Novel feedstuffs and their nutritional value

NOVEL FEEDSTUFFS AND
THEIR NUTRITIONAL
VALUE FOR LIVESTOCKS
IN TROPICS
PRESENTED BY
 Touqeer Yazdan
 16-Arid-3171

NOVEL FEEDSTUFFS
 DEFINITION
“Novel feedstuffs are defined as a type of feedstuffs that does not
have a significant history of consumption by animals or is
produced by a method that has not previously been used for
feedstuffs.”
Novel feeds should fulfill following requirements
 The products may not be dangerous to animals which are fed.
 The products may not be so different from
conventional/traditional products as to cause deficiencies in
certain nutrients.
Novel feeds are usually referred as the new feed stuffs or non-
conventional/untraditional feed stuffs used for alternate and
supplement feeding for livestock animals.
Composed By ; Touqeer Yazdan
2

CLASSIFICATION/TYPES OF NOVEL
FEEDSTUFFS
 Novel feedstuffs can be grouped in following categories
1. Unconventional feed stuffs
2. Mills By Products
3. Single Cell Proteins
4. Synthetic Amino Acids
3

NON-CONVENTIONAL FEED RESOURCES
(NCFR)
 NCFR refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally
used in animal feeding and/or are not normally used in
commercially produced rations for livestock.
 The traditional feeds of crop origin tend to be mainly from
annual crops, the NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds
from perennial
crops and feeds of animals and industrial origin.
 In this sense, the NCFR could really be more appropriately
termed "new feeds", and this term is in fact being increasingly
used.
 The main constraints to the use of non conventional feed
resources are collection, dehydration for high moisture
materials and detoxification processes.
4

 The main source of such feeds is agricultural and forest by-
products.
 Such feeds are not used either because of traditional beliefs
of livestock owners or due to less palatability and presence of
incriminating factors in them.
 Unconventional feeds are described under the following
categories:
1. Protein sources
2. Energy sources
3. Miscellaneous unconventional feeds
5

PROTEIN SOURCES
GUAR MEAL (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
 Common names: Guar, Cluster Bean, Calcutta
lucerne, guar bean, gum bean, Siam bean
 Guar is an erect annual herb 1-2 m high with
trifoliate leaves and rose-colored flowers. It is
cultivated as grain, fodder or vegetable and is
drought resistant. It is poor for grazing because of
its hairy, nettle leaves. It can be cut for fodder as
soon as the pods begin to develop. It is palatable
to stock if cut and wilted. The seeds are used for
extraction of gum (mannogalactan). Guar meal is
the by-product of guar gum industry consisting of
guar germ material.
6

 Nutritive value
 Guar meal contains 75-80% TDN and 50-55% CP. It is a good
source of amino acids as it is richer in lysine (2.55%), cysteine
(1.16%) and glycine (4.61%) than groundnut cake but
comparable in respect of methionine content.
 It is also rich in trace minerals.
 Deleterious factor
 Guar meal contains two anti-nutritional factors: anti-trypsin
and residual guar gum.
7

NIGER SEED CAKE (GUIZOTIA
ABYSSINICA)
 Common names: Ramtil, Niger, Blackseed
 Guizitia abyssinica is an annual herbaceous plant
with softly hairy stems reaching a height of 15 m.
 Nutritive value
 Niger seed cake is a very good source of protein
(CP 34%) and a moderate source of energy (TDN
50%). Its protein digestibility is about 80%.
 It is richer in available lysine (400mg/100 g) and
methionine content than groundnut cake. Niger
seed cake does not contain any toxic factor and is
quite palatable.
8

RUBBER SEED CAKE (HEVEA
BRASILIENSIS)
 Common names: Rubber, Para rubber
 Rubber tree is a large spreading evergreen
tree.The tree can yield milky white latex, which
has been used to make rubber. The young
rubber leaves are poisonous to most animals,
causing profuse sweating, paralysis and
ultimately death.
 Nutritive value
 A good quality rubber seed cake contains about
35% CP and 55% TDN.
 Rubber seed cake contains hydrocyanic acid but
its level is too low (0.009% or 9 mg/100g) to
produce any toxic symptoms.
9

