Once precisely defined so as to include just the explanation’s act, the notion of explanation should be regarded as a central notion in the engineering of intelligent system—not just as an add-on to make them understandable to humans. Based on symbolic AI techniques to match intuitive and rational cognition, explanation should be exploited as a fundamental tool for inter-agent communication among heterogeneous agents in open multi-agent systems. More generally, explanation-ready agents should work as the basic components in the engineering of intelligent systems integrating both symbolic and sub-/non-symbolic AI techniques.
Presented by Andrea Omicini @ AIxIA 2020 Discussion Paper Workshop
On the Integration of Symbolic and Sub-symbolic – Explaining by DesignAndrea Omicini
The more intelligent systems based on sub-symbolic techniques pervade our everyday lives, the less human can understand them. This is why symbolic approaches are getting more and more attention in the general effort to make AI interpretable, explainable, and trustable. Understanding the current state of the art of AI techniques integrating symbolic and sub-symbolic approaches is then of paramount importance, nowadays—in particular in the XAI perspective. In this talk we first provides an overview of the main symbolic/sub-symbolic integration techniques, focussing in particular on those targeting explainable AI systems. Then we expand the notion of “explainability by design” to the realm of multi-agent systems, where XAI techniques can play a key role in the engineering of intelligent systems.
Complexity in computational systems: the coordination perspectiveAndrea Omicini
In this talk we discuss the role of coordination models and technologies in the engineering of complex computational systems.
Complex Systems Physics Meeting IMT-UNIBO
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
Bologna, Italy, 15/02/2018
Towards XMAS: eXplainability through Multi-Agent SystemsGiovanni Ciatto
In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent systems (IS) are increasingly relying on Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Given the opaqueness of most ML techniques, however, humans have to rely on their intuition to fully understand the IS outcomes: helping them is the target of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Current solutions – mostly too specific, and simply aimed at making ML easier to interpret – cannot satisfy the needs of IoT, characterised by heterogeneous stimuli, devices, and data-types concurring in the composition of complex information structures. Moreover, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) achievements and advancements are most often ignored, even when they could bring about key features like explainability and trustworthiness. Accordingly, in this paper we (i) elicit and discuss the most significant issues affecting modern IS, and (ii) devise the main elements and related interconnections paving the way towards reconciling interpretable and explainable IS using MAS.
Game-based Learning as a Suitable Approach for Teaching Digital Ethical Think...Dagmar Monett
Slides of the talk at the 15th annual International Technology, Education and Development Conference, INTED 2021 (a virtual conference), March 8th-9th, 2021.
Thought Leadership Session: Enterprise Semantics & Ontology, The Power of Und...Wim Laurier
Learn the 1-on-1 of Semantics & Ontology by international authorities. Explore how semantics and ontology is used as the underlying conceptual structure of an enterprise by transforming interoperability beyond existing boundaries. Understand the complex interdependencies of enterprise operations through semantics and ontology. Discover how the Global University Alliance researches, compares, analyzes and develops Best and LEADing Practices around Enterprise Semantics & Ontology.
Professor Simon Polovina
International authority and thought leader in Enterprise Semantics Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
Head of Enterprise Semantics research and development at the Global University Alliance
Professor Wim Laurier
International authority and thought leader in Enterprise Ontology Université Saint-Louis, Bruxelles and Ghent University
Head of Enterprise Ontology research and development at the Global University Alliance
Artificial intelligence in cyber physical systemsPetar Radanliev
The results determine a new hierarchical cascading conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of AI decision-making in cyber physical systems. We argue that such evolution is inevitable and autonomous because of the increased integration of connected devices (IoT) in cyber physical systems. To support this argument, taxonomic methodol- ogy is adapted and applied for transparency and justifications of concepts selection decisions through building summary maps that are applied for designing the hierarchical cascading conceptual framework.
On the Integration of Symbolic and Sub-symbolic – Explaining by DesignAndrea Omicini
The more intelligent systems based on sub-symbolic techniques pervade our everyday lives, the less human can understand them. This is why symbolic approaches are getting more and more attention in the general effort to make AI interpretable, explainable, and trustable. Understanding the current state of the art of AI techniques integrating symbolic and sub-symbolic approaches is then of paramount importance, nowadays—in particular in the XAI perspective. In this talk we first provides an overview of the main symbolic/sub-symbolic integration techniques, focussing in particular on those targeting explainable AI systems. Then we expand the notion of “explainability by design” to the realm of multi-agent systems, where XAI techniques can play a key role in the engineering of intelligent systems.
