowers. These are mild, biodegradable alternatives to traditional surfactants.
This document provides information on noise and vibration risk assessments in the workplace and solutions for risk reduction. It discusses measurement of noise levels, calculation of employee noise exposure, regulatory action levels and employer responsibilities. It also covers hand-arm vibration syndrome, measurement of vibration exposure, European thresholds for action/limit levels, and employer duties to control risks from vibration. Solutions discussed include engineered noise reduction, purchasing quiet equipment, exposure time reduction, and use of personal protective equipment.
The document discusses production and scale-up techniques for suspensions and emulsions. It explains that while a drug product may be successfully developed in a small research laboratory setting, scaling up to large commercial production introduces many challenges. To address this, pharmaceutical companies use pilot plants which allow experimental formulations to be transferred from the laboratory to commercial-scale production. This helps identify and resolve potential problems before full-scale manufacturing. The document then describes various aspects of pilot plant facilities including their functions, organizational structures, staffing needs and training requirements.
The document discusses various methods for isolating fatty acids and glycerine from triglycerides including chemical and enzymatic modifications. Chemical modifications include transesterification, hydrolysis, aminolysis, and saponification. Transesterification is used to produce biodiesel and involves a reaction of triglycerides with an alcohol like methanol. Enzymatic modifications use lipases to selectively modify triglycerides in ways that cannot be achieved with chemical modifications. Overall, the document provides an overview of important industrial processes for separating fatty acids and glycerine from oils and fats.
This document discusses herbal ingredients used in oral care products. It provides an overview of common oral cavity diseases like tooth decay and periodontal diseases. It then lists several herbs like Acacia, Aloe vera, Psidium guajava, and Zingiber officinale that are used in oral care due to anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document also discusses formulations of marketed oral care products containing herbal ingredients and methods to evaluate properties of toothpastes.
Viscosity imparting agents are used to increase or decrease the viscosity of liquids for cosmetic products. They are classified as viscosity modifiers, which decrease viscosity, or viscosity enhancers, which increase viscosity. Commonly used viscosity imparting agents include hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Thickeners work by modifying the rheological properties and include both natural polymers like cellulose as well as synthetic polymers. Key considerations for thickeners are whether they produce Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow, and if they exhibit properties like shear thinning, elasticity, or thixotropy.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
- Colonial Chemical is a 20-year-old surfactant company that manufactures and sells green, safe, and innovative surfactants worldwide.
- Their strategy is to create a series of surfactants from renewable resources that are mild, natural, and safe for personal care formulations and the environment.
- They offer a line of naturally derived surfactants called Poly Suga that are made from plants like coconuts, corn, and sunflowers. These are mild, biodegradable alternatives to traditional surfactants.
This document provides information on noise and vibration risk assessments in the workplace and solutions for risk reduction. It discusses measurement of noise levels, calculation of employee noise exposure, regulatory action levels and employer responsibilities. It also covers hand-arm vibration syndrome, measurement of vibration exposure, European thresholds for action/limit levels, and employer duties to control risks from vibration. Solutions discussed include engineered noise reduction, purchasing quiet equipment, exposure time reduction, and use of personal protective equipment.
The document discusses production and scale-up techniques for suspensions and emulsions. It explains that while a drug product may be successfully developed in a small research laboratory setting, scaling up to large commercial production introduces many challenges. To address this, pharmaceutical companies use pilot plants which allow experimental formulations to be transferred from the laboratory to commercial-scale production. This helps identify and resolve potential problems before full-scale manufacturing. The document then describes various aspects of pilot plant facilities including their functions, organizational structures, staffing needs and training requirements.
The document discusses various methods for isolating fatty acids and glycerine from triglycerides including chemical and enzymatic modifications. Chemical modifications include transesterification, hydrolysis, aminolysis, and saponification. Transesterification is used to produce biodiesel and involves a reaction of triglycerides with an alcohol like methanol. Enzymatic modifications use lipases to selectively modify triglycerides in ways that cannot be achieved with chemical modifications. Overall, the document provides an overview of important industrial processes for separating fatty acids and glycerine from oils and fats.
This document discusses herbal ingredients used in oral care products. It provides an overview of common oral cavity diseases like tooth decay and periodontal diseases. It then lists several herbs like Acacia, Aloe vera, Psidium guajava, and Zingiber officinale that are used in oral care due to anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document also discusses formulations of marketed oral care products containing herbal ingredients and methods to evaluate properties of toothpastes.