SUN HEMP SEEDS (CROTALARIA JUNCEA)
 Common names: Sun hemp, Indian hemp, Madras
hemp
 Sun hemp is a rapid growing crop that is used for
fibre production in Indo-Pakistan.
 It is also good for use as a green manure in many
tropical and subtropical areas in the world as an
organic and nitrogen source. It suppresses weeds,
slows soil erosion, and reduces root-knot nematode
population.
 Nutritive value
 Sun hemp seed contains 71% TDN and 40.3% CP.
The lysine and methionine content is 4.7 and 1.7%
(on protein basis), respectively.
 Seeds also contain trypsin inhibitor and ‘Retusamine-N-
oxide’ - an alkaloid.Composed By ; Touqeer Yazdan
10

DHAINCHA SEEDS (SESBANIA
BISPINOSA)
 Common name: Prickly Sesban
 Dhaincha is an erect, somewhat woody, low annual
subshrub, growing up to 7 m tall. Usually it is seen
only 2 m tall and found especially in dry regions.
 Nutritive value
 This leguminous seed is excellent in protein
quality.It contains 32.7% CP. It is a good source of
lysine and methionine.
 The seed cannot be used as such, as it contains
deleterious factor like gum, trypsin inhibitor and
tannin.
11

AMBADI CAKE (HIBISCUS CANNABINUS)
 Common names: Deccan Hemp, Wild stockrose
Kenaf
 Ambadi or deccan hemp is a species of Hibiscus,
probably native to southern Asia, though its exact
natural origin is unknown. The name also applies to
the fibre obtained from this plant. It is an annual or
biennial herbaceous plant (rarely a short-lived
perennial) growing to 1.5-3.5 m tall with a woody
base. The fruit is a capsule 2 cm diameter,
containing several seeds. New varieties used as a
raw material in the paper industry may become
important as cattle feeds
 Ambadi cake is a very good source of energy and
protein (TDN 60% and CP 23.4%)
 The cake does not contain any toxic factor and is
quite palatable.
12

SUBABUL SEEDS (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA)
 Common names: Wild tamarind, White babool,
Lead tree, Ipil-Ipil, White popinac, Koa haole, Shack
shack
 Subabul is cultivated widely in the tropics as a
fodder plant, especially on dry waste lands.
 Subabul leaves are fed to animals as green fodder.
 Nutritive value
 Subabul seeds contain 65% TDN and 29% CP. Thus it
is a good source of energy and protein.
 Subabul seeds contain toxic principle ‘Mimosine’ (a
glucoside) which has adverse effect on growth,
reproduction and health of animals. Mimosine may
cause loss of hairs in young cattle.
13

JOWAR CAKE AND GLUTEN (SORGHUM BICOLOR)
 Common name: Jowar
 Jowar is mostly cultivated for grain for human
consumption and for animal feed.
 Nutritive value
 Jowar cake contains about 10% CP and 67.2% TDN. It
is a good source of energy.
 Jowar gluten contains 39% CP and 65% TDN and is a
good source of energy and protein.
 Jowar cake contains tannin (2.88%).
 jowar cake is unpalatable to animals so should be fed
along with other palatable ingredients. Due to its low
CP content, it should be supplemented with other
protein rich feeds.
14

CORN STEEP LIQUOR
 Corn steep liquor is a by-product of corn starch
manufacturing industry.
 Nutritive value
 It contains 40% CP and 75% TDN. Thus, it is an
excellent source of energy, protein and
phosphorus.
 The moisture content is about 50%. Because of
high moisture content, it requires special care
for its storage. However, by mixing wheat bran,
rice bran or rice polish at 40% level, it can be
stored.
 Due to its high phosphorus content, care should
be taken to maintain proper Ca:P ratio by
supplementing calcium.
15