Complexity in computational systems: the coordination perspectiveAndrea Omicini
In this talk we discuss the role of coordination models and technologies in the engineering of complex computational systems.
Complex Systems Physics Meeting IMT-UNIBO
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna
Bologna, Italy, 15/02/2018
Towards XMAS: eXplainability through Multi-Agent SystemsGiovanni Ciatto
In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), intelligent systems (IS) are increasingly relying on Machine Learning (ML) techniques. Given the opaqueness of most ML techniques, however, humans have to rely on their intuition to fully understand the IS outcomes: helping them is the target of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Current solutions – mostly too specific, and simply aimed at making ML easier to interpret – cannot satisfy the needs of IoT, characterised by heterogeneous stimuli, devices, and data-types concurring in the composition of complex information structures. Moreover, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) achievements and advancements are most often ignored, even when they could bring about key features like explainability and trustworthiness. Accordingly, in this paper we (i) elicit and discuss the most significant issues affecting modern IS, and (ii) devise the main elements and related interconnections paving the way towards reconciling interpretable and explainable IS using MAS.
Game-based Learning as a Suitable Approach for Teaching Digital Ethical Think...Dagmar Monett
Slides of the talk at the 15th annual International Technology, Education and Development Conference, INTED 2021 (a virtual conference), March 8th-9th, 2021.
Thought Leadership Session: Enterprise Semantics & Ontology, The Power of Und...Wim Laurier
Learn the 1-on-1 of Semantics & Ontology by international authorities. Explore how semantics and ontology is used as the underlying conceptual structure of an enterprise by transforming interoperability beyond existing boundaries. Understand the complex interdependencies of enterprise operations through semantics and ontology. Discover how the Global University Alliance researches, compares, analyzes and develops Best and LEADing Practices around Enterprise Semantics & Ontology.
Professor Simon Polovina
International authority and thought leader in Enterprise Semantics Sheffield Hallam University, United Kingdom
Head of Enterprise Semantics research and development at the Global University Alliance
Professor Wim Laurier
International authority and thought leader in Enterprise Ontology Université Saint-Louis, Bruxelles and Ghent University
Head of Enterprise Ontology research and development at the Global University Alliance
Artificial intelligence in cyber physical systemsPetar Radanliev
The results determine a new hierarchical cascading conceptual framework for analysing the evolution of AI decision-making in cyber physical systems. We argue that such evolution is inevitable and autonomous because of the increased integration of connected devices (IoT) in cyber physical systems. To support this argument, taxonomic methodol- ogy is adapted and applied for transparency and justifications of concepts selection decisions through building summary maps that are applied for designing the hierarchical cascading conceptual framework.
Explainable Pervasive Intelligence with Self-explaining AgentsAndrea Omicini
Pervasiveness of ICT resources along with the promise of ubiquitous intelligence is pushing hard both our demand and our fears of AI: demand mandates for the ability to inject intelligence ubiquitously; fears compel the behaviour of intelligent systems to be observable, explainable, and accountable. Whereas the first wave of the new "AI Era" was mostly heralded by sub-symbolic approaches, features like explainability are better provided by symbolic techniques. In particular, the notion of explanation should be regarded as a core notion for intelligent systems, rather than just an add-on to make them understandable to humans. Based on symbolic AI techniques to match intuitive and rational cognition, explanation should then be regarded as a fundamental tool for inter-agent communication among heterogeneous intelligent agents in open multi-agent systems. More generally, self-explaining agents should work as the basic components in the engineering of intelligent systems integrating both symbolic and sub-/non-symbolic AI techniques.
Micro-intelligence for the IoT: Teaching the Old Logic Dog New Programming Tr...Andrea Omicini
New application scenarios for pervasive intelligent systems open novel perspectives for logic-based approaches, in particular when coupled with agent-based technologies and methods. In this explorative talk we provide some examples of how logic programming and its extensions can work as sources of micro-intelligence for the IoT, at both the individual and the collective level, along with an overall architectural view of IoT systems exploiting logic-based technologies.
In this unit, students will explore contemporary scientific media and art forms to understand what the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) might mean for the future of humankind.
Introduction to Human Computer Interface (HCI)Edneil Jocusol
This topic is based on the article published by Whitworth and Ahmad in Interaction-Design. It covers topics such as Evolution of Computing Systems, Computing Level (in terms of Mechanical, Informational, Psychological, and Socio-Technical Systems), Human Physiological Needs, and Design Level Combination.
Artificial Intelligence: The Promise, the Myth, and a Dose of RealityDagmar Monett
Keynote at the 33. Bremer Universitäts-Gespräche Data Science - Wunderwelt oder alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen (engl. Data science - Wonderworld or old wine in new bottles), October 7th, 2021, Universität Bremen, Germany.
