The Everglades wetland is world renowned for its unique hydrogeology, flora and fauna and its scenic beauty. It is a 'World Heritage site' and an 'International Biosphere Reserve'. It's trophic status has come under threat from nutrient inputs from multiple sources. My research attempted to answer critical questions regarding the characteristics, behavior, transportability of sediments along with the flux and fate of Phosphorus in Everglades Agricultural Area canals.
UCSC Master's Presentation by Wilson SauthoffWilson Sauthoff
Compound-specific nitrogen (N) isotopic analysis (δ15N) of amino acids (AA), or CSI-AA, is a novel approach to understand N cycling. We expand upon initial observations at a productive, hypoxic margin to provide insight into source and transformation of sedimentary organic nitrogen from varied depositional conditions in a complex N cycling zone, the eastern tropical Pacific. δ15NAA patterns are generally well preserved, matching original mixed plankton inputs with some evidence for microbial degradation. There is appreciable δ15N offset between total N (bulk) and total AA N, where AA N is enriched. Source AA, previously understood to record changing baseline δ15N, are fundamentally different in marine sediments. We use modeling to rigorously test whether the total AA δ15N instead tracks changing baseline δ15N. Lastly we employ this new understanding of δ15NAA in sediments to compare with published whole sediment (δ15Nbulk) records, demonstrating the utility and wealth of information provided by CSI-AA.
3° Presentazione del Workshop Finale del Progetto IPA/BC-Monitor
Il progetto IPA/BC-Monitor ha sviluppato un sistema innovativo, compatto e standalone, per la misura online di due componenti chiave del particolato atmosferico, IPA e BC.
Sito web del progetto: www.ipabcmonitor.it
Carbon Dioxide Properties and the Role of Impurities in the Subsurface - presentation by Martin Trusler in the Effects of Impurities on CO2 Properties session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
UCSC Master's Presentation by Wilson SauthoffWilson Sauthoff
Compound-specific nitrogen (N) isotopic analysis (δ15N) of amino acids (AA), or CSI-AA, is a novel approach to understand N cycling. We expand upon initial observations at a productive, hypoxic margin to provide insight into source and transformation of sedimentary organic nitrogen from varied depositional conditions in a complex N cycling zone, the eastern tropical Pacific. δ15NAA patterns are generally well preserved, matching original mixed plankton inputs with some evidence for microbial degradation. There is appreciable δ15N offset between total N (bulk) and total AA N, where AA N is enriched. Source AA, previously understood to record changing baseline δ15N, are fundamentally different in marine sediments. We use modeling to rigorously test whether the total AA δ15N instead tracks changing baseline δ15N. Lastly we employ this new understanding of δ15NAA in sediments to compare with published whole sediment (δ15Nbulk) records, demonstrating the utility and wealth of information provided by CSI-AA.
3° Presentazione del Workshop Finale del Progetto IPA/BC-Monitor
Il progetto IPA/BC-Monitor ha sviluppato un sistema innovativo, compatto e standalone, per la misura online di due componenti chiave del particolato atmosferico, IPA e BC.
Sito web del progetto: www.ipabcmonitor.it
Carbon Dioxide Properties and the Role of Impurities in the Subsurface - presentation by Martin Trusler in the Effects of Impurities on CO2 Properties session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
C:\Documents And Settings\Jbalent\My Documents\Tio061610Jean Balent
This webinar will briefly review the theory behind isotopic effects, it will explain the units used to characterize the ratio of isotopes, and it will discuss the simple mathematics that can relate the shift in the ratio to the extent of degradation. Then the webinar will illustrate an approach to estimate rate constants for natural biodegradation of contaminants in ground water. The isotope analysis will be used to estimate the extent of natural biodegradation of MTBE at a gasoline spill site. The extent of biodegradation will be combined with the hydrological parameters at the site to estimate rate constants for biodegradation.
The webinar will conclude with a number of cautions and warnings. Heterogeneity in flow paths in the aquifer and proximity to NAPL or other source of contamination to ground water can substantially confuse the interpretation of stable isotope data. Both these conditions cause the isotope analysis to underestimate the extent of degradation. Heterogeneity in the rate of biodegradation can produce substantial errors in the forecasts of plume behavior. The webinar will provide recommendations to deal with the effects of heterogeneity in rates of biodegradation.
