Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are made up of an important number of sensors, called nodes, distributed in random way in a concerned monitoring area. All sensor nodes in the network are mounted with limited energy sources, which makes energy harvesting on top of the list of issues in WSN. A poor communication architecture can result in excessive consumption, reducing the network lifetime and throughput. Centralizing data collection and the introduction of gateways (GTs), to help cluster heads (CHs), improved WSN life time significantly. However, in vast regions, misplacement and poor distribution of GTs wastes a huge amount of energy and decreases network’s performances. In this work, we describe a reliable and dynamic with energy-awareness routing (RDEAR) protocol that provides a new GT’s election approach taking into consideration CHs density, transmission distance and energy. Applied on 20 different networks, RDEAR reduced the overall energy consumption, increased stability zone and network life time as well as other compared metrics. Our proposed approach increased network’s throughput up to 75.92% , 67.7% and 9.78% compared to the low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) and static multihop routing (SMR), protocols, respectively.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT MULTI-HOP ROUTING WITH UNEQUAL CLUSTERING APPROACH FOR WIREL...IJCNCJournal
The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol, capable of extending the life of the network, is one of the main constraints of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Research studies on WSN routing prove that clustering offers an effective approach to prolong the lifetime of a WSN, particularly when it is combined with multi-hop communication that can reduces energy costs by minimizing the distance between transmitter and receiver. Most clustering algorithms using multi-hop in data transmission encounter the hotspot problem. In this work, an Energy-efficient Multi-hop routing with Unequal Clustering approach (EMUC) is proposed, to create clusters of different sizes, which depend on the distance between the sensor node and the base station. Equilibrate the energy dissipation between the cluster heads is the purpose of this approach by adopting multi-hop communication to relay data to the base station. The implementation of multi-hop mode to transmit data to the base station reduces the energy cost of transmission over long distances. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through performed simulations, which prove that EMUC balances energy consumption between sensor nodes, mitigates the hotspots problem, saves more energy and significantly extends the network lifetime.
An energy efficient optimized cluster establishment methodology for sensor n...nooriasukmaningtyas
The compatibility of WSN is with various applications such as; healthcar eand environmental monitoring. Whereas nodes present in that network have limited ‘battery-life’ that cause difficulty to replace and recharge those batteries after deployment. Energy efficiency is a major problem in the present situation. In present, many algorithms based on energy efficiency have been introduced to improvise the conservation of energy in WSN. The LEACH algorithm improvises the network lifetime in comparison to direct transmission and multi-hop, but it has several limitations. The selection of CHs can be randomly done that doesn’t confirm the optimal solution, proper distribution and it lacks during complete network management. The centralized EE optimized cluster establishment approach (OCEA) for sensor nodes is proposed to decrease the average energy dissipation and provide significant improvement. The proposed EE WSN model with the sensor nodes is examined under a real-time scenario and it is compared with stateof-art techniques where it balances the energy consumption of the network and decreasing the cluster head number.
A NOVEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROTOCOL FOR WSN BASED ON OPTIMAL CHAIN ROUTINGKhushbooGupta145
Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network is one of the most significant aspects of routing in these networks. WSN consist of thousands of sensory nodes densely distributed over wide geographical network. As these nodes are deployed in remote areas where recharging is not possible, even if it is possible it will incur high cost. So there is a need of a protocol which facilitates less energy dissipation and thereby enhances the overall performance of the network. We surveyed several protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, ACT etc. and concluded that important performance measures are First Node Die (FND), Half Node Alive (HNA) and Last Node Alive (LNA). Values for above mentioned parameters vary for different protocols. In this paper we present a new protocol Energy Efficient Optimal Chain Protocol (EEOC) which outperforms all above mentioned protocols. We compared the results of all these protocols with EEOC and found that with respect to FND, HNA and LNA EEOC performs way better than others.
Extending the longevity, is a significant job to be accomplished by these sensor networks. The traditional routing protocols could not be applied here, due to its nodes powered by batteries. Nodes are often clustered in to non-overlapping clusters, so as to provide energy efficiency. A concise overview on clustering processes, within wireless sensor networks is given in this paper. But it is difficult to replace the deceased batteries of the sensor nodes. A distinctive sensor node consumes much of its energy during wireless communication. This research work suggests the development of a hierarchical distributed clustering mechanism, which gives improved performance over the existing clustering algorithm LEACH. The two hiding concepts behind the proposed scheme are the hierarchical distributed clustering mechanism and the concept of threshold. Energy utilization is significantly reduced, thereby greatly prolonging the lifetime of the sensor nodes.
Performance evaluation of hierarchical clustering protocols with fuzzy C-means IJECEIAES
The longevity of the network and the lack of resources are the main problems within the WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing the lifespan of the WSN network are real challenges in the design of WSN routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases the reliability of the system and enhances coordination between different nodes within the network. WSN is one of the main technologies dedicated to the detection, sensing, and monitoring of physical phenomena of the environment. For illustration, detection, and measurement of vibration, pressure, temperature, and sound. The WSN can be integrated into many domains, like street parking systems, smart roads, and industrial. This paper examines the efficiency of our two proposed clustering algorithms: Fuzzy C-means based hierarchical routing approach for homogeneous WSN (F-LEACH) and fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm (F-DEEC) through a detailed comparison of WSN performance parameters such as the instability and stability duration, lifetime of the network, number of cluster heads per round and the number of alive nodes. The fuzzy C-means based on hierarchical routing approach is based on fuzzy C-means and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means and design of a distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) protocol. The technical capability of each protocol is measured according to the studied parameters.