Understanding everyday users’ perception of socio-technical issues through s...Ahreum lee
I gave a talk at ImagineXLab, Seoul, Korea.
In this presentation, I would like to share my recent works that have been explored sociotechnical issues through social media data.
1) /r/Assholedesign: Online conversation about ethical concerns (ACM DIS 20' Honorable Mention Award)
2) /r/Digitalnomad: Current tensions in community-based spaces (ACM CHI 2019 LBW, CSCW 2019)
3) /r/Purdue: Everyday users’ perception of delivery robots on campus (ACM CSCW 2020 LBW)
'Users, participants, co-designers or just pesky humans?
On the challenges of human centred research in Human-Computer Interaction.'
A main aspiration of HCI is to be human- and user- centred in its approach to creating novel digital interactions. But how do we engage, involve and encourage end users to participate in HCI? The field has tackled this challenge in many ways. Notably, Participatory Design has been widely adopted in order for users and stakeholders to become active part of the technology development process itself. This, however, is no easy feat.
In this lecture, Professor Luigina Ciolfi will examine how focusing on people, their practices and the places where they occur does lead to illuminating insights, but also brings hefty challenges. Understanding and bridging cultures, languages, priorities, and identities is hard work, with difficult negotiations and some failures bound to happen along the way. Drawing from her experience of human-centred and participatory research on topics such as cultural heritage technologies, mobile and nomadic lives, interaction in public spaces, and tangible and embodied interaction design, Luigina will reflect on the opportunities, successes and difficulties that arise when working in partnership with end-users, and on what being “human-centred” means for HCI in an age of apparent ubiquitous sharing and participation.
Somewhere over the rainbow. Color blindness and user interface design: a crit...Letizia Bollini
XIII Conferenza del Colore
Napoli, 4-5 settembre 2017
..........
Total or partial color-blindness is a physical status that affects statistically almost an 8,5% of the population (8% of man and 0,4% of women). It is considered a physical impairment in some context of communication and interactions where a huge part of the messages is carried by color language and chromatic signs. In a world where most of the interactions online or experienced in mobile devices are still based on graphical interfaces, this condition could be a limit in everyday life.
According to WAI - Web Accessibility Initiative launched by W3Consortium and the Italian law n. 4/2004 (Legge Stanca), visual and interface design have now defined guideline to allow a better user experience also for color-blind people. The paper proposes a critical review of the design paradigms, discussing the role of colors and contrast both as a visual language component and accessibility issue underlining the recent evolution raised by the introduction of mobile devices and the ecosystem approach to digital environments.
Presentation (with Eamon Costello) from the Global Smart Education Conference (The 6th International Conference on Smart Learning Environments), Beijing National University, China.
The presentation explores issues in AI driven learning systems and implications of machine learning approaches for inclusion and access to education.
Building shared and reusable ontologies, both in an operational and more conceptual sense, needs precise definition of system of interest, classification of its relations by means of topological analysis, and explanation of the concepts through mereological tools (for example decomposition of an object in its parts, or a class in its subclasses). Our work presents an attempt to apply these procedures to urban systems, beginning from the corpus of theories developed in urban system analysis to achieve an ontology of the city with the already mentioned suitable features, underlining in particular three levels (physical, socio-economical, and mental level) through which it’s possible to observe the city.
The Distributed Autonomy. Software Abstractions and Technologies for Autonomo...Andrea Omicini
In this short talk, we elaborate on the software issues of autonomous systems, by focussing on their interpretation as multi-agent systems. We suggest that a notion of distributed autonomy needs to be investigated – in particular in the area of (L)AWS – for its potential implications in terms of uncertainty of responsibility and liability.
Blockchain for Intelligent Systems: Research PerspectivesAndrea Omicini
We summarise and compare features of MAS and BCT, and discuss how they could be fruitfully integrated in the engineering of intelligent systems by adopting a long-term research perspective.
Injecting (Micro)Intelligence in the IoT: Logic-based Approaches for (M)MASAndrea Omicini
Pervasiveness of ICT resources along with the promise of ubiquitous intelligence is pushing hard both our demand and our fears of AI: demand mandates for the ability to inject (micro) intelligence ubiquitously, fears compel the behaviour of intelligent systems to be observable, explainable, and accountable.
Whereas the first wave of the new "AI Era" was mostly heralded by non-symbolic approaches, features like explainability are better provided by symbolic techniques.