U.S. EPA has released A Guide for Assessing Biodegradation and Source Identification of Organic Ground Water Contaminants using Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) [EPA 600/R-08/148 | December 2008 | www.epa.gov/ada]. The Guide provides recommendations for sample collection, sample preservation, and sample analysis; recommendations on QA/QC issues; details on calculations; and a catalogue of expected initial values for the ratios of 13C to 12C in organic compounds such as TCE and PCE. The Guide also illustrates in detail the process to use isotope ratio data to estimate rate constants for degradation of organic compounds in ground water.
Simulation of FCC Riser Reactor Based on Ten Lump ModelIJERA Editor
The ten lump strategy and reaction schemes are based on the concentration of the various stocks i.e., paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic and aromatic substituent groups (paraffinic and napthenic groups attached to aromatic rings). The developed model has been studied using C++ programming language using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg mathematical method. At a space time of 4.5 s, the gasoline yield is predicted to be 72 mass % and 67 mass % for naphthenic and paraffinic feedstock respectively. Type of feed determines the yield of gasoline and coke. A highly naphthenic charge stock has given the greatest yield of gasoline among naphthenic, paraffinic and aromatic charge stock. In addition to this, effect of space time and temperature on the yield of coke and gasoline and conversion of gas oil has been presented. Also, the effect of catalyst to oil ratio is also taken in studies.
Building Soil Carbon: Benefits, Possibilities, and ModelingCarbon Coalition
Dr Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO Land & Water, is a central figure in soil carbon science in Australia. His views count because they indicate the centre of gravity in official thinking, such is his influence. Jeff is a mentor and a friend of the soil carbon movement.
Here I explained about power plant chemistry. Explained in details how to produce DM water, cooling water, drinking water etc from raw water. Also discussed about main plant steam cycle chemistry.
Tomographic inverse estimation of aquifer properties based on pressure varia...Velimir (monty) Vesselinov
Vesselinov, V.V., Harp, D., Koch, R., Birdsell, K., Katzman, K., Tomographic inverse estimation of aquifer properties based on pressure variations caused by transient water-supply pumping, <em>AGU Meeting</em>, San Francisco, CA, December 15-19, 2008.
Lessons learned from injecting liquid activated carbon suspensionAntea Group
Let Antea Group walk you through injecting liquid activated carbon suspension at three service station sites in CA. Topics include beta test results, site geology and chemistry, and lessons learned. Learn more at http://us.anteagroup.com/en-us.
C:\Documents And Settings\Jbalent\My Documents\Tio061610Jean Balent
This webinar will briefly review the theory behind isotopic effects, it will explain the units used to characterize the ratio of isotopes, and it will discuss the simple mathematics that can relate the shift in the ratio to the extent of degradation. Then the webinar will illustrate an approach to estimate rate constants for natural biodegradation of contaminants in ground water. The isotope analysis will be used to estimate the extent of natural biodegradation of MTBE at a gasoline spill site. The extent of biodegradation will be combined with the hydrological parameters at the site to estimate rate constants for biodegradation.
The webinar will conclude with a number of cautions and warnings. Heterogeneity in flow paths in the aquifer and proximity to NAPL or other source of contamination to ground water can substantially confuse the interpretation of stable isotope data. Both these conditions cause the isotope analysis to underestimate the extent of degradation. Heterogeneity in the rate of biodegradation can produce substantial errors in the forecasts of plume behavior. The webinar will provide recommendations to deal with the effects of heterogeneity in rates of biodegradation.
U.S. EPA has released A Guide for Assessing Biodegradation and Source Identification of Organic Ground Water Contaminants using Compound Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) [EPA 600/R-08/148 | December 2008 | www.epa.gov/ada]. The Guide provides recommendations for sample collection, sample preservation, and sample analysis; recommendations on QA/QC issues; details on calculations; and a catalogue of expected initial values for the ratios of 13C to 12C in organic compounds such as TCE and PCE. The Guide also illustrates in detail the process to use isotope ratio data to estimate rate constants for degradation of organic compounds in ground water.