A CLUSTER-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL AND FAULT DETECTION FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be
deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a
consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which
have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and
routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend
the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices
and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated
widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed
algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network
lifetime
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT MULTI-HOP ROUTING WITH UNEQUAL CLUSTERING APPROACH FOR WIREL...IJCNCJournal
The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol, capable of extending the life of the network, is one of the main constraints of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Research studies on WSN routing prove that clustering offers an effective approach to prolong the lifetime of a WSN, particularly when it is combined with multi-hop communication that can reduces energy costs by minimizing the distance between transmitter and receiver. Most clustering algorithms using multi-hop in data transmission encounter the hotspot problem. In this work, an Energy-efficient Multi-hop routing with Unequal Clustering approach (EMUC) is proposed, to create clusters of different sizes, which depend on the distance between the sensor node and the base station. Equilibrate the energy dissipation between the cluster heads is the purpose of this approach by adopting multi-hop communication to relay data to the base station. The implementation of multi-hop mode to transmit data to the base station reduces the energy cost of transmission over long distances. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through performed simulations, which prove that EMUC balances energy consumption between sensor nodes, mitigates the hotspots problem, saves more energy and significantly extends the network lifetime.
An energy efficient optimized cluster establishment methodology for sensor n...nooriasukmaningtyas
The compatibility of WSN is with various applications such as; healthcar eand environmental monitoring. Whereas nodes present in that network have limited ‘battery-life’ that cause difficulty to replace and recharge those batteries after deployment. Energy efficiency is a major problem in the present situation. In present, many algorithms based on energy efficiency have been introduced to improvise the conservation of energy in WSN. The LEACH algorithm improvises the network lifetime in comparison to direct transmission and multi-hop, but it has several limitations. The selection of CHs can be randomly done that doesn’t confirm the optimal solution, proper distribution and it lacks during complete network management. The centralized EE optimized cluster establishment approach (OCEA) for sensor nodes is proposed to decrease the average energy dissipation and provide significant improvement. The proposed EE WSN model with the sensor nodes is examined under a real-time scenario and it is compared with stateof-art techniques where it balances the energy consumption of the network and decreasing the cluster head number.
A NOVEL ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROTOCOL FOR WSN BASED ON OPTIMAL CHAIN ROUTINGKhushbooGupta145
Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network is one of the most significant aspects of routing in these networks. WSN consist of thousands of sensory nodes densely distributed over wide geographical network. As these nodes are deployed in remote areas where recharging is not possible, even if it is possible it will incur high cost. So there is a need of a protocol which facilitates less energy dissipation and thereby enhances the overall performance of the network. We surveyed several protocols such as LEACH, PEGASIS, ACT etc. and concluded that important performance measures are First Node Die (FND), Half Node Alive (HNA) and Last Node Alive (LNA). Values for above mentioned parameters vary for different protocols. In this paper we present a new protocol Energy Efficient Optimal Chain Protocol (EEOC) which outperforms all above mentioned protocols. We compared the results of all these protocols with EEOC and found that with respect to FND, HNA and LNA EEOC performs way better than others.
Extending the longevity, is a significant job to be accomplished by these sensor networks. The traditional routing protocols could not be applied here, due to its nodes powered by batteries. Nodes are often clustered in to non-overlapping clusters, so as to provide energy efficiency. A concise overview on clustering processes, within wireless sensor networks is given in this paper. But it is difficult to replace the deceased batteries of the sensor nodes. A distinctive sensor node consumes much of its energy during wireless communication. This research work suggests the development of a hierarchical distributed clustering mechanism, which gives improved performance over the existing clustering algorithm LEACH. The two hiding concepts behind the proposed scheme are the hierarchical distributed clustering mechanism and the concept of threshold. Energy utilization is significantly reduced, thereby greatly prolonging the lifetime of the sensor nodes.
Performance evaluation of hierarchical clustering protocols with fuzzy C-means IJECEIAES
The longevity of the network and the lack of resources are the main problems within the WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing the lifespan of the WSN network are real challenges in the design of WSN routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases the reliability of the system and enhances coordination between different nodes within the network. WSN is one of the main technologies dedicated to the detection, sensing, and monitoring of physical phenomena of the environment. For illustration, detection, and measurement of vibration, pressure, temperature, and sound. The WSN can be integrated into many domains, like street parking systems, smart roads, and industrial. This paper examines the efficiency of our two proposed clustering algorithms: Fuzzy C-means based hierarchical routing approach for homogeneous WSN (F-LEACH) and fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm (F-DEEC) through a detailed comparison of WSN performance parameters such as the instability and stability duration, lifetime of the network, number of cluster heads per round and the number of alive nodes. The fuzzy C-means based on hierarchical routing approach is based on fuzzy C-means and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means and design of a distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) protocol. The technical capability of each protocol is measured according to the studied parameters.
A CLUSTER-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL AND FAULT DETECTION FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be
deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a
consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which
have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and
routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend
the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices
and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated
widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed
algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network
lifetime
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
Sector Tree-Based Clustering for Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Heterog...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
SECTOR TREE-BASED CLUSTERING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN HETEROG...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
Designing an Energy Efficient Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Net...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC) works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing system.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical
issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is
very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an
important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn
enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC)
works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the
rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the
network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on
the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all
the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of
the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum
flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to
provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End
delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the
cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system
such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing
system.
EEIT2-F: energy-efficient aware IT2-fuzzy based clustering protocol in wirel...IJECEIAES
Improving the network lifetime is still a vital challenge because most wireless sensor networks (WSNs) run in an unreached environment and offer almost impossible human access and tracking. Clustering is one of the most effective methods for ensuring that the relevant device process takes place to improve network scalability, decrease energy consumption and maintain an extended network lifetime. Many researches have been developed on the numerous effective clustering algorithms to address this problem. Such algorithms almost dominate on the cluster head (CH) selection and cluster formation; using the intelligent type1 fuzzy-logic (T1-FL) scheme. In this paper, we suggest an interval type2 FL (IT2-FL) methodology that assumes uncertain levels of a decision to be more efficient than the T1-FL model. It is the so-called energy-efficient interval type2 fuzzy (EEIT2-F) low energy adaptive clustering hierarchical (LEACH) protocol. The IT2-FL system depends on three inputs of the residual energy of each node, the node distance from the base station (sink node), and the centrality of each node. Accordingly, the simulation results show that the suggested clustering protocol outperforms the other existing proposals in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Improved LEACH protocol for increasing the lifetime of WSNsIJECEIAES
Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is taking a high place in several applications: military, industry, and environment. The importance of WSNs in current applications makes the WSNs the most developed technology at the research level and especially in the field of communication and computing. However, WSN’s performance deals with a number of challenges. Energy consumption is the most considerable for many researchers because nodes use energy to collect, treat, and send data, but they have restricted energy. For this reason, numerous efficient energy routing protocols have been developed to save the consumption of power. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered as the most attractive one in WSNs. In the present document, we evaluate the LEACH approach effectiveness in the cluster-head (CH) choosing and in data transmission, then we propose an enhanced protocol. The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN through selecting CHs depending on the remaining power, balancing the number of nodes in clusters, determining abandoned nodes in order to send their data to the sink. Then CHs choose the optimal path to achieve the sink. Simulation results exhibit that the enhanced method can decrease the consumption of energy and prolong the life-cycle of the network.