Viscosity imparting agents are used to increase or decrease the viscosity of liquids for cosmetic products. They are classified as viscosity modifiers, which decrease viscosity, or viscosity enhancers, which increase viscosity. Commonly used viscosity imparting agents include hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Thickeners work by modifying the rheological properties and include both natural polymers like cellulose as well as synthetic polymers. Key considerations for thickeners are whether they produce Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow, and if they exhibit properties like shear thinning, elasticity, or thixotropy.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
The document discusses African elemi nut, a lesser-known nut indigenous to Africa. It provides background on the plant, describing its geographical distribution, local names, physical characteristics, and taxonomic classification. The document also reviews the traditional uses of African elemi in African medicine, its pharmacological properties including antimicrobial and anticancer activities, and potential industrial and health benefits. Key active compounds in African elemi like flavonoids, tannins, and saponins are noted for their antioxidant and disease-preventing properties.
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of the leaf, stem, and flowers of Luffa aegyptiaca. Key findings include:
1. The leaf, stem, and flowers contain saponins, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids were present only in the flowers.
2. Nutrient analysis found the leaves contain 10.01% moisture, 0.78% protein, and 48.02% carbohydrates. The stem contains 7.02% moisture, 3.01% protein, and 61.01% carbohydrates. Flowers contain 4.01% moisture, 0.5% protein, and 45.
Proximate Composition of Whole Seeds and Pulp of African Black Velvet Tamarin...IOSR Journals
The document analyzes the proximate composition of whole seeds and pulp from the African black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense). Analysis found higher levels of dry matter, crude fat, crude fiber, protein, and nitrogen in the whole seeds compared to the pulp. Conversely, the pulp contained higher levels of moisture, ash, organic matter, and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found higher levels of magnesium, sodium, iron, and potassium in the pulp, while calcium was higher in the whole seeds. The results suggest the whole seeds and pulp can serve as good sources of essential nutrients for humans and livestock.
Bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity and in vitro cancerAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the antioxidant and anticancer properties of juices from nine varieties of Moroccan prickly pear fruit. It finds that the juices contain significant antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids. Testing shows the juices have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro. The results suggest the health benefits of different prickly pear varieties and provide information to make best use of them in food and medical applications.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
The nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits were carried out in the Department of Forestry/ Environment Laboratory using standard procedures. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates. The fungal pathogens isolated from the rotted fruits were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The predominant spoilage causing fungi were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (60%) and Aspergillus niger (52%). Proximate analysis revealed that the affected fruits had significantly reduced (P<0.05) quality when compared to the uninfected fruits in terms of carbohydrate content, protein, oil content, moisture, crude fibre and Ash content. This work holds promise on the importance of the nutritional properties of the fruits in screening for rot tolerance and storage stability.
Comparative analysis of the phytochemical and nutrientAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed and compared the phytochemical, nutrient, vitamin, and mineral composition of the seeds and leaves of Plukenetia conophora.
2. Results showed that the leaves generally contained higher amounts of components like fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, alkaloids, tannins, and anthraquinones compared to the seeds.
3. However, the seeds contained higher amounts of moisture, protein, and copper. Both seeds and leaves were found to contain important nutrients and could potentially serve as food sources or in drug formulations.
Proximate and Toxicological Analyses of Detoxified Jatropha Curcas Seedsiosrjce
The need for detoxification of less utilized crops with similar nutritional composition with soybeans
as potential substitute or supplement for soybeans in conventional feeds production is obvious as price of
soybean continue to rise. Jatropha curcas is one of such crops which can serve as a potential source of dietary
energy and protein. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors restricts the utilization of the Jatropha
curcas seed in animal feed. Several researchers however have shown that this obstacle can be overcome by
detoxifying the seeds, but many of them failed to established the effects of these detoxification methods on the
nutritional content of Jatropha curcas .The main objective of this study therefore was to determine the effect of
three simple inexpensive physical methods of detoxification (soaking, roasting and fermentation) on the
proximate and toxicological compositions of Jatropha curcas seed meal. To achieve this, Jatropha curcas seeds
sample used were divided into four parts. The first three parts were subjected to the three different physical
treatments after which they were dried to constant weight and while the fourth part was dried to constant weight
and milled. These four samples were then analysed for their proximate and toxicological composition .The
results showed that fermentation deactivated the antinutrients most in the seeds and did not adversely affect the
nutritional composition of the seeds
1. The document analyzes the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, and short-term toxicological effects of beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in albino rats.