Simulation of FCC Riser Reactor Based on Ten Lump ModelIJERA Editor
The ten lump strategy and reaction schemes are based on the concentration of the various stocks i.e., paraffins, naphthenes, aromatic and aromatic substituent groups (paraffinic and napthenic groups attached to aromatic rings). The developed model has been studied using C++ programming language using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg mathematical method. At a space time of 4.5 s, the gasoline yield is predicted to be 72 mass % and 67 mass % for naphthenic and paraffinic feedstock respectively. Type of feed determines the yield of gasoline and coke. A highly naphthenic charge stock has given the greatest yield of gasoline among naphthenic, paraffinic and aromatic charge stock. In addition to this, effect of space time and temperature on the yield of coke and gasoline and conversion of gas oil has been presented. Also, the effect of catalyst to oil ratio is also taken in studies.
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Dr Jeff Baldock, from CSIRO Land & Water, is a central figure in soil carbon science in Australia. His views count because they indicate the centre of gravity in official thinking, such is his influence. Jeff is a mentor and a friend of the soil carbon movement.
Here I explained about power plant chemistry. Explained in details how to produce DM water, cooling water, drinking water etc from raw water. Also discussed about main plant steam cycle chemistry.
Tomographic inverse estimation of aquifer properties based on pressure varia...Velimir (monty) Vesselinov
Vesselinov, V.V., Harp, D., Koch, R., Birdsell, K., Katzman, K., Tomographic inverse estimation of aquifer properties based on pressure variations caused by transient water-supply pumping, <em>AGU Meeting</em>, San Francisco, CA, December 15-19, 2008.
Lessons learned from injecting liquid activated carbon suspensionAntea Group
Let Antea Group walk you through injecting liquid activated carbon suspension at three service station sites in CA. Topics include beta test results, site geology and chemistry, and lessons learned. Learn more at http://us.anteagroup.com/en-us.
Analytical modelling of groundwater wells and well systems: how to get it r...Anton Nikulenkov
Aquifer tests are probably the most widely used methods to obtain hydrogeological properties that are vital for any mine dewatering or environmental impact assessments. Numerous softwares and methods currently exist that provide quick and easy tests interpretation by fitting theoretical and measured drawdown curves. However, misinterpreting a-priory groundwater concepts and not accounting correctly for such factors as skin-effect, well storage or partial penetration may result in hydraulic conductivity errors by several hundred precents. As illustrated by case studies from WA, both numerical and analytical models generally suffer from non-uniqueness that can be overcome by understanding a-priory groundwater concepts and implementing them appropriately into the interpretation algorithms.
The presentation also discusses an analytical approach for well systems design. The methodology is presently incorporated in ANSDIMAT software package that is developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences. The method uses standard and research analytical solutions and it is based on the principle of superposition. Unlike numerical models, the method allows calculating drawdowns inside a pumping well and regional drawdowns, for example, on an open pit contour. A particle tracking component, incorporated into the methodology, provides a practical alternative to numerical models for simplified environmental impact assessments.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
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Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...PriyankaKilaniya
The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
2. Everglades Agricultural Area
(EAA)
In South Florida - between
Lake Okeechobee and ENP
280,000 ha of organic soils
Sugarcane, vegetables, rice &
sod
Annual 2 billion dollar industry
Introduction
3. Drainage
Importance of drainage in EAA
Flat topography
Canals and pumps used irrigate and drain fields
Agricultural drainage water - farm canals – main canals –
ecosystems in the south – Everglades National Park
(ENP)
Drainage water contributes P
4. Years of P loading
Accumulation of P canal sediments
Sediments as P sink or source
Internal load of P
Sediments can be transported
Can act as P source wherever are transferred
Concern for P limited ecosystem
Justification
Important Questions:
What are the P release/retention potential of the sediments?
What are the factors responsible for P release/retention?
What is the extent of P release/retention?