WEIGHTED DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTED CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS S...ijwmn
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), conserving energy and increasing lifetime of the network are a critical issue that has been addressed by substantial research works. The clustering technique has been proven particularly energy-efficient in WSN. The nodes form groups (clusters) that include one cluster head and member clusters. Cluster heads (CHs) are able to process, filter, gather the data sent by sensors
belonging to their cluster and send it to the base station. Many routing protocols which have been proposed are based on heterogeneity and use the clustering scheme such as SEP and DEEC. In this paper we introduce a new approach called WDDC in which cluster heads are chosen on the basis
of probability of ratio of residual energy and average energy of the network. It also takes into consideration distances between nodes and the base station to favor near nodes with more energy to be cluster heads. Furthermore, WDDC is dynamic; it divides network lifetime in two zones in which it changes its behavior. Simulation results show that our approach performs better than the other distributed clustering protocols such as SEP and DEEC in terms of energy efficiency and lifetime of the network.
A multi-hop routing protocol for an energy-efficient in wireless sensor networkIJECEIAES
The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has been developed to be implemented in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) systems such as healthcare and military systems. LEACH protocol depends on clustering the employed sensors and electing one cluster head (CH) for each cluster. The CH nodes are changed periodically to evenly distribute the energy load among sensors. Updating the CH node requires electing different CH and re-clustering sensors. This process consumes sensors’ energy due to sending and receiving many broadcast and unicast messages thus reduces the network lifetime, which is regarded as a significant issue in LEACH. This research develops a new approach based on modifying the LEACH protocol to minimize the need of updating the cluster head. The proposal aims to extend the WSN’s lifetime by maintaining the sensor nodes’ energy. The suggested approach has been evaluated and shown remarkable efficiency in comparison with basic LEACH protocol and not-clustered protocol in terms of extending network lifetime and reducing the required sent messages in the network reflected by 15%, and, in addition, reducing the need to reformatting the clusters frequently and saving network resources.
ENERGY OPTIMISATION SCHEMES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKcscpconf
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely
deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. Sensor nodes have
sensing, processing and transmitting capability . They however have limited energy
and measures need to be taken to make op- timum usage of their energy and save
them from task of only receiving and transmitting data without processing. Various
techniques for energy utilization optimisation have been proposed Ma jor players are
however clustering and relay node placement. In the research related to relay node
placement, it has been proposed to deploy some relay nodes such that the sensors
can transmit the sensed data to a nearby relay node, which in turn delivers the data
to the base stations. In general, the relay node placement problems aim to meet
certain connectivity and/or survivabil- ity requirements of the network by deploying a
minimum number of relay nodes. The other approach is grouping sensor nodes into
clusters with each cluster having a cluster head (CH). The CH nodes aggregate the
data and transmit them to the base station (BS). These two approaches has been
widely adopted by the research community to satisfy the scala- bility objective and generally achieve high energy efficiency and prolong network lifetime in large-scale WSN environments and hence are discussed here along with single hop and multi hop characteristic of sensor node
OPTIMIZED CLUSTER ESTABLISHMENT AND CLUSTER-HEAD SELECTION APPROACH IN WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
As the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient management has also risen. With advances in ubiquitous computing environment, WSNs have been broadly studied and many energy-efficient routing protocols had been proposed. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a popular cluster-based protocol, which provides distributed adaptive clustering and periodic cluster head (CH) selection rotation. As extension to LEACH, LEACH-C (LEACH Centralized) was proposed, in which the energy is utilized to select CH. However, both can’t guarantee cluster head distribution, in addition to considerable periodic clustering overhead. Furthermore, network topology change is a critical characteristic that has influence on communication path and load distribution among nodes. To resolve such problems, Energy-Balance on Demand Clustering Algorithm Based on LEACH-C is proposed. The algorithm adopts centralized cluster formation and distributed CH selection methods. Minimum energy clustering is used to divide the network into clusters, while energy and total communication distance are considered as secondary criteria to select optimal CH. From simulation results the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in life time, stability period and performance efficiency.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal
In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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Sector Tree-Based Clustering for Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Heterog...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
SECTOR TREE-BASED CLUSTERING FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL IN HETEROG...IJCNCJournal
One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.
Designing an Energy Efficient Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Net...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC) works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing system.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical
issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is
very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an
important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn
enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC)
works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the
rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the
network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on
the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all
the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of
the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum
flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to
provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End
delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the
cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system
such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing
system.
EEIT2-F: energy-efficient aware IT2-fuzzy based clustering protocol in wirel...IJECEIAES
Improving the network lifetime is still a vital challenge because most wireless sensor networks (WSNs) run in an unreached environment and offer almost impossible human access and tracking. Clustering is one of the most effective methods for ensuring that the relevant device process takes place to improve network scalability, decrease energy consumption and maintain an extended network lifetime. Many researches have been developed on the numerous effective clustering algorithms to address this problem. Such algorithms almost dominate on the cluster head (CH) selection and cluster formation; using the intelligent type1 fuzzy-logic (T1-FL) scheme. In this paper, we suggest an interval type2 FL (IT2-FL) methodology that assumes uncertain levels of a decision to be more efficient than the T1-FL model. It is the so-called energy-efficient interval type2 fuzzy (EEIT2-F) low energy adaptive clustering hierarchical (LEACH) protocol. The IT2-FL system depends on three inputs of the residual energy of each node, the node distance from the base station (sink node), and the centrality of each node. Accordingly, the simulation results show that the suggested clustering protocol outperforms the other existing proposals in terms of energy consumption and network lifetime.