In this talk we focus on logic-based approaches, and discuss their potential in pervasive scenarios like the IoT and open (M)MAS along with our latest results in the field.
Andrea Omicini, Roberta Calegari
Invited Talk
MMAS 2018, Stockholm, Sweden, 14 July 2018
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Pervasiveness of ICT resources along with the promise of ubiquitous intelligence is pushing hard both our demand and our fears of AI: demand mandates for the ability to inject intelligence ubiquitously; fears compel the behaviour of intelligent systems to be observable, explainable, and accountable. Whereas the first wave of the new "AI Era" was mostly heralded by sub-symbolic approaches, features like explainability are better provided by symbolic techniques. In particular, the notion of explanation should be regarded as a core notion for intelligent systems, rather than just an add-on to make them understandable to humans. Based on symbolic AI techniques to match intuitive and rational cognition, explanation should then be regarded as a fundamental tool for inter-agent communication among heterogeneous intelligent agents in open multi-agent systems. More generally, self-explaining agents should work as the basic components in the engineering of intelligent systems integrating both symbolic and sub-/non-symbolic AI techniques.
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'Users, participants, co-designers or just pesky humans?
On the challenges of human centred research in Human-Computer Interaction.'
A main aspiration of HCI is to be human- and user- centred in its approach to creating novel digital interactions. But how do we engage, involve and encourage end users to participate in HCI? The field has tackled this challenge in many ways. Notably, Participatory Design has been widely adopted in order for users and stakeholders to become active part of the technology development process itself. This, however, is no easy feat.
In this lecture, Professor Luigina Ciolfi will examine how focusing on people, their practices and the places where they occur does lead to illuminating insights, but also brings hefty challenges. Understanding and bridging cultures, languages, priorities, and identities is hard work, with difficult negotiations and some failures bound to happen along the way. Drawing from her experience of human-centred and participatory research on topics such as cultural heritage technologies, mobile and nomadic lives, interaction in public spaces, and tangible and embodied interaction design, Luigina will reflect on the opportunities, successes and difficulties that arise when working in partnership with end-users, and on what being “human-centred” means for HCI in an age of apparent ubiquitous sharing and participation.
Somewhere over the rainbow. Color blindness and user interface design: a crit...Letizia Bollini
XIII Conferenza del Colore
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..........
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According to WAI - Web Accessibility Initiative launched by W3Consortium and the Italian law n. 4/2004 (Legge Stanca), visual and interface design have now defined guideline to allow a better user experience also for color-blind people. The paper proposes a critical review of the design paradigms, discussing the role of colors and contrast both as a visual language component and accessibility issue underlining the recent evolution raised by the introduction of mobile devices and the ecosystem approach to digital environments.
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Pervasiveness of ICT resources along with the promise of ubiquitous intelligence is pushing hard both our demand and our fears of AI: demand mandates for the ability to inject (micro) intelligence ubiquitously, fears compel the behaviour of intelligent systems to be observable, explainable, and accountable.
Whereas the first wave of the new "AI Era" was mostly heralded by non-symbolic approaches, features like explainability are better provided by symbolic techniques.
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Nature-inspired Coordination: Current Status and Research TrendsAndrea Omicini
Tutorial @WI 2017, Leipzig, 23 August 2017
Andrea Omicini & Stefano Mariani, Lecturers
Originating from closed parallel systems, coordination models and technologies gained in expressive power so as to deal with complex distributed systems. In particular, nature-inspired models of coordination emerged in the last decade as the most effective approaches to tackle the complexity of pervasive, intelligent, and self-* systems.
In the first part of the tutorial we introduce the basic notions of coordination and coordination model, and relate them to the notions of interaction and complexity. Then, the most relevant nature-inspired coordination (NIC) models are discussed, along with their relationship with the many facets of tuple-based models. In the third part we discuss the main open issues and explore the trends for future development of NIC. Finally, as a case study, we focus on MoK (Molecules of Knowledge), a NIC model for knowledge self-organisation, where data and information autonomously aggregate and spread toward knowledge prosumers.
Novel Opportunities for Tuple-based Coordination: XPath, the Blockchain, and ...Andrea Omicini
The increasing maturity of some well-established technologies – such as XPath – along with the sharp rise of brand-new ones – i.e. the blockchain – presents new opportunities to researchers in the field of multi-agent coordination. In this talk we briefly discuss a few technologies which, once suitably interpreted and integrated, have the potential to impact the very roots of tuple-based coordination as it stems from the archetypal LINDA model.