5. Experiment - 1
P Release Potential of
Canal Sediments
Experiment - 2
Characterization of
Canal Sediments
Experiment - 3
Equilibrium Phosphorus
Concentration (EPC)
of Canal Sediments
6. Experiment 1 – Determination of
Phosphorus Flux from Canal Sediments
of the Everglades Agricultural Area
7. Miami canal
West Palm Beach canal (WPB)
Ocean canal
Objectives
Identify P release potential of sediments in the
main drainage canals spread across the EAA:
8. Water
Sediment
Stopper
Air flow from pumps
Incubation study
Intact sediment cores
Aerobic conditions
Water from 0.007 mg
L-1 to 0.01 mg L-1 P
3 exchanges (28 days
each)
Soluble Reactive P
(SRP)
Materials and Methods
12. P Flux Calculations
Ct = SRP concentration (mg L-1) at time t days
Ct-1 = SRP concentration (mg L-1) at time t-1 days
VT = The total volume (L) of the water column
A = Column cross sectional area (m2)
P released/retained = (Ct – Ct-1) * Vt
P flux = P released or retained/Cross sectional area
[(Ct – Ct-1) * Vt]/A
15. -100
50
200
350
500
650
0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28 29 29 30 32 35 42 49 56 57 57 58 60 63 70 77 84
Preleased(mgm-2)
Time (days)
T1 T2
T3 T4
2nd exchange
(29- 56 days)
3rd exchange
(57 - 84 days)
1st exchange
(0-28 days)
Highest P release T2 and T3 ~ total 625 mg m-2 P released
Low P release – T1 & T4 ~ 200 – 325 mg m-2 P released
Cumulative P Release- Miami Canal
16. 0
10
20
30
40
0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28 0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28 0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28
Prelease(mgm-2)
Time (days)
T1 T2 T3 T4
1st exchange
(0-28 days)
2nd exchange
(29-56 days)
3rd exchange
(57-84 days)
P Release from WPB Canal from Exchanges
1, 2 and 3
17. Cumulative P Release - West Palm Beach
Canal
P release in WPB canal < Miami canal
P release in T1, T2 & T3 ~ 110 mg m-2
P release in T4 ~ 35 mg m-2
-25
25
75
125
175
225
0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28 28 29 30 32 35 42 49 56 56 57 58 60 63 70 77 84
Preleased(mgm-2)
Time (days)
T1 T2
T3 T4
1st exchange
(0-28 days)
2nd exchange
(29- 56 days)
3rd exchange
(57 - 84 days)
18. 0
10
20
30
40
0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28 0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28 0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28
Prelease(mgm-2)
Time (days)
T1 T2 T3 T4
1st exchange
(0-28 days)
2nd exchange
(28-56 days)
3rd exchange
(57-84 days)
P Release from Ocean Canal from Exchanges
1, 2 and 3
19. Cumulative P Release - Ocean Canal
P release in Ocean canal <P release in Miami canal
Comparable to P release in WPB canal
P release ranges from 75 – 200 mg m2
-25
25
75
125
175
225
0 1 2 4 7 14 21 28 29 29 30 32 35 42 49 56 57 57 58 60 63 70 77 84
Preleased(mgm-2)
Time (days)
T1 T2
T3 T4
2nd exchange
(29-56 days)
3rd exchange
(57-84 days)
1st exchange
(0-28 days)
20. Conclusions
P released was much lower in the third exchange
P release from Miami canal > WPB and Ocean canal.
More questions:
What are the factors responsible
for P release from EAA canal
sediments?
Canals are potential sources of P to the water column.
Canals can sustain P release over a period of 84 days.