2. The beniseed was found to contain moderate levels of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, making it a good source of nutrients. Its oil had properties suggesting potential industrial and dietary uses.
3. Rats fed a diet with 5% beniseed oil showed increased weight gain and feed consumption compared to controls, with no significant differences in organ weights or blood parameters, indicating no apparent toxic effects of short-term consumption.
1. Beniseed (Sesamum indicum) was analyzed for its nutritional composition, mineral content, and physicochemical properties of its oil. It was found to be a good source of protein, fat, fiber, minerals and had favorable oil properties.
2. Rats were fed diets containing either 5% Beniseed oil or 5% groundnut oil for 8 weeks. Both groups gained weight and showed no adverse effects in blood analysis or organ pathology.
3. Histological examination of some organs found minor abnormalities like thickening of lung tissue and changes in liver cells, but nothing significant between the two diet groups. The study suggests Beniseed oil could be a potential replacement for other edible
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Occurrence of Aflatoxin Levels in Harvest and Stored Groundnut Kernels in Kad...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the occurrence of aflatoxin levels in harvested and stored groundnut kernels in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study found that both harvested and stored products had significantly higher numbers of samples containing Aspergillus flavus than Aspergillus parasiticus. Though only 9.02% of samples screened had aflatoxin levels above the recommended limit of 20ppb, the persistent detection of moulds and total aflatoxin could pose a health threat to human and animal consumers of groundnut products. While most samples from non-mechanized processors were within safety limits, the ability to detect low levels of aflatoxin means contamination could still enter the food chain
Chemical Examination of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Amino Acid and Seed Pr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Amino acid composition as well as the seed protein solubility of (Hura crepitans) seeds was studied. The chemical scores for the determined amino acids of the seed in % showed tryptophan, leucine, methionine and isoleucine with 175.71, 175.00, 161.82 and 134.52 as the most abundant amino acids in that order while lysine and phenylalanine with 44.29 and 45.71 respectively were the most limiting amino acids. The ratio of percentage essential and non-essential amino acids in the seed was found to be 79: 21. All the values determined for amino acids were higher than the FAO/WHO standard except for lysine, cysteine and phenylalanine where lower values were obtained. Four solvents (0.1M each of NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaCl) were used to test for solubility of the seed protein and out of these, 0.1M NaOH was found to be the most effective solvent compared to the deionized distilled water. The protein was found to be more soluble in the alkaline than the acidic medium with PH4 having the lowest protein solubility of 20% while PH8 have the highest solubility of 65% after which increasing pH do not increase solubility and a relative stability established. The outcome of this work is a useful indication of how well protein isolate would perform when they are applied to food and to the extent of protein denaturation due to chemical treatment,
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Objectives: The present study sought to investigate the role of palm oil, in conjunction with the duration of fermentation,
on cyanide and aflatoxin (AFT) loads of processed cassava tubers (Garri). Materials and Methods: Matured
cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers were harvested from three different locations (Akunna, Mkporo‑Oji
and Durungwu) in Njaba Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were processed into Garri
according to standard schemes with required modifications and measured for cyanide content using titrimetric
methods. Samples of Garri for determination of AFT levels were stored for 30 days before the commencement
of spectrophotometric analysis. Results: Cyanide content of peeled cassava tubers was within the range of
4.07 ± 0.16‑5.20 ± 0.19 mg hydrocyanic acid (HCN) equivalent/100 g wet weight, whereas the various
processed cassava tubers was within the range of 1.44 ± 0.34‑3.95 ± 0.23 mg HCN equivalents/100 g. For the
48 h fermentation scheme, Garri treated with palm oil exhibited marginal reduction in cyanide contents by 0.96%,
3.52% and 3.69%, whereas 4 h fermentation scheme is in concurrence with palm oil treatment caused 4.42%, 7.47%
and 5.15% elimination of cyanide contents compared with corresponding untreated Garri samples (P > 0.05).
Levels of AFT of the various Garri samples ranged between 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.04 ppb/100 g. There was
no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AFT levels among the various samples in relation to their corresponding
sources. Conclusion: The present study showed that the 48 h fermentation scheme for Garri production caused
significant (P < 0.05) reduction, but did not obliterate the cyanide content of cassava tubers. Conversely, the
48 h fermentation scheme promoted the elevation of AFT levels, but was relatively reduced in Garri samples
treated with palm oil.
Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content in avocado (persia americana)...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the total phenolic content in avocado (Persia Americana) seeds from the Eastern Province of Kenya. Avocado seeds from five varieties were extracted at different temperatures and their total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The maximum phenolic content of 18.55 ± 2.8 mg/g was found in extracts of the Fuerte variety extracted at 50°C. Increasing the extraction temperature to 70°C and 100°C resulted in 10.3% and 32.1% decreases in total phenolic content, respectively, likely due to degradation of thermosensitive phenolic compounds. Overall, an extraction temperature of 50°C was found to be most
Quantitative analysis of total phenolic content in avocado (persia americana)...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the total phenolic content in avocado (Persia Americana) seeds in Kenya. The study found that avocado seed extracts contained phenolic compounds, which are powerful antioxidants. The maximum phenolic content was found in extracts of Fuerte variety seeds extracted at 50°C. Phenolic content decreased with increasing extraction temperature from 50°C to 100°C. The study concluded that 50°C is the most suitable extraction temperature for maximizing phenolic compounds from avocado seeds.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
The functional ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage was prepared from jackfruit and aloe vera juice. The blended juice was made by using the different combination of jackfruit and aloe vera juice as T0 (100:0), T1 (90:10), T2 (80:20), T3 (70:30) and T4 (60:40) to improve the flavour and therapeutic properties.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
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Similar to Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Wild Black Plum (Vitex doniana) Seed from Ebonyi State
The document discusses African elemi nut, a lesser-known nut indigenous to Africa. It provides background on the plant, describing its geographical distribution, local names, physical characteristics, and taxonomic classification. The document also reviews the traditional uses of African elemi in African medicine, its pharmacological properties including antimicrobial and anticancer activities, and potential industrial and health benefits. Key active compounds in African elemi like flavonoids, tannins, and saponins are noted for their antioxidant and disease-preventing properties.
This document summarizes a study on the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of the leaf, stem, and flowers of Luffa aegyptiaca. Key findings include:
1. The leaf, stem, and flowers contain saponins, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. Alkaloids were present only in the flowers.
2. Nutrient analysis found the leaves contain 10.01% moisture, 0.78% protein, and 48.02% carbohydrates. The stem contains 7.02% moisture, 3.01% protein, and 61.01% carbohydrates. Flowers contain 4.01% moisture, 0.5% protein, and 45.
Proximate Composition of Whole Seeds and Pulp of African Black Velvet Tamarin...IOSR Journals
The document analyzes the proximate composition of whole seeds and pulp from the African black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense). Analysis found higher levels of dry matter, crude fat, crude fiber, protein, and nitrogen in the whole seeds compared to the pulp. Conversely, the pulp contained higher levels of moisture, ash, organic matter, and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found higher levels of magnesium, sodium, iron, and potassium in the pulp, while calcium was higher in the whole seeds. The results suggest the whole seeds and pulp can serve as good sources of essential nutrients for humans and livestock.
Bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity and in vitro cancerAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the antioxidant and anticancer properties of juices from nine varieties of Moroccan prickly pear fruit. It finds that the juices contain significant antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids. Testing shows the juices have dose-dependent inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth in vitro. The results suggest the health benefits of different prickly pear varieties and provide information to make best use of them in food and medical applications.
Nutritional Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Peach Varieties in Ethi...AJSERJournal
Nutritional and functional characteristics of fruits are related to their quality and are influenced by
genotype and ripening stage, and by environmental conditions and orchard management practices. The purpose of this
research was to test nutritional profile and selected physicochemical properties of different improved and adopted
peach varieties in Ethiopia and comparative study among varieties and between study varieties and standard
reference. The result got show that improved peach varieties greater amount of ash (4.3-5.51%), protein (4.34-6.05%),
fat (0.097-1.386%) and fiber (2.87-4.611%) than standard reference (0.263, 1.423, 0.427, and 1.20%, in the
aforementioned order) but lower in carbohydrate (84.411-89.90%) than standard of (96.678%). The mineral content
higher in K (0.48-1.182%), Ca (0.162-0.565 %), Mg (0.037-0.066%), Fe (16.33-159.2%) and Zn (2.43-8.84%) than
standard reference (0.942, 0.051, 0.071, 16.32, 3.213%), respectively except Na, Mg, Cu and Sulfur while the fruit
quality was revealed low moisture content which less water and medium vitamin C (3.99-5.55%) and TSS (8.36-
14.31%). We observed variation in proximate composition and mineral content among sixteen peach varieties.
