1. The document discusses several normal forms for context-free grammars (CFGs), including eliminating useless variables, removing epsilon productions, removing unit productions, and Chomsky normal form.
2. It provides algorithms and proofs for transforming a CFG into these normal forms, such as identifying nullable and epsilon-deriving variables, and breaking productions into chains of length 2.
3. The key steps to put a CFG for a context-free language L minus the empty string into Chomsky normal form are: clean the grammar, add variables for terminals, and break productions longer than length 2 into chains of length 2 productions. Proofs ensure the transformations preserve the language.
The document discusses constructing circuits using Boolean logic and the sum-of-products algorithm. It explains the four steps of the algorithm: 1) create a truth table from the problem statement, 2) identify conditions when outputs are true, 3) write Boolean subexpressions, and 4) draw the circuit diagram. An example takes through each step to design a circuit with two inputs that outputs true if the inputs are the same. The document also discusses extending the approach to circuits with more inputs and simplifying Boolean expressions.
Boolean algebra is used to analyze and simplify digital circuits using binary numbers 0 and 1. It defines operations like complement, OR, AND and rules like commutative, distributive, inversion and De Morgan's theorems. Karnaugh maps provide a graphical way to minimize logic functions with up to 6 variables into sums of products form. Several examples show how to apply Boolean algebra rules and theorems as well as construct and simplify functions using Karnaugh maps.
This document discusses context-free grammars and provides examples of derivation, derivation trees, and ambiguity in grammars. It defines context-free grammars using four tuples and provides examples of constructing CFGs for regular expressions. It explains leftmost and rightmost derivation and gives examples of deriving strings using each approach. Derivation trees are defined as graphical representations of derivations and examples are shown. Grammar ambiguity is defined as having multiple derivations or parse trees for an input string, and examples are provided to check for ambiguity.
This document contains lecture notes on finite automata from the Theory of Computation unit 1 course. Some key points include:
1. Finite automata are defined as 5-tuples (Q, Σ, δ, q0, F) where Q is a set of states, Σ is an input alphabet, δ is a transition function, q0 is the initial state, and F is a set of final states.
2. Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) have a single transition between states for each input symbol, while non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs) can have multiple transitions for a single input.
3. Regular expressions are used to describe the languages
The document discusses regular expressions and regular languages. It provides examples of regular expressions over alphabets, describes how to build regular expressions using operators like concatenation and Kleene star, and how regular expressions correspond to finite automata. It also discusses properties of regular languages and how to use the pumping lemma to prove that a language is not regular.
This document provides an overview of logic gates and simple circuits in computer science. It discusses transistors as electronic switches, Moore's Law about the doubling of transistors on chips every two years, and the basic logic gates - NOT, AND, OR. It also covers Boolean expressions, abstraction in computer science, converting between Boolean expressions and logic circuits, and simplifying expressions.
Automata theory - describes to derives string from Context free grammar - derivation and parse tree
normal forms - Chomsky normal form and Griebah normal form
The document discusses constructing circuits using Boolean logic and the sum-of-products algorithm. It explains the four steps of the algorithm: 1) create a truth table from the problem statement, 2) identify conditions when outputs are true, 3) write Boolean subexpressions, and 4) draw the circuit diagram. An example takes through each step to design a circuit with two inputs that outputs true if the inputs are the same. The document also discusses extending the approach to circuits with more inputs and simplifying Boolean expressions.
Boolean algebra is used to analyze and simplify digital circuits using binary numbers 0 and 1. It defines operations like complement, OR, AND and rules like commutative, distributive, inversion and De Morgan's theorems. Karnaugh maps provide a graphical way to minimize logic functions with up to 6 variables into sums of products form. Several examples show how to apply Boolean algebra rules and theorems as well as construct and simplify functions using Karnaugh maps.
This document discusses context-free grammars and provides examples of derivation, derivation trees, and ambiguity in grammars. It defines context-free grammars using four tuples and provides examples of constructing CFGs for regular expressions. It explains leftmost and rightmost derivation and gives examples of deriving strings using each approach. Derivation trees are defined as graphical representations of derivations and examples are shown. Grammar ambiguity is defined as having multiple derivations or parse trees for an input string, and examples are provided to check for ambiguity.
This document contains lecture notes on finite automata from the Theory of Computation unit 1 course. Some key points include:
1. Finite automata are defined as 5-tuples (Q, Σ, δ, q0, F) where Q is a set of states, Σ is an input alphabet, δ is a transition function, q0 is the initial state, and F is a set of final states.
2. Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) have a single transition between states for each input symbol, while non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs) can have multiple transitions for a single input.
3. Regular expressions are used to describe the languages
The document discusses regular expressions and regular languages. It provides examples of regular expressions over alphabets, describes how to build regular expressions using operators like concatenation and Kleene star, and how regular expressions correspond to finite automata. It also discusses properties of regular languages and how to use the pumping lemma to prove that a language is not regular.
This document provides an overview of logic gates and simple circuits in computer science. It discusses transistors as electronic switches, Moore's Law about the doubling of transistors on chips every two years, and the basic logic gates - NOT, AND, OR. It also covers Boolean expressions, abstraction in computer science, converting between Boolean expressions and logic circuits, and simplifying expressions.
Automata theory - describes to derives string from Context free grammar - derivation and parse tree
normal forms - Chomsky normal form and Griebah normal form
Boolean algebra deals with logical operations on binary variables that have two possible values, typically represented as 1 and 0. George Boole first introduced Boolean algebra in 1854. Boolean algebra uses logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT as basic building blocks. Positive logic represents 1 as high and 0 as low, while negative logic uses the opposite. Boolean algebra laws and Karnaugh maps are used to simplify logical expressions. Don't care conditions allow for groupings in K-maps that further reduce expressions.
1) The document discusses different types of logic gates and their truth tables. It describes logic functions like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR.
2) It explains how to implement logic functions using logic gates by writing the function as a sum of products and then building a circuit from that.
3) DeMorgan's laws allow any logic function to be implemented using only NAND gates. The document discusses how to simplify logic circuits to make them faster and more efficient.
This document provides an overview of mathematical preliminaries including sets, functions, relations, graphs, and proof techniques. It defines sets, set operations, and set representations. It also covers functions, relations, Cartesian products, graphs including walks, paths, cycles, and trees. Finally, it discusses proof techniques like induction and contradiction and provides examples of proofs using these techniques.
A parser breaks down input into smaller elements for translation into another language. It takes a sequence of tokens as input and builds a parse tree or abstract syntax tree. In the compiler model, the parser verifies that the token string can be generated by the grammar and returns any syntax errors. There are two main types of parsers: top-down parsers start at the root and fill in the tree, while bottom-up parsers start at the leaves and work upwards. Syntax directed definitions associate attributes with grammar symbols and specify attribute values with semantic rules for each production.
This document provides an overview of digital circuits and logic concepts. It discusses number systems including binary, octal, hexadecimal and complements. It also covers logic gates, Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps, logic families and integrated circuits. Specifically, it defines OR, AND, NOT and universal gates. It describes properties of Boolean algebra including commutative, associative and distributive properties. It also explains DeMorgan's theorems, sum of products and product of sums expressions. Finally, it discusses different logic families including transistor-transistor logic and metal-oxide semiconductor circuits.
The document provides information about context free grammar (CFG). It defines a CFG as G=(V,T,P,S) where V is the set of nonterminals, T is the set of terminals, P is the set of production rules, and S is the start symbol. Examples of CFGs are provided. Derivation trees, which show the derivation of strings from a CFG, are also discussed. The key differences between regular grammars and CFGs are summarized. Methods for minimizing CFGs by removing useless symbols, epsilon productions, and unit productions are outlined.
The document discusses combinational logic circuits. It covers sum-of-products and product-of-sums forms for representing logic functions. Methods for analyzing and simplifying logic circuits are presented, including Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps, and deriving truth tables from logic diagrams. Examples of common logic circuits like adders, decoders, and converters are provided along with steps for designing combinational logic circuits.
The document discusses various digital logic gates including inverters, AND gates, OR gates, NAND gates, NOR gates, XOR gates, and XNOR gates. It provides the truth tables and logic expressions for each gate. It also covers Boolean algebra concepts such as Boolean operations, laws, and theorems including DeMorgan's theorems. Venn diagrams are used to illustrate some Boolean algebra rules and theorems.
This slide is prepared By these following Students of Dept. of CSE JnU, Dhaka. Thanks To: Nusrat Jahan, Arifatun Nesa, Fatema Akter, Maleka Khatun, Tamanna Tabassum.
This document provides an overview of Boolean algebra, including its basic operations, laws, and applications to digital logic circuits. Some key points:
- Boolean algebra uses binary operations like AND, OR, and NOT to represent logical relationships between variables that can only have true or false values.
