This document summarizes how scientists believe the elements and structures in the universe formed beginning with the Big Bang. It describes an experiment using a balloon with dots to model the expansion of the early universe, showing that farther dots moved faster as the balloon inflated, similar to how galaxies farther from Earth are moving away more quickly. The document then explains how following the Big Bang, simple elements like hydrogen and helium formed as the universe cooled, which then fused into heavier elements as the first stars formed, leading eventually to the formation of planets, life and humans. It also briefly discusses evidence supporting the Big Bang theory and some open questions about the shape and ultimate fate of the universe.

1. HOW DID THE
ELEMENTS FORMED?
PHYSICAL SCIENCE: LESSON 1
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2. BIGBANG BALLOON
1.As the balloon was
inflated, the distances
between the home dot
and each of the other
five dots increased.
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3. BIGBANG BALLOON
2. The dots farthest from the
home dot appeared to move
greater distances away from the
home dot than the dots nearer to
the home dot.
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4. BIGBANG BALLOON
3. Since they moved a greater
distance in the same amount
of time, the farther dots must
have been moving faster than
the closer dots.
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5. BIGBANG BALLOON
4. When Edwin Hubble observed the redshift of the
light coming from stars and galaxies, he realized
that
• the galaxies were moving away from each other.
• the farther a galaxy is from us, the faster it is moving.
• The distance from each dot (GALAXY) to the Home dot
increased every time the balloon (UNIVERSE) expanded.
• the universe is expanding, just like our balloon expanded.
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6. WHAT CAN WE CONCLUDE?
This experiment modeled the expansion of the
universe. As the balloon was inflated, the dots
moved farther away from the home dot and each
other. The results show that the farther away a dot is
from the home dot, the faster its movement. In the
1920’s, astronomer Edwin Hubble observed that the
galaxies are moving in the same way. Hubble
concluded that the Universe must be expanding,
like our balloon did. This conclusion later led to the
Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe.
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7. What is the Universe?
•The universe is everything – planets, stars,
galaxies, space, and even time!
•“Kosmos” is a Greek word that means “the
organization of everything.”)
•No one knows how big the universe is
•The universe is finite, meaning it does have
an end and does not go on forever
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8. How old is the Universe?
13.8 BILLION YEARS OLD
•Astronomers can measure the
distances between galaxies and
how fast they are moving apart.
With that information, they can
estimate the age of the universe.
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9. How did the universe began?
A super hot and super dense point called a
singularity, contained all the matter in the universe
– although it really wasn’t matter YET.
The singularity point “exploded” and this “Big
Bang” marks the beginning of space and time.
The universe continued to expand and galaxies
are moving away each other
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10. How did the universe go from
one tiny, super-hot, super-
dense speck to stars, planets,
galaxies, etc.?
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11. •As the universe expanded, it cooled.
•Familiar kinds of matter, such as
protons, electrons, and neutrons
began to appear.
•As time continued, these atomic
particles merged to make the
simplest chemical elements,
hydrogen and helium. The earliest
stars and galaxies were formed from
these simple elements.
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12. •Once stars formed, their intense nuclear
reactions began creating more complex
elements, such as oxygen, carbon, lead,
and gold.
•The earliest massive stars exploded into
supernovas in which heavier elements
were forged, These complex elements
formed other stars, including our own
sun, all the planets and other objects in
our solar system, and, yes, even us!
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13. How can we know that “Big
Bang really happened?
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14. PROOFS OF BIGBANG
•RED SHIFT
•COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKROUND RADIATION
•COSMIC ABUNDANT OF
LIGHT ELEMENTS
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15. What is the Shape of the Universe?
•The shape of the universe is a mystery.
•Some cosmologists theorize that it has a
curved shape. If the universe is curved,
that means that if you traveled in a
straight line long enough, you would end
up back where you started!
•There is no CENTER of the Universe
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16. Will the Universe ever end?
•Astronomers used to think that eventually gravity
would pull the universe back together and it
would shrink until everything in it would come
together in a “Big Crunch.”
•Now most astronomers think the universe will
either continue to expand forever or else it will
slow down and stabilize.
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17. ARE THERE OTHER THEORIES
ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?
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18. ARE THERE MULTIVERSE
AND PARALLEL UNIVERSE IN
EXISTENCE?
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