Hierarchical Coordination for Data Gathering (HCDG) in Wireless Sensor NetworksCSCJournals
A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of large number of sensor nodes where each node operates by a finite battery for sensing, computing, and performing wireless communication tasks. Energy aware routing and MAC protocols were proposed to prolong the lifetime of WSNs. MAC protocols reduce energy consumption by putting the nodes into sleep mode for a relatively longer period of time; thereby minimizing collisions and idle listening time. On the other hand, efficient energy aware routing is achieved by finding the best path from the sensor nodes to the Base Sta-tion (BS) where energy consumption is minimal. In almost all solutions there is always a tradeoff between power consumption and delay reduction. This paper presents an improved hierarchical coordination for data gathering (HCDG) routing schema for WSNs based on multi-level chains formation with data aggregation. Also, this paper provides an analytical model for energy consumption in WSN to compare the performance of our proposed HCDG schema with the near optimal energy reduction methodology, PEGASIS. Our results demonstrate that the proposed routing schema provides relatively lower energy consumption with minimum delay for large scale WSNs.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Improved LEACH protocol for increasing the lifetime of WSNsIJECEIAES
Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is taking a high place in several applications: military, industry, and environment. The importance of WSNs in current applications makes the WSNs the most developed technology at the research level and especially in the field of communication and computing. However, WSN’s performance deals with a number of challenges. Energy consumption is the most considerable for many researchers because nodes use energy to collect, treat, and send data, but they have restricted energy. For this reason, numerous efficient energy routing protocols have been developed to save the consumption of power. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered as the most attractive one in WSNs. In the present document, we evaluate the LEACH approach effectiveness in the cluster-head (CH) choosing and in data transmission, then we propose an enhanced protocol. The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN through selecting CHs depending on the remaining power, balancing the number of nodes in clusters, determining abandoned nodes in order to send their data to the sink. Then CHs choose the optimal path to achieve the sink. Simulation results exhibit that the enhanced method can decrease the consumption of energy and prolong the life-cycle of the network.
WEIGHTED DYNAMIC DISTRIBUTED CLUSTERING PROTOCOL FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS S...ijwmn
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), conserving energy and increasing lifetime of the network are a critical issue that has been addressed by substantial research works. The clustering technique has been proven particularly energy-efficient in WSN. The nodes form groups (clusters) that include one cluster head and member clusters. Cluster heads (CHs) are able to process, filter, gather the data sent by sensors
belonging to their cluster and send it to the base station. Many routing protocols which have been proposed are based on heterogeneity and use the clustering scheme such as SEP and DEEC. In this paper we introduce a new approach called WDDC in which cluster heads are chosen on the basis
of probability of ratio of residual energy and average energy of the network. It also takes into consideration distances between nodes and the base station to favor near nodes with more energy to be cluster heads. Furthermore, WDDC is dynamic; it divides network lifetime in two zones in which it changes its behavior. Simulation results show that our approach performs better than the other distributed clustering protocols such as SEP and DEEC in terms of energy efficiency and lifetime of the network.
A multi-hop routing protocol for an energy-efficient in wireless sensor networkIJECEIAES
The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol has been developed to be implemented in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) systems such as healthcare and military systems. LEACH protocol depends on clustering the employed sensors and electing one cluster head (CH) for each cluster. The CH nodes are changed periodically to evenly distribute the energy load among sensors. Updating the CH node requires electing different CH and re-clustering sensors. This process consumes sensors’ energy due to sending and receiving many broadcast and unicast messages thus reduces the network lifetime, which is regarded as a significant issue in LEACH. This research develops a new approach based on modifying the LEACH protocol to minimize the need of updating the cluster head. The proposal aims to extend the WSN’s lifetime by maintaining the sensor nodes’ energy. The suggested approach has been evaluated and shown remarkable efficiency in comparison with basic LEACH protocol and not-clustered protocol in terms of extending network lifetime and reducing the required sent messages in the network reflected by 15%, and, in addition, reducing the need to reformatting the clusters frequently and saving network resources.
ENERGY OPTIMISATION SCHEMES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKcscpconf
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely
deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. Sensor nodes have
sensing, processing and transmitting capability . They however have limited energy
and measures need to be taken to make op- timum usage of their energy and save
them from task of only receiving and transmitting data without processing. Various
techniques for energy utilization optimisation have been proposed Ma jor players are
however clustering and relay node placement. In the research related to relay node
placement, it has been proposed to deploy some relay nodes such that the sensors
can transmit the sensed data to a nearby relay node, which in turn delivers the data
to the base stations. In general, the relay node placement problems aim to meet
certain connectivity and/or survivabil- ity requirements of the network by deploying a
minimum number of relay nodes. The other approach is grouping sensor nodes into
clusters with each cluster having a cluster head (CH). The CH nodes aggregate the
data and transmit them to the base station (BS). These two approaches has been
widely adopted by the research community to satisfy the scala- bility objective and generally achieve high energy efficiency and prolong network lifetime in large-scale WSN environments and hence are discussed here along with single hop and multi hop characteristic of sensor node
OPTIMIZED CLUSTER ESTABLISHMENT AND CLUSTER-HEAD SELECTION APPROACH IN WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
Energy balanced on demand clustering algorithm based on leach-cijwmn
As the use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient management has also risen. With advances in ubiquitous computing environment, WSNs have been broadly studied and many energy-efficient routing protocols had been proposed. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a popular cluster-based protocol, which provides distributed adaptive clustering and periodic cluster head (CH) selection rotation. As extension to LEACH, LEACH-C (LEACH Centralized) was proposed, in which the energy is utilized to select CH. However, both can’t guarantee cluster head distribution, in addition to considerable periodic clustering overhead. Furthermore, network topology change is a critical characteristic that has influence on communication path and load distribution among nodes. To resolve such problems, Energy-Balance on Demand Clustering Algorithm Based on LEACH-C is proposed. The algorithm adopts centralized cluster formation and distributed CH selection methods. Minimum energy clustering is used to divide the network into clusters, while energy and total communication distance are considered as secondary criteria to select optimal CH. From simulation results the proposed algorithm outperforms LEACH-C in life time, stability period and performance efficiency.