ISABGOL GOLA AND ISABGOL LALI (PLANTAGO
OVATA)
 Common names: Psyllium husk, Psyllium seeds,
Plantago, Ispaghula, Fleam.
 Isabgol (Plantago ovata) is an annual herb that
grows to a height of 12 to 18 in.
 The dehusked seed that remains after the seed
coat is milled off is rich in starch and fatty acids
and is used as cattle feed. The Psyllium husk
recovered after dehusking process is also used as
cattle feed.
 Nutritive value
 Isabgol lali contains 30-40% CP and 21.3% EE,
1.0% CF, 28.1% NFE, 1.4% P and 0.9% Ca on dry
matter basis. Thus, it is good source of protein
and energy.
 Isabgol gola contain about 18-20% CP.Composed By ; Touqeer Yazdan
16

17

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF PROTEIN SOURCES NCFR (ON DRY MATTER BASIS
Unconventional feeds CP
(%)
EE
(%)
CF
(%)
NFE
(%)
Ash
(%)
Niger seed cake 34.0 1.2 22.3 30.4 12.0
Rubber seed cake 35.0 12.1 7.1 34.8 10.5
Sun hemp seeds 40.3 1.4 10.0 42.7 5.6
Dhaincha seeds 32.7 2.9 10.7 48.7 5.0
Ambadi cake 23.4 4.2 22.6 38.3 9.9
Guar meal 50.0 5.2 7.2 35.9 8.8
Subabul seeds 29.0 7.5 11.4 40.9 4.4
Jowar gluten 39.0
Jowar cake 10.0 6.6 12.1 69.5 -
Corn steep liquor 52.0 2.7 26.0 -
Isabgol lali 32.2 21.3 1.0 28.1 -Composed By ; Touqeer Yazdan
18

ENERGY SOURCES
TAMARIND SEED POWDER (Tamarindus indica)
Common name: Tamarind
 Tamarind is a very common large tree with a short
massive trunk, ferny pinnate leaves, small yellow
flowers and fat reddish brown pods.
 Tamarind seeds contain 30-40% red hulls and 55-
70%white kernels.
 Tamarind seed kernels are good source of energy
(TDN 64%). It contains 12% CP.
 Tamarind seed contains tannin (13-14%) as an anti-
nutritional factor.
 Tamarind seeds can be fed after grinding during
scarcity period. It is not very much palatable. To
make the seeds palatable to cattle, they should be
ground and soaked in water for an hour before
feeding
19

MANGO SEED KERNEL (MANGIFERA INDICA)
 Common name: Mango
 It is a large spreading tree that is native to
tropical Asia but cultivated in most tropical
countries. The kernels constitute about 15%
of the weight of the fruit and may well be
used for livestock. Mango seed kernel is a
waste product of mango fruit canning
industry.
 Nutritive value
 Mango seed kernel is a poor source of
protein (6%CP).The TDN content is 55%.
 Mango seed kernels contain high level of
tannins (5-6%). Therefore, its more use in
animal feed may affect growth and health of
animals.
20

RAIN TREE PODS (SAMANEA SAMAN)
 Common names: Rain tree, Monkey pod,
Pithecellobium, Samanea.
 Rain tree pod or monkey pod is a fast-growing
tree that has been introduced to many tropical
countries throughout the world from its native
habitats in Central America and northern South
America. Rain trees are grown on roadsides.
 Nutritive value
 It provides 16.7% CP and about 64% TDN. The
pods contain a sweet edible pulp that supplies
nutritious food for animals. The pods are
palatable. Rain tree pods after grinding can be
included in the concentrate mixture of cattle.
21

KUSUM CAKE (SCHLEICHERA OLEOSA)
 Common names: Ceylon oak, Lac tree, Gum
lac tree.
 Kusum tree has a broad, shady crown, found
widespread in tropical Himalayas.
 The fruit is about the size of a small plum.
 Nutritive value
 It is a rich source of energy (TDN 79.62%)
and a good source of protein (CP 20.9%).
22

COCOA PODS (THEOBROMA CACAO)
 Common names: Cocoa, Cacao, Chocolate
 It is a tropical rain forest crop cultivated for its
beans, which are contained in large red or
yellow pods. The plant is “cauliflorous” with
flowers (and later fruits) protruding directly
from the woody branches and trunk.
 Nutritive value
 It contains 63.5% TDN and 6.3% DCP.
 The pods are rich in potassium.
23