The nutritional composition and fungal spoilage of Dacryodes edulis fruits were carried out in the Department of Forestry/ Environment Laboratory using standard procedures. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and three replicates. The fungal pathogens isolated from the rotted fruits were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The predominant spoilage causing fungi were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (60%) and Aspergillus niger (52%). Proximate analysis revealed that the affected fruits had significantly reduced (P<0.05) quality when compared to the uninfected fruits in terms of carbohydrate content, protein, oil content, moisture, crude fibre and Ash content. This work holds promise on the importance of the nutritional properties of the fruits in screening for rot tolerance and storage stability.
Comparative analysis of the phytochemical and nutrientAlexander Decker
1. The study analyzed and compared the phytochemical, nutrient, vitamin, and mineral composition of the seeds and leaves of Plukenetia conophora.
2. Results showed that the leaves generally contained higher amounts of components like fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, alkaloids, tannins, and anthraquinones compared to the seeds.
3. However, the seeds contained higher amounts of moisture, protein, and copper. Both seeds and leaves were found to contain important nutrients and could potentially serve as food sources or in drug formulations.
Proximate and Toxicological Analyses of Detoxified Jatropha Curcas Seedsiosrjce
The need for detoxification of less utilized crops with similar nutritional composition with soybeans
as potential substitute or supplement for soybeans in conventional feeds production is obvious as price of
soybean continue to rise. Jatropha curcas is one of such crops which can serve as a potential source of dietary
energy and protein. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors restricts the utilization of the Jatropha
curcas seed in animal feed. Several researchers however have shown that this obstacle can be overcome by
detoxifying the seeds, but many of them failed to established the effects of these detoxification methods on the
nutritional content of Jatropha curcas .The main objective of this study therefore was to determine the effect of
three simple inexpensive physical methods of detoxification (soaking, roasting and fermentation) on the
proximate and toxicological compositions of Jatropha curcas seed meal. To achieve this, Jatropha curcas seeds
sample used were divided into four parts. The first three parts were subjected to the three different physical
treatments after which they were dried to constant weight and while the fourth part was dried to constant weight
and milled. These four samples were then analysed for their proximate and toxicological composition .The
results showed that fermentation deactivated the antinutrients most in the seeds and did not adversely affect the
nutritional composition of the seeds
1. The document analyzes the nutritional composition, physicochemical properties, and short-term toxicological effects of beniseed (Sesanum indicum) oil in albino rats.
2. The beniseed was found to contain moderate levels of protein, fat, and carbohydrates, making it a good source of nutrients. Its oil had properties suggesting potential industrial and dietary uses.
3. Rats fed a diet with 5% beniseed oil showed increased weight gain and feed consumption compared to controls, with no significant differences in organ weights or blood parameters, indicating no apparent toxic effects of short-term consumption.
1. Beniseed (Sesamum indicum) was analyzed for its nutritional composition, mineral content, and physicochemical properties of its oil. It was found to be a good source of protein, fat, fiber, minerals and had favorable oil properties.
2. Rats were fed diets containing either 5% Beniseed oil or 5% groundnut oil for 8 weeks. Both groups gained weight and showed no adverse effects in blood analysis or organ pathology.
3. Histological examination of some organs found minor abnormalities like thickening of lung tissue and changes in liver cells, but nothing significant between the two diet groups. The study suggests Beniseed oil could be a potential replacement for other edible
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International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Objectives: The present study sought to investigate the role of palm oil, in conjunction with the duration of fermentation,
on cyanide and aflatoxin (AFT) loads of processed cassava tubers (Garri). Materials and Methods: Matured
cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tubers were harvested from three different locations (Akunna, Mkporo‑Oji
and Durungwu) in Njaba Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The cassava tubers were processed into Garri
according to standard schemes with required modifications and measured for cyanide content using titrimetric
methods. Samples of Garri for determination of AFT levels were stored for 30 days before the commencement
of spectrophotometric analysis. Results: Cyanide content of peeled cassava tubers was within the range of
4.07 ± 0.16‑5.20 ± 0.19 mg hydrocyanic acid (HCN) equivalent/100 g wet weight, whereas the various
processed cassava tubers was within the range of 1.44 ± 0.34‑3.95 ± 0.23 mg HCN equivalents/100 g. For the
48 h fermentation scheme, Garri treated with palm oil exhibited marginal reduction in cyanide contents by 0.96%,
3.52% and 3.69%, whereas 4 h fermentation scheme is in concurrence with palm oil treatment caused 4.42%, 7.47%
and 5.15% elimination of cyanide contents compared with corresponding untreated Garri samples (P > 0.05).