Logic Programming as a Service (LPaaS): Intelligence for the IoTAndrea Omicini
Talk @ ICNSC 2017, Calabria, Italy, 16 May 2017
Abstract: The widespread diffusion of low-cost computing devices, such as Arduino boards and Raspberry Pi, along with improvements of Cloud computing platforms, are paving the way towards a whole new set of opportunities for Internet of Things (IoT) applications and services. Varying degrees of intelligence are often required for supporting adaptation and self-management—yet, they should be provided in a light-weight, easy to use and customise, highly-interoperable way. Accordingly, in this paper we explore the idea of Logic Programming as a Service (LPaaS) as a novel and promising re-interpretation of distributed logic programming in the IoT era. After introducing the reference context and motivating scenarios of LPaaS as a key enabling technology for intelligent IoT, we define the LPaaS general system architecture. Then, we present a prototype implementation built on top of the tuProlog system, which provides the required interoperability and customisation. We showcase the LPaaS potential through a case study designed as a simplification of the motivating scenarios.
Privacy through Anonymisation in Large-scale Socio-technical Systems: The BIS...Andrea Omicini
Large-scale socio-technical systems (STS) inextricably inter-connect individual – e.g., the right to privacy –, social – e.g., the effectiveness of organisational processes –, and technology issues —e.g., the software engineering process. As a result, the design of the complex software infrastructure involves also non-technological aspects such as the legal ones—so that, e.g., law-abidingness can be ensured since the early stages of the software engineering process. By focussing on contact centres (CC) as relevant examples of knowledge-intensive STS, we elaborate on the articulate aspects of anonymisation: there, individual and organisational needs clash, so that only an accurate balancing between legal and technical aspects could possibly ensure the system efficiency while preserving the individual right to privacy. We discuss first the overall legal framework, then the general theme of anonymisation in CC. Finally we overview the technical process developed in the context of the BISON project.
Project presentation @ DMI, Università di Catania, Italy, 25 July 2016
The impact of mobile technologies on healthcare is particularly evident in the case of self-management of chronic diseases, where they can decrease spending and improve the patient quality of life. In this talk we propose the adoption of agent-based modelling and simulation techniques as built-in tools to dynamically monitor patient health state and provide feedbacks for self-management. To demonstrate the feasibility of our proposal we focus on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus as our case study, and provide some preliminary simulation results.
Game Engines to Model MAS: A Research RoadmapAndrea Omicini
Game engines are gaining increasing popularity in various computational research areas, and in particular in the context of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS)—for instance, to render augmented reality environments, improve immersive simulation infrastructures, and so on. Existing examples of successful integration between game engines and MAS still focus on specific technology-level goals, rather than on shaping a general-purpose game-based agent-oriented infrastructure. In this roadmap talk, we point out the conceptual issues to be faced to exploit game engines as agent-oriented infrastructures, and outline a possible research roadmap to follow, backed up by some early experiments involving the Unity3D engine.
Open distributed multi-agent systems featuring autonomous components demand coordination mechanisms for both functional and non-functional properties. Heterogeneity of requirements regarding interaction means and paradigms, stemming from the diverse nature of components, should not affect the effectiveness of coordination. Along this line, in this paper we share our pragmatical experience in the integration of objective and subjective, synchronous and asynchronous, reactive and pro-active coordination approaches within two widely-adopted agent-oriented technologies (JADE and Jason), enabling coordinating components to dynamically adapt their interaction means based on static preference or run-time contingencies.
Towards Logic Programming as a Service: Experiments in tuPrologAndrea Omicini
In this talk we explore the perspective of Logic Programming as a Service (LPaaS), with a broad notion of “service” going beyond the mere handling of the logic engine lifecycle, knowledge base management, reasoning queries execution, etc. In particular, we present tuProlog as-a-service, a Prolog engine based on the tuProlog core made available as an encapsulated service to effectively support the spreading of intelligence in pervasive systems—mainly, Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications scenarios. So, after recalling the main features of tuProlog technology, we discuss the design and implementation of tuProlog as-a-service, focussing in particular on the iOS platform because of the many supported smart devices (phones, watches, etc.), the URL-based communication support among apps, and the multi-language resulting scenarios.
The huge availability of geographical and spatial data, along with the impulse from ubiquitous and pervasive application scenarios, has pushed the boundaries of complex system engineering towards spatial computing. There, space (in any of the many possible acceptations of the term) represents at the same time the physical container of distributed pervasive applications, the source of a huge amount of data, information, and knowledge, and the target of both epistemic and practical actions.