Approach to minimizing consumption of energy in wireless sensor networks IJECEIAES
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) technology has benefited from a central position in the research space of future emerging networks by its diversity of applications fields and also by its optimization techniques of its various constraints, more essentially, the minimization of nodal energy consumption to increase the global network lifetime. To answer this saving energy problem, several solutions have been proposed at the protocol stack level of the WSN. In this paper, after presenting a state of the art of this technology and its conservation energy techniques at the protocol stack level, we were interested in the network layer to propose a routing solution based on a localization aspect that allows the creation of a virtual grid on the coverage area and introduces it to the two most well-known energy efficiency hierarchical routing protocols, LEACH and PEGASIS. This allowed us to minimize the energy consumption and to select the clusters heads in a deterministic way unlike LEACH which is done in a probabilistic way and also to minimize the latency in PEGASIS, by decomposing its chain into several independent chains. The simulation results, under "MATLABR2015b", have shown the efficiency of our approach in terms of overall residual energy and network lifetime.
Cluster Head Selection Techniques for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networ...ijsrd.com
Wireless sensor networks are widely considered as one of the most important technologies. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. They have been applied to numerous fields such as healthcare, monitoring system, military, and so forth. Recent advances in wireless sensor networks have led to many new protocols specifically designed for sensor networks where energy awareness is an essential consideration. Energy efficiency is thus a primary issue in maintaining the network. Innovative techniques that improve energy efficiency to prolong the network lifetime are highly required. Clustering is an effective topology control approach in wireless sensor networks. This paper elaborates several techniques like LEACH, HEED, LEACH-B, PEACH, EEUC of cluster head selection for energy efficient in wireless sensor networks.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
AN OPTIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION HYBRID ALGORITHM FOR XLN STRATEGIC DESIGN IN WSN’SIJCNCJournal
In this paper, X-Layer protocol is originated which executes mobility error prediction (MEP) algorithm to calculate the remaining energy level of each node. This X-Layer protocol structure employs the mobility aware protocol that senses the mobility concerned to each node with the utilization of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), which shares the information or data specific to the distance among individual nodes. With the help of this theory, the neighbour list will be updated only to those nodes which are mobile resulting in less energy consumption when compared to all (static/mobile) other nodes in the network. Apart from the MEP algorithm, clustering head (CH) election algorithm has also been specified to identify the relevant clusters whether they exists within the network region or not. Also clustering multi-hop routing (CMHR) algorithm was implemented in which the node can identify the cluster to which it belongs depending upon the distance from each cluster surrounding the node. Finally comprising the AODV routing protocol with the Two-Ray Ground method, we implement X-Layer protocol structure by considering MAC protocol in accordance to IEEE 802.15.4 to obtain the best results in energy consumption and also by reducing the energy wastage with respect to each node. The effective results had been illustrated through Network Simulator-II platform.
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
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Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
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Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
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significantly reduced.
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Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
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A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
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Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
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adversary training.
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Novel reliable and dynamic energy-aware routing protocol for large scale wireless sensor networks
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 6, December 2022, pp. 6440∼6448
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i6.pp6440-6448 ❒ 6440
Novel reliable and dynamic energy-aware routing protocol
for large scale wireless sensor networks
Hicham Qabouche, Aı̈cha Sahel, Abdelmajid Badri, Ilham El Mourabit
EEA&TI Laboratory Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
Article Info
Article history:
Received Oct 6, 2021
Revised Jun 6, 2022
Accepted Jul 1, 2022
Keywords:
Energy efficiency
Life-time
Multi-hop
Reliabilty
Wireless sensor networks
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are made up of an important number of sensors,
called nodes, distributed in random way in a concerned monitoring area. All sensor
nodes in the network are mounted with limited energy sources, which makes energy
harvesting on top of the list of issues in WSN. A poor communication architecture can
result in excessive consumption, reducing the network lifetime and throughput. Cen-
tralizing data collection and the introduction of gateways (GTs), to help cluster heads
(CHs), improved WSN life time significantly. However, in vast regions, misplacement
and poor distribution of GTs wastes a huge amount of energy and decreases network’s
performances. In this work, we describe a reliable and dynamic with energy-awareness
routing (RDEAR) protocol that provides a new GT’s election approach taking into
consideration CHs density, transmission distance and energy. Applied on 20 different
networks, RDEAR reduced the overall energy consumption, increased stability zone
and network life time as well as other compared metrics. Our proposed approach in-
creased network’s throughput up to 75.92% , 67.7% and 9.78% compared to the low
energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), distributed energy efficient clustering
(DEEC) and static multihop routing (SMR), protocols, respectively.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Hicham Qabouche
EEA&TI Laboratory Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca
BP 146 Mohammedia 20650, Morocco
Email: qabouche.hicham@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is a set of hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes, distributed in
random way, to collect and send data from the monitored area [1]. WSN have been adopted by a lot of domains
like defense, pollution monitoring, medical field and different industry domains [2]–[4]. This kind of networks
can provide many advantages compared to traditional communications adopted in electrical power systems [5].
Each node in the network is equipped with a limited source of power [6]. Although, WSNs are usually used for
unreachable fields and areas, node’s batteries cannot be replaced. So, network’s energy should be consumed in
an optimal way [7], [8]. Various researches have been designed for WSN to improve energy awareness, data
transfer and routing paradigms [9]. The insufficient power sources of the sensor nodes are to be considered as
a key issue in WSN [10]. Consequently, the failure in network arises because of node failure [11]–[14].
The issue of energy management in WSNs have been the major concern of researchers in recent years.
The excessive node’s energy consumption is caused by the direct data transmission and direct links with the
base station (BS) [15]. Consequently, more energy efficiency is required in WSN to achieve longer lifetime and
improve its performances [16]. To handle the problem of energy efficiency in the network, many researches
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 6441
have adopted clustering, which refers to group sensors into clusters mastered by a cluster head (CH). This
later is gathers cluster members data, aggregate it and route it to the sink [17]–[19]. Meanwhile, when it
comes to vast monitored fields, the risk of data loss increases, adopting direct transmissions to the sink. Which
may create isolated CHs which cannot reach the sink because it is out of range, resulting excessive energy
consumption and data loss [20].