Levels of AFT of the various Garri samples ranged between 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.04 ppb/100 g. There was
no significant difference (P > 0.05) in AFT levels among the various samples in relation to their corresponding
sources. Conclusion: The present study showed that the 48 h fermentation scheme for Garri production caused
significant (P < 0.05) reduction, but did not obliterate the cyanide content of cassava tubers. Conversely, the
48 h fermentation scheme promoted the elevation of AFT levels, but was relatively reduced in Garri samples
treated with palm oil.
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Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Wild Black Plum (Vitex doniana) Seed from Ebonyi State
1. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) Vol-3, Issue-1, Jan-Feb, 2019
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.3.1.5 ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com Page | 32
Nutritional and Phytochemical Properties of Wild
Black Plum (Vitex doniana) Seed from Ebonyi
State
Uchenna Johnson Amah1 and Otu Okogeri1*
1Department of Food Science and Technology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
* Corresponding author, Email: o.okogeri@ebsu.edu.ng
Abstract— The present study explores the potential
usefulness of wild black plum (Vitex donia) seed from
Ebonyi State; by assessment of nutritional and
phytochemical attributes of the seed which is usually
discarded as waste after consumption of the fruit pulp. Fat
and protein were the major nutrients found in the seed, with
values of 36.52% and 27.57% respectively. Fatty acid
profile showed that monounsaturated oleic acid (58.54%)
and saturated palmitic acid (34.24%) are the predominant
fatty acids of the seed oil; while amino acid profile showed
that thrionine (7.55%) and methionine (6.22%) constitute
the major essential amino acids; and proline (8.64%) and
glutamic acid (7.33%), the major non essential amino
acids. Total essential amino acid content of 37.17% was
recorded, indicating that the seed can be considered a good
source of essential amino acids. Ash content was 5.18% and
is an indication that the wild seed contains reasonable
amounts of minerals. In terms of phytochemicals,
appreciable amounts of alkaloids (11.40mg/100g) and
flavonoids (3.75mg/100g) were recorded, in addition to
high level of phenolic compounds (170mg/100g) which
suggests that the seed could possess good antioxidant
properties. The above findings are indications that great
potential exists for wild black plum seed as good source of
nutrients and phytochemicals.
Keywords— Black plum seed; Nutrients; Phytochemicals;
Fatty acids; Vitex doniana.
I. INTRODUCTION
Black plum (Vitex doniana) is a perennial shrub widely
distributed in tropical West Africa, extending eastward to
Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania in Savanna and high rainfall
area [1]. It is commonly known as black plum or African
olive [2], and as Mbembe in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, where it
abounds in the wild. The plant is a deciduous tree with
heavy rounded crown, and can grow up to 25 metres tall.
The bole can be clear of branches for up to 5 metres [3].
The fruits (mbembe) are oblong drupe 2-3cm long, green
when immature, turning purplish-black on ripening. They
are usually eaten as snack either fresh or dried, and have a
sweet prune-like taste with velvet-like texture. The leaves of
vitex doniana have been reported to have anti-malaria and
anti-dysentery properties [4]; the stem bark, anti-
hepatotoxic [5] and anti-bacterial [6]; while the fruit pulp
has been reported as good source of phytochemicals and
nutritional compounds [7]; yet not much attention has been
focused on the seed.
The importance of some Nigerian wild seeds as rich sources
of oil, protein, fibre and minerals for human consumption
and animals feed has been reported [8]. Ikram et al. [9]
noted that neglected and underutilized fruit seeds do not
receive much attention due to lack of information on their
nutritional compositions and physical qualities; and lack of
promotional campaign for these fruit seeds. Fruit seeds on
the other hand, can have high content of toxic and anti-
nutritional substances but could still be good sources of
economically valuable compounds for non-edible purposes.