- It has commutative, distributive, complement, and identity laws that allow simplifying logical expressions.
- Boolean algebra is used to analyze logic circuits built from gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR. Truth tables define the output of a circuit for all input combinations.
- Expressions can be converted between sum-of-products and product-of-sums standard forms for analysis and simpl
The document discusses digital logic design and covers the following topics:
- Basics of logic gates and digital circuits including transistors, integration levels, and logic functions.
- Combinational circuits such as multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, comparators, adders, and arithmetic logic units (ALUs). Specific circuit examples and implementations are provided.
- Sequential circuits are mentioned but not covered in detail.
This document discusses Boolean algebra and its fundamental concepts. It introduces Boolean algebra, which was developed by George Boole to express logical reasoning mathematically. Boolean algebra uses two values (1 and 0) and two operations (addition and multiplication). Addition represents logical OR, while multiplication represents logical AND. Logic gates like OR gates and AND gates perform Boolean operations. The document also covers de Morgan's theorems, duality, and proofs of several rules of Boolean algebra.
The document discusses Boolean algebra, including laws of Boolean algebra, De Morgan's theorems, minimizing Boolean expressions, and converting between AND/OR/invert logic and NAND/NOR logic. It defines Boolean algebra as the mathematics of digital logic using true/false or high/low values. Boolean expressions are formed using common operators like AND, OR, and NOT. De Morgan's theorems allow exchanging ANDs and ORs using inverters. Methods are provided for simplifying Boolean expressions and converting between logic types using steps like adding or removing inverters at points with polarity changes.
Theory of computation Lecture Slide(Chomsky Normal Form).pptxcustomersupport14
The document provides information about a lecture on context-free languages and Chomsky normal form. It includes the lecture outline, learning objectives, and learning outcomes. It discusses concepts like ambiguity, derivation trees, and converting grammars to Chomsky normal form through a series of steps like adding a new start symbol, removing epsilon rules, and eliminating unit rules. An example is provided to demonstrate the conversion process.
Theory of automata and formal language lab manualNitesh Dubey
The document describes several experiments related to compiler design including lexical analysis, parsing, and code generation.
Experiment 1 involves writing a program to identify if a given string is an identifier or not using a DFA. Experiment 2 simulates a DFA to check if a string is accepted by the given automaton. Experiment 3 checks if a string belongs to a given grammar using a top-down parsing approach. Experiment 4 implements recursive descent parsing to parse expressions based on a grammar. Experiment 5 computes FIRST and FOLLOW sets and builds a LL(1) parsing table for a given grammar. Experiment 6 implements shift-reduce parsing to parse strings. Experiment 7 generates intermediate code like Polish notation, 3-address code, and quadruples
This document discusses bottom-up parsing and shift-reduce parsing. It explains that bottom-up parsing constructs a parse tree beginning with the leaves and working up to the root. Shift-reduce parsing uses two main actions: shift, which pushes the current input symbol onto a stack, and reduce, which replaces symbols on the top of the stack with a non-terminal according to a production rule. An example is provided to demonstrate shift-reduce parsing through handle pruning, which finds handles within right sentential forms to trace the reverse of a rightmost derivation.
This document provides information about the vision, mission, and course objectives of the Theory of Computation department. The vision is to become an excellent center for computer science education and produce competent engineers with strong ethics. The mission includes providing outcome-based education, industry interaction opportunities, lifelong learning platforms, and developing social responsibility. The course objectives are to examine finite automata, classify regular grammars, categorize context-free languages, and analyze Turing machines and language hierarchies. A table maps the course objectives to program outcomes. The document then provides details on context-free grammars, derivations, Backus-Naur form, and parse trees.
This document provides an overview of Boolean algebra. It begins by listing the key objectives of learning Boolean algebra, which include understanding AND, OR, and NOT logic gates, simplifying Boolean expressions, and minimizing circuits. The document then provides examples of logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT gates. It explains how circuits can be represented using Boolean expressions and switching tables. Several laws of Boolean algebra are defined, like distributive, commutative, and De Morgan's laws. The concept of Boolean functions is introduced, where a function defines the relationship between inputs and outputs. Truth tables are used to represent both Boolean functions and to derive a function from a given truth table.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Boolean algebra deals with logical operations on binary variables that have two possible values, typically represented as 1 and 0. George Boole first introduced Boolean algebra in 1854. Boolean algebra uses logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT as basic building blocks. Positive logic represents 1 as high and 0 as low, while negative logic uses the opposite. Boolean algebra laws and Karnaugh maps are used to simplify logical expressions. Don't care conditions allow for groupings in K-maps that further reduce expressions.