21. Experiment 2 - Characterization of the
Sediments of EAA Canals
22. Objectives
Determine the factors responsible for P release from
EAA canal sediments by:
Characterize EAA canal sediments
Physicochemical properties
P fractions
Inorganic minerals
24. 0.1 M NaOH
17 h
0.5 M HCl
24 h
Ashed @ 550oC
6 M HCl digestion
2 h
1 M KCL
HCl Pi
Ca and Mg-P
Residual P
P-recalcitrant organic
compounds/minerals
Sediment
NaOH-Pi
Fe/Al-P
NaOH-Po
Humic Fulvic P
Labile P
Wet sample equivalent of
0.3 g dry weight
Residue
Residue
Residue
Inorganic P Fractionation Scheme
26. Selected Physicochemical Properties of EAA Canal
Sediments
Canal
Total P
mg kg-1
BD
g cm-3 %LOI pH
Miami 1430 a 0.26 b 26.1 ns 7.4 b
WPB 1130 a 0.22 b 26.7 7.4 b
Ocean 590 b 0.35 a 24.5 7.9 a
28. Sediment P Fractions
HCl-Pi largest P fraction (50-80% of Total P)
Residue-P next big P fraction (10-30% of Total P)
KCl-Pi least P fraction (0.2-2% of Total P)
NaOH-Pi and NaOH-Po (3-8% and 1-6%)
29. Canal Transect
Feox
mg kg-1
Alox
mg kg-1
Ca
mg kg-1
Mg
mg kg-1
Miami
T1 677 195 26000 1280
T2 661 170 17600 678
T3 906 124 8240 615
T4 606 123 24900 461
WPB
T1 62.6 23 1820 213
T2 489 98 18500 754
T3 971 122 7150 1240
T4 846 123 6530 796
Ocean
T1 385 99.4 22000 644
T2 169 59.9 31600 582
T3 330 122 20800 685
T4 248 59.3 32400 468
Amorphous Fe, Al and Extractable Ca and Mg of
Miami, WPB and Ocean Canal Sediments
30. Variables Total P KCl-P NaOH-Pi NaOH-Po HCl-Pi Residue-P
P
released
0.41** 0.33ns
0.004ns
0.25ns
0.25ns
0.04ns
BD %LOI pH
-0.28ns
0.29ns
-0.30ns
Fe Al Ca Mg
0.64* 0.64* 0.42ns
0.47ns
Correlation of P Release with Sediment
Properties
32. XRD Analysis – Miami Canal
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Intensity(counts)
2θ
T1 T2
T3 T4
CA
AR
QZ
AR
CA
QZ
SP
AR
CA
AR
CA
CA
AR
CA
AR
SP
33. Canals
Minerals
Calcite Dolomite Aragonite Quartz Sepiolite Smectite KaolinitePalygorskite
Miami √ √ √ √ √ - - -
WPB √ √ - √ √ √ √ √
Ocean √ √ √ √ √ - - -
XRD Analysis - EAA Main Canals
Different forms of carbonate minerals
Different Aluminosilicate minerals
No detectable P containing minerals
34. Conclusions
P release was correlated with total P
P release was correlated with Fe and Al oxides
P fractions, BD, %LOI, pH not correlated with P release
P release involves complex interaction of different
chemical and physical factors
Other factors may be playing important roles generating
variability in P release are the spatial distribution of CaCO3
layers, the presence of shells, resuspension etc.
More questions:
What is the extent of P release from EAA canal
sediments?
35. Miami Canal
Fe3+-P
KCl-P
Ca/Mg-P
Residue-P
NaOH-Po
Aerobic
canal water
Aerobic
Sediment layer
Anaerobic
Sediment
layer
Limestone bedrock
• Reduction of Fe3+-
P in anaerobic layer
• Release of soluble
Fe2+-P along with
• Reprecipitation of
Fe3+-P in the aerobic
layer
Pi
Pi
Pi and
DOP
• Possible release of Ca/Mg P by
hydrolysis of organic acids or
• by chelation and release of P
• Microzones of low pH regions
due to respiration by macrophytes
• Mineralization
of organic P
Calcium
carbonate rock
fragments
36. KCl-P Ca/Mg-PResidue-P NaOH-Po
Aerobic
sediment layer
Anaerobic
sediment
layer
Limestone bedrock
Aerobic canal
water
•WPB
canal
shallower
than
Miami
canal
•Mean
canal
depth:
13ft
Layers of carbonates -
reduces P release
Fe3+-P
Pi
Pi
Pi and
DOP
WPB Canal
37. Aerobic canal
water
KCl-P Ca/Mg-P
Residue-P NaOH-Po
• Mechanical
barrier of
shells,
limestone
rocks
reduces P
release
Aerobic sediment
layer
Anaerobic
sediment layer
Limestone bedrock
• Shallower
than both
Miami and
WPB canal
• Mean
depth:
7.5 ft
Fe3+-P
Pi
Pi
Pi and
DOP
Ocean Canal
41. Experiment 3 - Determination of EPC of EAA
Canal Sediments
42. Justification
Equilibrium Phosphorus Concentration (EPC)
Extent of internal load
P release when water column P concentration < EPC