Black plum is among the numerous indigenous tropical
fruits highly cherished for their pulps. In Ebonyi State
where this fruit abound, the seed is usually discarded as
waste after consumption of the fruit pulp due to lack of
information on possible usefulness of the seed. The present
study explores the possible usefulness of wild black plum
seed from Ebonyi State by evaluating some nutritional and
phytochemical compositions of the seed.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Source and Preparation of Sample
Matured plum (Vitex doniana) fruit was harvested from tree
grown wild in Afikpo, Ebonyi State. The fruit was manually
peeled to expose the pulp (edible part) which was removed
to obtain the nut; this was further cracked open with the aid
of hammer, to obtain black plum seed. The seed was
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sundried to constant weight, milled in a blender and
subjected to analyses as outlined below.
2.2 Analysis of Samples
Proximate composition was evaluated according to AOAC
official methods of analysis [10]. Crude protein content was
determined using Kjeldahl method; crude fat was
determined by Soxhlet extraction method; ash by
incinerating samples at 600oC in a muffle furnace and
moisture content by drying in a convention oven; while
carbohydrate was calculated by percentage difference.
Total phenol was evaluated colorimetrically at
725nm using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent [11]. Exactly 0.1ml
of black plum seed extract was measured into 10-ml
volumetric flask, then 5ml of distilled water and exactly
0.5ml Folin-Ciocalteau reagent were added. The flask was
inverted (about 4 times) and allowed to sit for 3 min. At the
end of 3 min, exactly 1ml of Na2CO3 was added and the
solution was diluted to volume with distilled water, and
then stored in the dark for 1 hour. After 1 hour the
absorbance of the solution at 725nm was measured using
reagent solution (prepared in the same manner as the
sample) as blank. Concentrations of total phenolic
compounds were calculated from calibrated curve of gallic
acid standard, in the range 10-100µg/ml (r2 = 0.9988).
Results are expressed as gallic acid equivalence.
The fatty acid profile of oil extracted from black
plum seed was evaluated by GC analysis of methylated
sample according to AOCS Official Method Ce 1h-05 [12].
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed on a HP
6890 GC system from Hewlett Packard, using a DB-23
capillary column (60m x 0.32mm x 0.25μm film thickness)
from Agilent Technologies.
Amino acids of defatted and hydrolysed black
plum seed samples were measured according to the
procedure reported by Mohammed et al. [13], using
Sequential multi sample (TSM) amino acid analyser;
Alkaloids were determined gravimetrically following the
method described by Harbone [14]; while Total flavonoids
were determined by the gravimetric method, according to
the method described by Bohm and Koupai-Abyazani [15].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Characteristics of wild black plum seed
The nutritional, phytochemical and fatty acid profile of wild
black plum seed used in this study are shown in table 1,
while the amino acid profile is shown in table 2. Moisture
content of 8.25% was recorded for the wild seed and falls
within range expected for fruit seeds. The ash content which
is a measure of the total amount of minerals present within a
food, was 5.18% and is comparable to that reported for
pumpkin seed [16] and melon seed [17]. The ash content
presented in Table 1 suggests that wild black plum seeds
contain reasonable amount of minerals.
Table.1: Characteristics of wild black plum seed.
Parametera Concentration
Proximate (%)
Moisture 8.25
Ash 5.18
Crude fat 36.52
Fibre 4.84
Protein 27.57
Carbohydrate 17.64
Phytochemical (mg/100g)
Alkaloid 11.40
Flavonoid 3.75
Total phenolic contentb 170
Fatty acid profile (%)
Palmatic (16:0) 34.24
Stearic (18:0) 7.22
Oleic (18:1) 58.54
Linoleic (18:2) Not detected
Linolenic (18:3) Not detected
aValues are means of duplicate analysis. bExpressed as
gallic acid equivalence.
Table 1 also shows that the fat content of the seed was
36.52%. This value is higher than those of common oilseeds
such as cottonseed (18-20%) and soybean (18-20%), and
comparable to values reported for safflower seed (30-35%)
and sunflower seed (35-40%) [18]. The seeds of wild black
plum can therefore be considered a good source of fat. Fatty
acid profile of the seed (table 1) indicates that oleic acid
(18:1) and palmitic acid (16:0) are the predominant fatty
acids, making up 58.54% and 34.24% respectively, of the
total fatty acids of the seed oil. Similar levels of oleic acid
have been reported for fruit seed oils from mango, cherry,
date and apple seeds [19]. It is interesting to note that
polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 and 18:3) were not
detected in the seed oil. Considering that the rate of
oxidation of oil is directly related to its degree of
unsaturation, the oil from wild black plum seed can be
considered oxidatively stable due to the absence of linoleic
(18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids which are prone to rapid
oxidation, compared to oleic acid (18:1).