VILAYATI BABUL PODS (PROSOPIS JULIFLORA)
 Common names: Algaroba, Mesquite
 In many areas, it is considered a weed. It is a
drought resistant deciduous thorny shrub or
small tree up to 12 m tall.
 Nutritive value
 Babul pods are very good source of energy (TDN
65%). It contains about 12% CP .
 The pods contain about 0.74 to 1.5% tannins
which is very low and does not produce any
harmful effect on animal.
 The pulp of the pods contains about 20-30%
water soluble sugars, most of which is sucrose;
hence the pods are greatly relished by the
livestock.
24

COCONUT PITH (COCOS NUCIFERA)
 Common name: Coconut
 The term coconut refers to the fruit of the
coconut palm. Coir fiber and fiber pith are
extracted from the coconut. Coconut fiber is
extracted by soaking the husks in water for 6
weeks. This loosens out the fibre and makes
extraction possible by mechanical means.
Coco pith is a by-product obtained in this
process (when coconut husks are processed
for the extraction of the long fibres from the
husk).
 Nutritive value
 It contains about 62.7% TDN.
25

APPLE WASTE (MALUS DOMESTICA)
 The damaged apples (broken or injured
during plucking and unfit for packing) are
available in plenty during the apple season.
 After slicing, drying and grinding these can
be incorporated as energy source.
 Nutritive value
 It is a good source of energy (TDN 60%). The
protein content is 12%.
26

BY-PRODUCTS OF TAPIOCA /CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA)
 TAPIOCA/CASSAVA STARCH WASTE
 Tapioca starch waste is a by-product obtained
during manufacturing of starch from tapioca roots.
It is also called as cassava pomace.
 Nutritive value
 It contains about 8-12% CP. It is a good source of
energy (TDN 60-65%). It contains hydrocyanic acid
(HCN) hence it should be fed after HCN testing.
27

TAPIOCA/CASSAVA THIPPI
 During manufacture of sago, first the tapioca roots/tubers are
deskinned and soaked in water. The tubers are then fed into the
crusher adding equal amount of water for extraction of milk. The
milk thus obtained is allowed to pass through a sieve to remove
the fibrous material. This fibrous material in pulp form when
dried is known as Tapioca thippi
 Nutritive value
 It is low in protein and fat, but fibre content is 8-9%. The ME
content is 2450 kcal/kg.
 Tapioca milk residue
 Tapioca milk residue is a by-product of tapioca root in
preparation of sago. Tapioca tubers after deskinning and soaking
in water are fed into the crusher and milk is obtained. The heavier
starch particles are collected for sago preparation while the
lighter starch particles which cannot get together to form the
crystals of sago are collected by a different process and dried.
The dried second grade starch is known as tapioca milk residue..
 Nutritive value
 It contains about 3-4% protein and 60-70% starch.Composed By ; Touqeer Yazdan
28

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY NCFR (ON DRY MATTER BASIS)
(%)
EE
(%)
CF
(%)
NFE
(%)
Ash
(%)
Tamarind seed powder 12.0 7.4 26.4 44.4 3.5
Mango seed kernels 6.0 8.9 2.8 74.4 5.4
Rain tree pods 16.7 0.7 14.5 69.6 2.4
Kusum cake 20.9 7.4 9.0 56.9 5.8
Cocoa pods 6.3 0.5 24.0 61.4 7.8
Vilayati Babul pods 12.0 3.0 27.7 50.6 4.8
Damaged apple waste 12.0
Tapioca starch waste 12.0 0.6 26.9 66.9 3.4
Tapioca milk residue 3.5 3.5 2.5
29

MISCELLANEOUS UNCONVENTIONAL
FEEDS
SEAWEED MEAL (Sargassum spp.)
 Seaweeds are primitive type of plants growing in the
intertidal or sub-tidal regions of the sea. Depending
upon the type of pigment present and other
morphological and anatomical structures, the
seaweeds are broadly grouped into green, brown,
red and blue-green algae.
 Seaweeds contain more than 60 trace elements in a
concentration much higher than in land plants. They
also contain protein, iodine, bromine, vitamin and
certain antibiotic substances
 Nutritive value
 There is wide variation in the nutritive value of
seaweeds. The CP content ranges from9-19.93% and
the total ash content is 23-44.62%. Extracted variety
of seaweed contains more protein and fewer
minerals.
30