P retained when water column P concentration >EPC
No P release/retention at EPC
45. P release
Sediments
EPC
5 different exchanges
7 days each
Spike concentrations of
0.007, 0.05, 0.13, 0.27 and
0.35 mg L-1 for exchanges 1,
2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively
50. Miami canal WPB canal Ocean canal
EPCw
(mg L-1)
Water
column
SRP
EPCw
(mg L-1 )
Water
column
SRP
EPCw
(mg L-1 )
Water
column
SRP
T1 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06
T2 0.16 0.03 0.09 0.06 0.13 0.07
T3 0.12 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.07
T4 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.06
Equilibrium Phosphorus Concentration
of EAA Canals: Incubation Experiment)
EPCw from incubation experiment predicts
P release from Miami canal T1, T2 and T3
EPCw ~ SRP in WPB all transects and Ocean canal T1, T3 and T4
P release in Ocean canal T2
51. Conclusions
Miami canal and sections of Ocean canal can serve as P source to
the water column
P in EAA canals sourced from both farms as well as by internal
loading
This drainage water is treated for P by the Storm Treatment Areas
(STAs)
The STAs undergo regular rehabilitation to maintain their P
removal capacity
Management practices and regular monitoring in the main
canals particularly in Miami and sections of Ocean canal can help
reduce P load to the STAs
52. Overall Conclusions
EAA main canal sediment properties
Ocean canal
- Has higher mineral characteristics
- Higher pH (7.9), BD, lower total P
- Lower P storage 7.1 MT
- Area: 6.89x105 m2.
Miami and WPB canal
- Lower pH (7.4), BD, higher total P
- Higher P storage 175 and 25.4 MT
- Area: 9.45x105 m2, 2.03x106 m2
EAA canal sediment mineralogy
No detectable P containing minerals in EAA canals
Minerals identified were forms of carbonates and aluminosilicates
USGS maps
53. P release from EAA main canals
EAA canals can sustain P release over a period 84 days
P release is correlated with total P and amorphous Fe and Al
P fractions did not correlate with P release
This internal P load varied from 0.1 to 0.8 MT
A small fraction of total P load from EAA (129 MT) in 2009
Resuspension can lead to 20 - 30 times more P release
P transport to downstream ecosystems
Canals will continue to transport P to the downstream ecosystem by
either P from farms/P release from canals and transport of
particulates
STAs have to be rehabilitated to maintain their P retention capacity
Overall Conclusions
Management and monitoring at both pre and post STAs are important
Management of EAA main canals can be an important factor in meeting
the 0.01 mg L-1 nutrient criterion
54. P
enriched
water
P concentrations
to the STAs (ppb):
STA 1E-182
STA 1W-246
STA 2-122
STA ¾-96
STA 5-254
STA 6-264
STAs function by:
P uptake
Reduction of SRP
Reduction of particulate P
by sedimentation
Out flow P concentrations
from STAs (ppb):
STA 1E-21
STA 1W-26
STA 2-18
STA ¾-13
STA 5-56
STA 6-93
Target concentration-10 ppb
Periodic STAs maintenances
Reduced inflow concentrations to
STAs
Reduced load can enhance STA
performance
Possibly can get outflow
concentrations closer to target
concentrations
Prolong STA longevity
Reduced cost for STA maintainance
STAs
WCAs and
Downstream P Limited
Ecosystems
Farm CanalsLake Okeechobee
Main Canals
Farms
55. Co-Advisors
Dr. Samira Daroub
Dr. George O’Connor
Committee members
Dr. Willie Harris
Dr. Patrick Inglett
Dr. Ion Ghiviriga
Group members
Dr. Timothy A. Lang
Dr. Manohardeep D. Josan
Dr. Olawale Oladeji
Dr. Jehangir Bhadha
Ms. Viviana Nadal
Ms. Irina Ognevich
Funding Agency
Everglades Agricultural Area-Environmental Protection District(EAA-EPD)
Acknowledgements
56. Acknowledgements
Thank you so much:
Thais, Ann, Chay, Kathy, Miguel, Rani, Gwen, Joan, Gaurav,
Hardev, Brandy, Sandy, Maria, Franciscka, Eva, David, Gary, Jose,
Amanda and everyone at EREC.