The main purpose of this work is to decrease energy consumption and improve reliability by minimiz-
ing the distance of transmission either for intra-cluster communication, by using nodes of the same cluster as
relays, and for inter-cluster communication by electing reliable gateways (GTs) to maintain CHs routing data
with less energy consumption and with more reliable links and resistance to data loss. The remainder of the
paper is organized as follow: section 1 is the introductory to the main problem in WSN, section 2 reveals and
disscusses some related works, motivated by to create the developed method. In section 3, the propagation
radio model adopted in this paper is described, while section 4 outlines our reliable and dynamic with energy-
awareness routing (RDEAR) protocol. Our proposed protocol performances are evaluated in regards to some
recent works in section 5, and section 6 is the conclusion.
2. RELATED WORK
A variety of protocols have been developed in order to balance energy resources utilization in WSNs.
Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) [21] is a hierarchical protocol that drains energy uniformly
by role rotation, selecting a predefined number of CHs periodically based on a probability. These CHs are meant
to receive packets from cluster members and route them directly towards the BS. Distributed energy efficient
clustering (DEEC) [22], uses a new threshold value for CHs election, taking into consideration nodes residual
energy. This way nodes with big residual energy are prioritized to be CH than minor energy nodes, which
preserves links during transmission. The main inconvenient of [21], [22] is that each CH creates a direct link
to the BS, which results a huge energy consumption and arises the probability of data loss especially in large
monitored areas, where far CHs will not be in the range of communication of the BS, making the reliability
impossible. To handle this problem, multi-hop LEACH (MH-LEACH ) [23] saves CHs energy using nodes
that lies on the way to the BS for data routing for data routing the BS. Hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed
clustering approach (HEED) [24] considers nodes residual energies and communication cost while choosing
a CH. it uses multi-hop communication between CHs and guaranties coverage in contrast with LEACH. The
study [25] presents a multi-hop technique for LEACH (MHT-LEACH) which adopts leveling by classifying
CHs into two groups. First level CHs which create direct single hop links with the sink and second level CHs
which uses multi-hop communication relaying on first level CHs to communicate with the BS. But still in
vast areas some CHs of second level will not be able to reach other CHs in the first level which creates the
same problem as in LEACH. To handle this problem, an enhanced dynamic multi-hop technique for LEACH
(EDMHT-LEACH) [26] aimed to minimize the distance of transmission by proceeding to network leveling.
The study [26] balances the intra-cluster load by limiting the number of cluster members in each cluster. This
process results the appearance of some nodes not belonging to any cluster and used them as relays to help
CHs in inter-cluster routing process. Static multihop routing (SMR) [27], is an improvement of [26]. It uses an
improved CHs election threshold value and introduces intra-cluster communication to preserve cluster members
energy. However, since the deployment, CHs election and clustering processes are based on a probability. The
main problem of [26], [27] is that independent nodes (relays) may be distributed in upper levels and may be
misplaced to other CHs, so they will not be able to participate in routing process, resulting an exceed of energy
consumption and decreasing coverage in the network.
To handle this problem, this paper proposes a novel RDEAR to balance energy consumption and
warranty reliability between CHs and the BS. The protocol introduces a new dynamic approach to select reliable
gateways (GTs) taking into consideration the location of CHs in upper levels, energy and other probable GTs
density. This technique led us to have more efficiency by selecting well positioned GTs to help CHs and
preserve energy and decreases the probability of data loss during the routing process.
3. RADIO MODEL
Many wireless communication radio propagation models anticipate signal strength degradation with
distance d. In this paper we will use both free space propagation model and multipath propagation model
depending on transmission distance as described in [28]. The energy consumed for transmission Etx and for
Novel reliable and dynamic energy-aware routing protocol for large scale ... (Hicham Qabouche)
3. 6442 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
reception Erx are expressed in (1) and (2) [28], [29]:
Etx = LEele +
Lεfsd2
si d d0
Lεampd4
si d ≥ d0
(1)
Erx = LEele (2)
where εfs and εamp are respectively the transmission powers in the free space and multi-path propagations
models separated by a threshold distance value d0.
4. PROPOSED ROUTING PROTOCOL
In this work we present our proposed protocol RDEAR. Our proposed protocol consists of two ma-
jor phases: setup phase and communication phase. In the setup phase the infrastructure of the network is
constructed while routes and real communication is maintained in the communication phase.
4.1. Set-up phase
As a departure, we consider that the network is divided into k levels. Each level k have a radius of
k ∗ do
2 from the BS [30] as shown in Figure 1. After leveling we proceed to CHs election and GTs selection to
maintain cluster-heads to transmit collected information to the base station.
Copyrights : QABOUCHE Hicham
do/2
do/2
do/2
do/2
BS
Ns
DNs
CHs
GTs
Intra communication
Inter communication
Figure 1. Clustering, intra and inter-cluster communications with leveling to the BS
4.1.1. CHs election process
In this stage, CHs are elected based on the same process used on LEACH where each node will decide
being a CH or not based on a random number compared with a threshold value T (s), expressed, as in [27],
[30], in (3), the node became a CH if the number chosen is less than T (s).
T(s) =
max
ps
1−ps.(rmod 1
ps
)
× Eres
E0
, Tmin
si {s} ∈ G
0 Otherwise.
(3)
where, Eres and E0 are respectively residual and initial energies of each node. Tmin represents election
threshold value in case Eres is very low [27], [30]. Once CHs are elected, each CH advertises itself in the
network with a CH advertisement (CH-ADV) message containing CH identifier (CH-ID), level and position.
Based on CH-ADV messages, the number of CHs in range of each node CH ranger(s), the distance to each
CH and the average distance to all CHs in range Avg DCHk
r (s) are calculated. Based on these messages each
Int J Elec Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 6, December 2022: 6440–6448
4. Int J Elec Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 6443
CH creates an initial routing table (RT), containing other CHs withing the range of transmission. After the
election of Gateways, all RTs will be updated.