JACKFRUIT WASTE (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS)
 Common name: Jackfruit
 Jackfruit is a tree which is unique in the fact that it
produced huge fruits directly from its stem.
 Nutritive value
 The waste from ripe fruits is more palatable than
waste from raw fruits. It contains 7.9% CP, 14.1%
crude fibre, 0.80% calcium and 0.10% phosphorus.
This is rich source of energy, having 65.3 % NFE
31

SUGARCANE TOPS (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM)
 Common name: Sugarcane
 Sugarcane is a plant which is actually a giant grass. The
stem is jointed, 3–5 m tall, 2–3 cm thick, solid juicy. Tops
include growing point of the cane, a few of the upper
nodes and accompanying leaves. On large farms the
tops and dry leaves are burned off before the cane is
processed for disposal, while on small farms the tops
are cut for livestock feed.
 Nutritive value
 The feeding value of fresh cane tops is not very
promising. It contains 3% CP and 45%TDN.
 It contains oxalate as a deleterious factor.
 The material serves as roughage in conjugation with
concentrates. Sugar cane tops can be very well ensiled
alone as well as with 0.5% urea. The silage is well
acceptable to cattle and contains 47.8% TDN
32

PANEWAR SEED (CASSIA TORA)
 Common names: Kuvadia seeds, Stinking Cassia,
Chinese senna, Foetid cassia, Java bean, Low senna,
Peanut weed, Sickle senna, Sicklepod.
 Cassia is a small erect hairlesss shrub, about 1 m
tall, commonly found growing wild on roadsides.
 Nutritive value
 It is good source of energy and protein (TDN 55%
and CP 16%) for cattle.
 The seeds contain 0.083% crysophanic acid which is
considered to be anti-nutritional factor.
 Kuvadia seeds have some odour that animals do
not like which makes them unpalatable.
 The tannic acid content is very low i.e. 0.8%.
33

PALM MALE TREE (BORASSUS
FLABELLIFER)
 Common names: Palmyra palm, African fan
palm,Borassus palm, Doub palm, Great fan palm, Lontar
palm, Ron palm, Tala palm, Tal-palm, Toddy palm, Wine
palm
 Palm is mostly cultivated for its edible fruits and for its
sap, which can be fermented into palm wine (toddy).
Male palm tree bears flowers called ‘Spadix’ during two
times in a year (September and January). One male palm
tree yields 30 kg dry spadix per year. The flowers are
produced in big clusters of long, white string-like
inflorescence. The palm male flowers as green are fed to
cattle. Dry male flowers become hard so can be used
after grinding.
 Nutritive value
 It contains 10.4% CP and provides 40% TDN.
 The main incriminating factor is its high content of
tannin (8.7%).
 The dry male flowers are not palatable as such so they
should be mixed with other palatable ingredients.Composed By ; Touqeer Yazdan
34

WARAI BRAN (PANICUM MILIACEUM)
 It is a quick-maturing annual cereal
 Nutritive value
 Warai bran contains about 57.4% TDN
and 6.24% CP. So it is average source of
energy and protein.
 It has not been reported to contain any
toxic effect and is quite palatable.
35

TEA WASTE (CAMELLIA ASSAMICA)
 The decaffeinated tea waste is available in
plenty at the tea processing industry.
 Nutritive value
 The decaffeinated tea waste is a moderate
sourceof energy and protein i.e. 58% TDN and
17.94% CP.
 Tea waste contains about 1.9% tannic acid.
36

TOMATO WASTE (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM)
 Tomato waste is a product from
canning industry available during
preparation of Tomato sauces and
catchup.
 Nutritive value
 The TDN and CP content is 55 and 15%,
respectively.
37

BANANA ROOT BULBS (MUSA PARADISIACA)
 Banana is a tropical tree-like herb, with
large leaves of which the overlapping
bases form the so-called false trunk.
 Nutritive value
 It contains less protein but is a good
source of carbohydrates. It provides about
50% TDN and 12% CP. Thus it is a good
source of energy.
 It contains tannins.
38