Fibre content of the seed was 4.84% (table 1) and
can be considered to be on the low side when compared to
fibre contents of fruit seeds such as cherry, water melon,
pawpaw and guava seeds with their respective values of 10,
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14, 14, and 12% [17]. Although fibre is known for its
benefits in the body such as prevention of constipation,
lowering of blood cholesterol and reducing the risk of
various cancers; yet emphasis has been placed on the
importance of keeping fibre intake low in the nutrition of
infants and weaning children because high level in diet can
lead to irritation of gut mucosa in children [20].
High protein content of 27.57% was recorded for
the seed as shown in table 1. This value exceeds those of
legumes such as beans (19.4-24.8%) and peas (23.9-25.1%)
and thus suggests that the seed of wild black plumis a rich
source of protein. Further analysis revealed 18 amino acids
making up the protein (table 2), of which 46.28% are
essential and 53.72% non essential amino acids. Among the
essential amino acids, threonine (7.55%) and methionine
(6.22%) were the most abundant, while proline (8.64%) and
glutamic acid (7.33%) were the predominant non essential
amino acids. The amino acid profile as shown in table 2
indicates that wild black plum seed is also a good source of
essential amino acids.
Table.2: Amino acid profile of black plum seed (g/100g)a
Non essential Essential
Alanin 2.71 Histidine 3.25
Asparagine 4.53 Isoleucine 3.95
Aspartic acid 5.51 Ieucine 5.31
Glutamic acid 7.33 Lysine 4.92
Serine 3.18 Methionine 6.22
Arginine 4.26 Phenylalanine 2.85
Cysteine 1.07 Threonine 7.55
Glycine 3.48 Valine 3.12
Proline 8.64
Tyrosine 2.43
Total AA 43.14 37.17
% Total AA 53.72 46.28
aValues are means of duplicate analysis. AA= amino acid.
The calculated value for carbohydrate was 17.64% and is
relatively low when compared to fat and protein contents
(table 1). Furthermore carbohydrate content of wild black
plum seed can be considered on the low side when
compared to levels reported for pawpaw seed (36.2%) [17],
and dabai seed (44.6%) [21].
Among the phytochemicals, phenolic compounds
were the predominant, followed by alkaloid; and flavonoid
representing a smaller portion (table 1). The amount of
phenolic compounds recorded (170mg GAE/100g) is higher
than values reported for Ocimun basilicum, Apium
graveolens and Lepidium sativum seeds (51-92mg
GAE/100g) [22] and for Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
seed (142.48mg GAE/100g) [23]. Phenolic componds have
been reported as natural antioxidants effective in inhibiting
lipid oxidation by donating hydrogen atoms to lipid alkyl,
alcoxyl and peroxyl radicals [24]. Hence, the presence of
appreciable amount of phenolic compounds suggests that
the extract of wild black plum seed can serve as effective
natural antioxidant. The level of flavonoid obtained for
black plum seed was 3.75mg/100g, which is four times
lower than the value reported for water melon seed [25] but
comparable to the flavonoid content reported for voandzeia
susterranea seed (4.93%) [26]. Flavonoids have been
reported as potent free radical scavengers which prevent
oxidative cell damage; and as having strong anticancer
activity protecting against all stages of carcinogenesis [27].
Table 1 also shows alkaloid content of 11.4mg/100g, which
is comparable to literature values for alkaloid contents of
melon seed and Ben oil seed [25]. It has also been reported
that alkaloids are used as basic medicinal agents for their
analgesic and bactericidal effects [28].
IV. CONCLUSION
The present study provides evidence that the seed of wild
black plum has potential as good source of nutrients and
phytochemicals. The high fat content classifies the seed as
an important oilseed while the fatty acid profile places the
seed oil among vegetable oils with high oxidative stability
and balanced saturatation/unsaturation ratio. The protein
content and amino acid profile indicate that the seed is a
good source of protein and particularly a good source of
essential amino acids. The ash content indicates that the
seed can serve as a good source of minerals; while the high
level of phenolic compounds suggests that the seed could be
a good source of natural antioxidant which may be effective
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in inhibiting lipid oxidation and in preventing the formation
of free radicals in human body. The above findings stress
the importance of this neglected wild black plum seed and
further constitute a starting point which could lead to
exploitation of this seed as a good source of economically
valuable compounds for edible purposes (or at least for non
edible purposes).
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