Agents – as the basic abstraction for distributed computing –, rational agents – as the basic units for encapsulating intelligence –, and multi-agent systems (MAS) – as the social abstraction for collective behaviours – represent the most likely candidates for providing an original framework for spatial computing coherehtly covering conceptual, technical, and methodological issues.
In this survey tutorial we elaborate on the state-of-the art of spatial computing, and show how the classical ontological foundation for MAS (agents, societies, and environment) can coherently capture the essential aspects of spatial computing, also providing for original perspectives and research directions in the novel field of "Spatial MAS".
Introductory tutorial on the foundations of agents and multi-agent systems at the 18th European Agent Systems Summer School (EASSS 2016) – 25 July 2016, Catania, Italy
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Meeting “The (r)evolution of academic publication”
Istituti di Studi Avanzati (ISA), Università di Bologna, Italy, 10/05/2016
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Some of the most peculiar traits of socio-technical systems (STS) in knowledge-intensive environments (KIE) – such as unpredictability of agents’ behaviour, ever-growing amount of information to manage, fast-paced production/consumption – tangle coordination of agents as well as coordination of information, by affecting, e.g., reachability by knowledge prosumers and manageability by the IT infrastructure. In this seminar we describe a novel approach to coordination of STS in KIE, grounded on the MoK (Molecules of Knowledge) model for knowledge self-organisation, and inspired to key concepts from the cognitive theory of BIC (behavioural implicit communication).
Anticipatory Coordination in Socio-technical Knowledge-intensive Environments...Andrea Omicini
ome of the most peculiar traits of socio-technical KIE (knowledge-intensive environments) -- such as unpredictability of agents' behaviour, ever-growing amount of information to manage, fast-paced production/consumption -- tangle coordination of information, by affecting, e.g., reachability by knowledge prosumers and manageability by the IT infrastructure.
Here, we propose a novel approach to coordination in KIE, by extending the MoK model for knowledge self-organisation with key concepts from the cognitive theory of BIC (behavioural implicit communication).
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While event-based architectural style has become prevalent for large-scale distributed applications, multi-agent systems seemingly provide the most viable abstractions to deal with complex distributed systems. In this talk we discuss the role of coordination abstractions as a basic brick for a unifying conceptual framework for agent-based and event-based systems, which could work as the foundation of a principled discipline for the engineering of complex software systems.
[Talk by Stefano Mariani @ COORDINATION 2015, 3/6/3015, Grenoble, France]
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Event-based systems (EBS) are nowadays the most viable sources of technologies and solutions for large-scale distributed applications. On the other hand, multi-agent systems (MAS) apparently provide the most viable abstractions and coherent methods to deal with complex distributed systems, in particular when advanced features – such as mobility, autonomy, symbolic reasoning, knowledge management, situation recognition – are required. In this talk we discuss how the core concepts of EBS and MAS can in principle be matched and integrated, providing a sound conceptual ground for a coherent discipline for the engineering of complex software systems.
[Keynote Speech @ IEEE CSCWD 2015, May 6, 2015, Calabria, Italy]
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As a concrete ground where to or discussion, we describe some of our current works as well as our ideas for further research.
[with Stefano Mariani @ Dagstuhl Seminar “CAS: Qualitative and Quantitative Modelling and Analysis”, December 14-19th, 2014
Course on "Nature-inspired Coordination Models for Complex Distributed Systems", Part II.
CUSO Seminar on Coordination Models, 20 - 21 November 2014, Fribourg, CH
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Not just for humans: Explanation for agent-to-agent communication
1. Not just for humans
Explanation for agent-to-agent communication
Andrea Omicini
andrea.omicini@unibo.it
Dipartimento di Informatica – Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI)
Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna a Cesena
AI*IA 2020 Discussion Papers
27 November 2020
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 1 / 19
2. Premises
Next in Line. . .
1 Premises
2 Discussion
3 Conclusion
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 2 / 19
3. Premises
Landscape
explanation is a very popular notion nowadays in AI
and, quite a muddled one indeed
mostly as an add-on to intelligent systems—to make them “socially
acceptable”
as a relevant yet not central notion to (artificial) intelligence and
intelligent systems
symbolic techniques are proving themselves to be essential for
explainability
yet, against the aforementioned landscape, mostly as handmaids of
sub-/non-symbolic ones
like they cannot do the real work
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 3 / 19
4. Premises
Theses
1 explanation needs to be defined quite precisely as an explanator’s act
as a premise for the possible explainee’s understanding, not including it
2 explanation should be an essential tool for any intelligent component
in particular, agents in multi-agent systems
3 intelligent agents should be able to able to explicitly represent their
cognitive process and its results, and manipulate those representations
so that rational explanation would properly complement their ability to
reason and communicate
4 intelligent agents should explain themselves first of all to other agents
not just a system overall towards humans
5 symbolic techniques are to be used for explanations—representing and
manipulating cognitive processes and their results
so, as first-class citizens in both agent modelling and intelligent
systems engineering
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 4 / 19
5. Discussion
Next in Line. . .