POTATO WASTE
 The amount of waste and byproduct of potato
industry is estimated to be around 12-20% of their
total production. Potato processing generates
waste in the form of peels, pulp and rejects. Potato
peels, pulp and unmarketable potatoes can be
processed and incorporated into animal feed
formulations.
 Nutritional value
 Potato waste is an excellent energy source for
feedlot cattle. It has energy value similar to corn
and barley while being low in protein and calcium.
Potato waste meal produced by drying and
grinding whole potatoes, potato pulp and peelings
and discarded potato chips contain 7.6% CP, 7.0%
EE, 4% CF and 4% a
39

CITRUS BY-PRODUCTS (CITRUS SPP)
 The genus Citrus includes several important fruits
with the most important on a worldwide basis
being sweet orange (C. sinensis), lemon (C. limon)
and grapefruit (C. paradisi).
 After juice is extracted from the fruit, there remains
a residue comprised of peel (flavedo and albedo),
pulp (juice sac residue), rag (membranes and cores)
and seeds. These components, either individually
or in various combinations, are the source
materials from which citrus by-product feedstuffs
(BPF) are produced.
 Nutritive value
 The nutrient composition of citrus wastes varies
depending on the type of waste and type of fruit.
The selected values for total ash, crude fat, crude
fibre, crude protein, NFE, total sugar, lignin and
pectin ranges from 1.7-7%, 1.2-2.1%, 5.7-8.6%, 2.2-
4.2%, 65-75%, 10.2-16.5%, 1.3-6.5% and 4.4-12.8%
respectively, for different types of wastes
40

AZOLLA (AZOLLA PINNATA)
 Local Name: Azolla
 Azolla is a floating fern mostly utilized as biofertilizer
for wetland paddy. It belongs to the family of
Azollaceae. The fern Azolla, hosts a symbiotic blue
green algae Anabaena azollae, which is responsible
for the fixation and assimilation of atmospheric
nitrogen. Azolla was found to be a very nutritive and
cheap organic feed substitute for dairy cattle.
 Nutritive Value
 Azolla is rich in protein, almost 20-25% CP on dry
weight basis. It is also found to contain essential
minerals like Iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus,
copper, manganese etc. apart from appreciable
quantities of vitamin A and vitamin B12. It is also
found to contain almost all the essential amino acids,
many probiotics, etc.
41

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS NCFR (ON DRY MATTER BASIS
(%)
EE
(%)
CF
(%)
NFE
(%)
Ash
(%)
Seaweed meal 10.0 0.8 10.3 48.0 -
Babul pods 12.0 2.3 12.3 67.0 5.3
Babul seed chuni 16.0 39.5
Jack fruit waste 7.7 - 14.1 65.3 -
Sugarcane tops 3.2 1.7 33.5 50.3 8.5
Panewar seeds 16.0 7.4 4.6 60.7 9.1
Warai bran 6.2 4.8 18.7 - -
Tea waste 17.9
Tomato waste 15.0 18.0 - 40.0 -
Banana root bulbs 12.0 2.8 47.2 42.2 -
Potato waste 7.6 7.0 4.0 - 4.0
Citrus by-product 4.2 1.5 7.0 65.0 4.0
42

SPENT ANATTO SEEDS (BIXA ORELLAUA)
 Anatto is known for the yellow dye extracted from its seeds.
The residue after the extraction of dye and oil is called "spent
anatto seeds".
 These seeds can be incorporated up to 20 per cent level in
the concentrate mixtures of cross-bred calves to promote
about 350 g/day.
 Nutritive Value
 The nutritive value of' the seeds is 7.9 per cent DCP and 67.2
per cent TDN for cattle The low tannic acid content of about 1
per cent on dry matter basis is harmless to animals.
43

BABUL SEEDS (ACACIA NILOTICA)
 Large quantities of extracted (degummed) babul seeds are
available for feeding to livestock.
 The babul seeds (extracted) can be used up to 15 per cent
level in the concentrate mixtures of lactating cows to give a
daily milk yield of about 8 kg. These can also be included at
the 30 per cent level in the concentrate mixtures of crossbred
calves to give a daily gain of about 645
 Nutritive Value
 The seeds are a moderate source of energy (TDN 59 per cent)
and a fairly good source of protein (DCP 13.8 per cent).
 The extracted seeds also contain about 5 per cent tannins
44