4.1.2. Gateways election
To balance energy consumption and enhance data transmission, the proposed protocol introduces a
new dynamic GTs election process, selecting from the rest of normal nodes taking into consideration the resid-
ual energy of candidate nodes, the density of CHs and the average distance to other probable GTs for each
level in the network. To guaranty having enough GTs for routing process, the number of GTs in each level
NGTk
(r) is mainly related on the number of CHs in upper level NCHk+1
(r), as expressed in (4).
NGTk
(r) = αNCHk+1
(r) (4)
First of all, only nodes with enough residual energy are legitimate to be GTs. For a level k, LGTk
(r) represents
the set of legitimate nodes to be gateways for the current round r and expressed in (5).
{s ∈ LGTk
(r)/Eres(s) ≥ Avg Ek
(r)} (5)
With Avg Ek
(r) denotes the average energy of all nodes in the level k. Each legitimate node broadcast a
legitimate advertisement message (LGT-ADV) to declare itself to other legitimate nodes in the same level. To
have an efficient communication, a node is more practical to be a GT if it covers an important number of CHs
with small average distance and more residual energy. Based on LGT-ADV messages, all legitimate nodes are
aware the number of other legitimate nodes in the same level k : GT ranger(s). To well distribute GTs in
each level, we need to consider the density of other legitimate nodes as a selection factor.
Finally, our new dynamic cost function for electing optimal and well distributed GTs in each level is
expressed in (6):
Cost(s) = c1 ∗
Avg DCHk
r (s)
CH ranger(s)
∗
Avg Ek
(r)
Er(s)
+ c2 ∗
GT ranger(s)
CH ranger(s)
(6)
with c1 and c2 are random numbers: {c1, c2 ∈ [0, 1]/c1 +c2 = 1}. For each level, all first NGTk
(r) legitimate
nodes with the minimum Cost value are selected to be GTs in the level k for the current round r. All selected
GTs broadcast a GT-ADV message containing GTs identifier (GT-ID), level and position to inform other GTs
and CHs. Based on these messages CH’s RT are updated and GT’s RT are created. Each CH/GT will send data
to the closest CH/GT in the updates RTs and withing the path to the BS as demonstrated in Figure 1 .
4.1.3. Clustering
To well distribute load over all CHs, we restricted the number of nodes by cluster to No which is
equal to the ratio of the number of remaining nodes Nbr NA(r) by the number of CHs elected Nbr CHt(r)
as expressed in (7).
No =
Nbr NA(r)
Nbr CHt(r)
(7)
Relaying on CH-ADV messages, normal node locates all CHs in range, and joins the closest based
on Euclidean distance, sending a Join-Req to the first closet CH but withing a distance less or equal to do.
Selected CH, in turn, checks if there is a place in the cluster. If so, the CH send an acceptance message, with
a time-division multiple access (TDMA) slot schedule, to the normal node. Otherwise, the request is declined
by sending a refusal message. In the other hand if the request is rejected, the normal node sends to the second
closest CH in range and so on until it is accepted. In case no CH approved the Join-Req, the node is considered
as dormant node (DNs) and will not participate at all in the processes of sensing and communication. For each
cluster, nodes distant by more than do/2 from the CH are considered as nodes of the second level, moreover,
nodes with a distance less or equal to do/2 are considered as nodes of the first level, theses nodes besides their
own collected data, will route second level node’s data to the CH.
Novel reliable and dynamic energy-aware routing protocol for large scale ... (Hicham Qabouche)
5. 6444 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
4.2. Communication process
To avoid collision and packet loss, scheduling is necessary. Each node in the network used to route data
creates a TDMA schedule to well distribute sending time between considered nodes as shown in
Figure 2. In each cluster, nodes of the first level broadcasts a first-level advertisement message (FL-ADV)
to inform second level nodes of their location and ID. Nodes of the second level calculates the distance to each
first level node and respond with a Route-REQ message to the closest node of the same cluster. In the other
hand based on the number of requests, each first node level creates a TDMA schedule as shown in 2 and sent it
back to all concerned nodes. For inter-cluster communication process, each CH/GT communicate their data to
the closest GT/CH from the same or lower levels but with a distance to the BS lesser than the sender. To avoid
data collision, each CH/GT create and send a TDMA schedule to other GTs and CHs using the route to send
data to the BS as illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 2. TDMA schedule of (a) first level node, (b) cluster heads, and (c) GTs
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
To evaluate the performance of RDEAR, a MATLAB program is used on a network containing
200 nodes randomly deployed in an area of 500×500 m with the BS is located far from the network at
250 m and 550 m. Since the deployment and election processes are random, the performance of any routing
protocol may change from a network sample to another. To evaluate well our proposed protocol, we consider
20 different networks. Based on these simulations, we will compare means, calculate confidence intervals (CIs)
and extract statistical analysis, for different compared metrics. Main parameters adopted in simulations, are
mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1. Simulation parameters
Parameters Value
L 6400 bit
E0 0.5J
Efs 10 pJ/bit/m2
ps 0.2%
Eelec 50 nJ/bit
Edata 5 nJ/bit
Tmin 0.03
Eamp 0.0013 pJ/bit/m4
α 0.8
5.1. Results
Analyzing results, the first thing that stands out is that our suggested protocol has increased network
life-time and stabilized the network compared to other protocols as illustrated in Figure 3(a). As an evidence of
this improvement, the total number of packets delivered to the sink increases, as in Figure 3(b), while the total
energy consumption is decreases Figure 3(c). All significant rounds of death of the First node, half nodes and
All nodes respectively are improved Figure 3(d), when compared to LEACH, DEEC and SMR. Highlighted
graphs represent 95% T-distribution confidence intervals of each protocol calculated based on results obtained
from the 20 simulations.
Int J Elec Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 6, December 2022: 6440–6448
6. Int J Elec Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 ❒ 6445
To know more about the performances of our proposed protocol, we have done a statistical study for
the significant rounds including the round of the death of the first node (FND), the round where the half number
of nodes in the network are dead (HND) and the round of death of all nodes in the network (AND). Also, in
Table 2 we resume the throughput improvement (THI) of our proposed protocol compared to other protocols.