1 Premises
2 Discussion
3 Conclusion
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 5 / 19
6. Discussion
On the Meaning of Terms
in CS & AI we do have huge problems as far as definitions of terms
and concepts are concerned
the AI community struggled for decades around the meaning of
intelligence—and gave up just when money came back to AI
nowadays, we are specifically struggling with the new concept of
explanation
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 6 / 19
7. Discussion
Rationality vs. Intuition
two sorts of cognitive processes
esprit de finesse vs. esprit de géométrie—rationality has limits
[Pascal, 1669]
cognitivism against behaviourism in psychology [Skinner, 1985]
two families of AI techniques
symbolic vs. sub-/non-symbolic AI techniques
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 7 / 19
8. Discussion
Sharing
reproducibility and refutability in the scientific process
[Popper, 2002]—human science as a social construct
more generally, sharing is a peculiar trait of humanity: human culture
is a cumulative one
sharing knowledge is what mostly separates humans from other
primates [Dean et al., 2012]
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 8 / 19
9. Discussion
Sharing is Rational
there is intelligence without representation [Brooks, 1991b] and reason
[Brooks, 1991a]
yet, human cumulative culture is based on representation
tools—language, writing, books, the Web
so, repeatable, systematic sharing requires rational representation
Sharing intuitive / implicit knowledge
? how do we share the results of our intuition?
! we do explain
? so now: what is an explanation?
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 9 / 19
10. Discussion
Explanation Everywhere
e.g., GDPR [Voigt and von dem Bussche, 2017] recognises “the citizens’ right
to explanation” [Goodman and Flaxman, 2017]
thus encompassing in the same acceptation of the term ‘explanation’
both the explanator and the explainee acts—as commonly used in
both common sense and scientific definitions
! yet, keeping things separated and distinct is always the best choice in
science
→ explanation as an explanator’s act
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 10 / 1
11. Discussion
Noetics & Semiotics
unsuprisingly, contribution from math teaching [D’Amore, 2005]
noetics — as the conceptual acquisition of an object
semiotics — as the acquisition of a representation built out of
signs
different semiotic representations for the same concept, used to
explain
transformation of treatment — changing representation within the
same register of semiotics
transformation of conversion — changing register of semiotics for the
representation
explanation as a transformation of semiotic register
by the explanator
? yet, who is the explanator, who the explainee now?
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 11 / 1
12. Discussion
Agents Explaining Themselves to Humans
almost all works on explainability aims at making intelligent systems
understandable to humans
explanators are software components – e.g., as agents in MAS –,
explainees are humans
[Rosenfeld and Richardson, 2019, Anjomshoae et al., 2019, Guidotti et al., 2019]
yet, teaching means humans explaining to humans
in socio-technical systems [Whitworth, 2006] this means that just one
dimension is missing
what about agents explaining to agents?
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 12 / 1
13. Discussion
Fake Disclaimer
science by analogy is not always the best way to proceed in multi- and
inter-disciplinary contexts
! it should be feared in the scientific practice for how easily it misleads
researchers
yet, it has worked well and often for MAS, e.g.
intentional stance in agent reasoning [Dennett, 1971]
speech acts in agent communication [Searle, 1969]
activity theory for agent coordination [Vygotski˘ı, 1978]
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 13 / 1
14. Discussion
Agent Sharing in MAS
default communication among intelligent agents in open and
heterogeneous MAS mandates for knowledge sharing among agents
in the same way as humans share knowledge and cognition in
cooperative contexts
explanation – in the general acceptation of transformation of semiotic
register – should work as the main tool for sharing
having the potential to work as an actual enabler of effective
agent-to-agent communication
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 14 / 1
15. Discussion
Case Study: Decision Support System for Legal Process
MAS with heterogeneous legal agents
some legal agents could be deep learning agents trained over diverse
sets of existing legal databases
others might be logic-based agents, rationally elaborating over some
symbolic representation of some legal corpus
each one not just providing its own argument and supporting its
suggestions
not just providing humans with explanations
instead, cooperatively building a shared proposal to be presented to
human decision makers in a potentially-understandable way
! this requires first of all that agents – symbolic vs. sub symbolic vs.
hybrid – are capable of explaining themselves in a rational form that
could be effectively shared not just with humans, but also with other
agents
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 15 / 1
16. Discussion
Future of Agents & MAS
intelligent systems built as MAS made of explanation-ready agents
as agents of any sort equipped with their own specific rational
explanation capability
capable of providing a rational, sharable representation of their own
specific cognitive process and results
as well as of manipulating such a representation as a transformation
of the semiotic register in order to build one or more explanations
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 16 / 1
17. Conclusion
Next in Line. . .