KOKAM CAKE (GARCINIA INDIEA)
 The DCP and TDN contents are 9.3 and 80 per cent
respectively for cattle. It has not been reported to contain any
toxic factors and is palatable to cattle.
 About 15 per cent is recommended for use in the concentrate
mixtures of crossbred calves to give a daily gain of 500 g
45

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTES
 Chaffed cauliflower leaves (CL), fruit waste (FJW), after juice
extraction, or a mixture of CL and FJW in a 1 : 1 ratio were
each ensiled, either alone or after mixing with either wheat
straw, rice straw or berseem straw in 70 : 30 mixtures.
 The chemical composition of cauliflower leaves, fruit juice
waste and the 1 : 1 combination of the two revealed that
these wastes had a high crude protein (CP) content, and low
neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF)
contents, indicating their potential as alternative feedstuffs for
dairy cattle.
46

INDUSTRIAL/MILLS BY PRODUTCS
BAKERY WASTE
 Pastry products from stores or bakeries. May be
received without drying or removal of the wrappers.
 Consists of various combinations of bread cookies, cakes, and
doughnuts.Usually dried and ground together.
 Higher in energy but very low in fiber.
 Highly palatable and may be run through a forage chopper to
facilitate feeding.
47

CANDY
 Rejected product from candy and sweetener manufacture.
 Examples include chocolate and candy bars.
 Sources of certain nutrients, namely, fat and sugar, but low in
protein.
 Typical analysis of candy products is: 5.2% CP, 5% ADF .07%
calcium, .17% phosphorus, and 22.4% other extract (fat).
48

SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN
 Protein for feeding animals has been produced by microbial
fermentation. Single cell organisms such as yeasts and
bacteria grow very quickly and can double their cell mass,
even in large-scale industrial fermenters, in 3–4 hours.
 A range of nutrient substrates can be used, including cereal
grains, sugar beet, sugarcane and its byproducts, hydrolysates
from wood and plants, and waste products from food
manufacture.
 The protein content of bacteria is higher than that of yeasts
and contains higher concentrations of the sulphur-containing
amino acids but a lower concentration of lysine.
49

 Although SCP does contain a crude fibre fraction, which can
be quite high in some yeasts, it is not composed of cellulose,
hemicelluloses and lignin as in foods of plant origin; the fibre
consists chiefly of glucans, mannans and chitin.
50

Substrates
used
Microorganism DM
(g/kg
Orga
nic
matte
r
Crude
protei
n
Cru
de
fat
Cru
de
fibr
e
Ash
Gas oil Candida lipolytica 916 914 678 25 44 86
Gas oil Candida lipolytica 903 917 494 132 41 84
n-Paraffin Candida lipolytica 932 934 644 92 47 66
n-Paraffin Candida lipolytica 914 933 480 236 47 67
n-Alkanes Pichia guillerm 971 941 501 122 76 59
Whey (lactic
acid)
Candida
pseudotropicalis
900 900 640 56 50 100
Methanol Candida boidinii 938 939 388 77 107 61
Methanol Pseudomonas
methylica
967 903 819 79 5 97
Sulphite liquor Candida utilis 917 925 553 79 13 75
Molasses Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
908 932 515 63 18 68
Extract of malt Saccharomyces
carlsbergensis
899 926 458 31 11 74
51

SYNTHETIC AMINO ACIDS
 In high-producing ruminant animals such as dairy cows, the
first limiting amino acid is generally methionine, followed by
lysine, particularly if the diet is high in maize silage or grain.To
increase tissue methionine or lysine supply in ruminants
requires the supplement to be protected against microbial
activity in the rumen but subsequently be available for
absorption in the small intestine.
 Protection is generally in the form of surface coating with a
fatty acid, pH-sensitive polymer, mineral mixture, or
chemically modified molecules such as D,L-2-hydroxy-4-
(methylthio)- butanoic acid.
 The surface coating of amino acids causes problems when
pelleting.
52

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