All these statistics are extracted from the 20 simulation cases and justified with confidence intervals. We can
easily denote that all significant rounds are improved using RDEAR compared to all other protocols. Also, the
THI is by a means of 75.92%, 67.7%, and 9.78% in regards to LEACH, DEEC and SMR respectively.
Networks life-time
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
rounds
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Number
nodes
alive
RDEAR
SMR
DEEC
LEACH
(a)
Number of packets sent to BS
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
rounds
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
Number
of
packets
sent
to
SB
RDEAR
SMR
DEEC
LEACH
(b)
Networks total energy consumption
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
rounds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Networks
total
residual
energy
(j)
RDEAR
SMR
DEEC
LEACH
(c)
Significant death rounds with 95%CI
FND HND AND
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Rounds
RDEAR
SMR
DEEC
LEACH
significant rounds
(d)
Figure 3. Comparing means and CIs performed on 20 network samples of (a) life-time, (b) packets sent to the
BS, (c) energy consumption, and (d) significant death roundsproaches
Table 2. Means and 95% CI of first, half and all node death rounds and THI
Technique Value FND HND AND THI
RDEAR
Mean 323 538 968 ***
95%CI [301, 344] [528, 548] [883, 1053] ***
SMR
Mean 293 478 537 9.78%
95% CI [275, 312] [472, 484] [529, 546] [9.09, 10.48]%
DEEC
Mean 1 63 624 67.70%
95% CI [1, 2] [59, 68] [579, 669] [66.31, 69.09]%
LEACH
Mean 1 24 621 75.92%
95% CI [1, 1] [23, 26] [591, 651] [74.73, 77.1]%
Novel reliable and dynamic energy-aware routing protocol for large scale ... (Hicham Qabouche)
7. 6446 ❒ ISSN: 2088-8708
5.2. Results discussion
The analysis of obtained results revealed a significant improvement of RDEAR in network’s per-
formances, in all simulated situations. When compared to LEACH, DEEC and SMR, network’s life time is
improved, network stability is prolonged, energy harvesting is reduced and throughput is increased. This im-
provement was achieved due to two main factors. The first one is minimizing the overall transmission distances
using leveling inside and outside clusters. The second factor is our suggested method for electing reliable and
well-placed GTs which takes into consideration the residual energy, the number of CHs, average distance to
CHs and density of probable GTs in the same level. This process helped to minimize communication distance
and reduced energy consumption on CHs making transmissions with minimal energy cost. Introduction of DNs
helped also in preserving the energy of non-participating nodes rather than consume it without a purpose.
6. CONCLUSION
The fundamental idea behind RDEAR is to provide an energy efficient communication architecture by
introducing a dynamic process for selecting GTs in the network taking into consideration the number of CHs
and the density of other possible GTs in communication range. Simulation results have shown that the proposed
method has stabilized and increased the network’s lifetime, reduced energy consumption and improved the
throughput by a mean of 9.78%, 67.7% and 75.92% respectively compared to SMR, DEEC and LEACH.
Finally, this improvement demonstrates the efficiency of our proposed new dynamic GTs election process, and
communication schemes elaborated. Placing GTs in the right place in regards to CHs reduces the distance
of transmission and reduces the energy consumption. This improvement affects all rated performance metrics
compared to all presented protocols. For further works we intend to use evolutionary algorithm for the routing
problem.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was partially funded by the CNRST Morocco.
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Novel reliable and dynamic energy-aware routing protocol for large scale ... (Hicham Qabouche)
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Hicham Qabouche born in Boumalen-Dades, Morocco on September 28, 1995. He
received his M.Sc. degree in systems and telecommunications from the Faculty of Science of
Agadir. He is currently a Ph.D. student in the Laboratory of Electronics, Energy, Automatics
and Data Processing (EEATI) Hassan II University, Mohammedia-Casablanca, Morocco. His
works studies and interests are focused on the optimization of the performance of WSN routing
protocols to improve network’s lifetime and performance metrics. He can be contacted at email:
qabouche.hicham@gmail.com.
Aı̈cha Sahel is a holder of a doctorate in Electronics and Image Processing in 1996 at the
University of Poitiers - France. She is university Professor at the University Hassan II Mohammedia-
Casablanca - Morocco (FSTM) where she teaches electronics, signal processing, image processing
and Telecommunication. She is a member of the laboratory EEATI (Electronics, Electrotechnics,
Automatic and Information processing). She co-supervises doctoral theses and she is a co-author
of several national and international publications. She is a member of financed research projects.
She was a member of steering committees of three international congresses in the same domain of
research. She can be contacted at email: sahel ai@yahoo.fr.
Abdelmajid Badri is a holder of a doctorate in Electronics and Image Processing in 1992
at the University of Poitiers - France. In 1996, he obtained the diploma of the authorization to Manage
Researches (HDR) to the University of Poitiers - France, on the image processing. He was a Uni-
versity Professor (PES-C) at the University Hassan II Mohammedia-Casablanca Morocco (FSTM).
In 2018, he became director of the superior school of technology of Casablanca Morocco (EST). He
is a member of the laboratory EEATI (Electonics, Energy, Automatic and information Processing)
which he managed since 1996. He managed several doctoral theses. He is a co-author of several
national and international publications. He can be contacted at email: abdelmajid badri@yahoo.fr.
Ilham El Mourabit is a holder of a doctoral degree in Electronics and telecommunication
systems from Hassan II university. She received her M.Sc. degree in Electronic and automatic sys-
tems engineering (Telecommunication and Information Technologies specialty) from the Faculty of
Sciences and Technology of Mohammedia, Morocco. Currently working as an assistant professor at
the FSTM. She is a member of the EEATI Laboratory (Electronics, Electrotechnics, Automatic and
Information Processing), Hassan II University Casablanca. Her main research areas are geolocation
technologies in wireless networks, Image processing, Computer Vision, Digital Signal processing,
and Vehicular communications. She can be contacted at email: elmourabit.ilham@gmail.com.
Int J Elec Comp Eng, Vol. 12, No. 6, December 2022: 6440–6448