1 Premises
2 Discussion
3 Conclusion
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 17 / 1
18. Conclusion
Overall
explanation as the rational transformation of the semiotic register of
the results of a cognitive process of any sort
agent-to-agent explanation as the essential support to agent-to-agent
communication in open and heterogeneous cooperative MAS
as well as a powerful tool to make both rational and non-rational
intelligent agent fruitfully coexist in complex intelligent systems
with rational explanation as a general tool for the engineering of
intelligent systems as MAS
based on symbolic techniques
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 18 / 1
19. Not just for humans
Explanation for agent-to-agent communication
Andrea Omicini
andrea.omicini@unibo.it
Dipartimento di Informatica – Scienza e Ingegneria (DISI)
Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna a Cesena
AI*IA 2020 Discussion Papers
27 November 2020
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020 19 / 1
20. References
References I
[Anjomshoae et al., 2019] Anjomshoae, S., Najjar, A., Calvaresi, D., and Främling, K. (2019).
Explainable agents and robots: Results from a systematic literature review.
In 18th
International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS’19), pages
1078–1088. IFAAMAS.
[Brooks, 1991a] Brooks, R. A. (1991a).
Intelligence without reason.
In Mylopoulos, J. and Reiter, R., editors, 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI
1991), volume 1, pages 569–595, San Francisco, CA, USA. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
[Brooks, 1991b] Brooks, R. A. (1991b).
Intelligence without representation.
Artificial Intelligence, 47:139–159.
[D’Amore, 2005] D’Amore, B. (2005).
Noetica e semiotica nell’apprendimento della matematica.
In Laura, A. R., Eleonora, F., Antonella, M., and Rosa, P., editors, Insegnare la matematica nella scuola di tutti e
di ciascuno, Milano, Italy. Ghisetti & Corvi Editore.
[Dean et al., 2012] Dean, L. G., Kendal, R. L., Schapiro, S. J., Thierry, B., and Laland, K. N. (2012).
Identification of the social and cognitive processes underlying human cumulative culture.
Science, 335(6072):1114–1118.
[Dennett, 1971] Dennett, D. (1971).
Intentional systems.
Journal of Philosophy, 68:87–106.
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020
21. References
References II
[Goodman and Flaxman, 2017] Goodman, B. and Flaxman, S. (2017).
European Union regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a “right to explanation”.
AI Magazine, 38(3):50–57.
[Guidotti et al., 2019] Guidotti, R., Monreale, A., Turini, F., Pedreschi, D., and Giannotti, F. (2019).
A survey of methods for explaining black box models.
ACM Computing Surveys, 51(5):1–42.
[Gunning, 2016] Gunning, D. (2016).
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI).
Funding Program DARPA-BAA-16-53, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
[Pascal, 1669] Pascal, B. (1669).
Pensées.
Guillaume Desprez, Paris, France.
[Popper, 2002] Popper, K. R. (2002).
The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
Routledge.
1st English Edition:1959.
[Rosenfeld and Richardson, 2019] Rosenfeld, A. and Richardson, A. (2019).
Explainability in human-agent systems.
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 33(6):673–705.
[Searle, 1969] Searle, J. (1969).
Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language.
Cambridge University Press.
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020
22. References
References III
[Skinner, 1985] Skinner, B. F. (1985).
Cognitive science and behaviourism.
British Journal of Psychology, 76(3):291–301.
[Voigt and von dem Bussche, 2017] Voigt, P. and von dem Bussche, A. (2017).
The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). A Practical Guide.
Springer.
[Vygotski˘ı, 1978] Vygotski˘ı, L. S. (1978).
Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes.
Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
[Whitworth, 2006] Whitworth, B. (2006).
Socio-technical systems.
In Ghaou, C., editor, Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction, pages 533–541. IGI Global.
[Zambonelli and Omicini, 2004] Zambonelli, F. and Omicini, A. (2004).
Challenges and research directions in agent-oriented software engineering.
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 9(3):253–283.
Special Issue: Challenges for Agent-Based Computing.
Andrea Omicini (DISI, Univ. Bologna) Explanation for a2a communication AI*IA 2020 DP – 27/11/2020