1) The document discusses different types of logic gates and their truth tables. It describes logic functions like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR.
2) It explains how to implement logic functions using logic gates by writing the function as a sum of products and then building a circuit from that.
3) DeMorgan's laws allow any logic function to be implemented using only NAND gates. The document discusses how to simplify logic circuits to make them faster and more efficient.
This document provides an overview of mathematical preliminaries including sets, functions, relations, graphs, and proof techniques. It defines sets, set operations, and set representations. It also covers functions, relations, Cartesian products, graphs including walks, paths, cycles, and trees. Finally, it discusses proof techniques like induction and contradiction and provides examples of proofs using these techniques.
A parser breaks down input into smaller elements for translation into another language. It takes a sequence of tokens as input and builds a parse tree or abstract syntax tree. In the compiler model, the parser verifies that the token string can be generated by the grammar and returns any syntax errors. There are two main types of parsers: top-down parsers start at the root and fill in the tree, while bottom-up parsers start at the leaves and work upwards. Syntax directed definitions associate attributes with grammar symbols and specify attribute values with semantic rules for each production.
This document provides an overview of digital circuits and logic concepts. It discusses number systems including binary, octal, hexadecimal and complements. It also covers logic gates, Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps, logic families and integrated circuits. Specifically, it defines OR, AND, NOT and universal gates. It describes properties of Boolean algebra including commutative, associative and distributive properties. It also explains DeMorgan's theorems, sum of products and product of sums expressions. Finally, it discusses different logic families including transistor-transistor logic and metal-oxide semiconductor circuits.
The document provides information about context free grammar (CFG). It defines a CFG as G=(V,T,P,S) where V is the set of nonterminals, T is the set of terminals, P is the set of production rules, and S is the start symbol. Examples of CFGs are provided. Derivation trees, which show the derivation of strings from a CFG, are also discussed. The key differences between regular grammars and CFGs are summarized. Methods for minimizing CFGs by removing useless symbols, epsilon productions, and unit productions are outlined.
The document discusses combinational logic circuits. It covers sum-of-products and product-of-sums forms for representing logic functions. Methods for analyzing and simplifying logic circuits are presented, including Boolean algebra, Karnaugh maps, and deriving truth tables from logic diagrams. Examples of common logic circuits like adders, decoders, and converters are provided along with steps for designing combinational logic circuits.
The document discusses various digital logic gates including inverters, AND gates, OR gates, NAND gates, NOR gates, XOR gates, and XNOR gates. It provides the truth tables and logic expressions for each gate. It also covers Boolean algebra concepts such as Boolean operations, laws, and theorems including DeMorgan's theorems. Venn diagrams are used to illustrate some Boolean algebra rules and theorems.
This slide is prepared By these following Students of Dept. of CSE JnU, Dhaka. Thanks To: Nusrat Jahan, Arifatun Nesa, Fatema Akter, Maleka Khatun, Tamanna Tabassum.
This document provides an overview of Boolean algebra, including its basic operations, laws, and applications to digital logic circuits. Some key points:
- Boolean algebra uses binary operations like AND, OR, and NOT to represent logical relationships between variables that can only have true or false values.
- It has commutative, distributive, complement, and identity laws that allow simplifying logical expressions.
- Boolean algebra is used to analyze logic circuits built from gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, and NOR. Truth tables define the output of a circuit for all input combinations.
- Expressions can be converted between sum-of-products and product-of-sums standard forms for analysis and simpl
The document discusses digital logic design and covers the following topics:
- Basics of logic gates and digital circuits including transistors, integration levels, and logic functions.
- Combinational circuits such as multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders, comparators, adders, and arithmetic logic units (ALUs). Specific circuit examples and implementations are provided.
- Sequential circuits are mentioned but not covered in detail.
This document discusses Boolean algebra and its fundamental concepts. It introduces Boolean algebra, which was developed by George Boole to express logical reasoning mathematically. Boolean algebra uses two values (1 and 0) and two operations (addition and multiplication). Addition represents logical OR, while multiplication represents logical AND. Logic gates like OR gates and AND gates perform Boolean operations. The document also covers de Morgan's theorems, duality, and proofs of several rules of Boolean algebra.
The document discusses Boolean algebra, including laws of Boolean algebra, De Morgan's theorems, minimizing Boolean expressions, and converting between AND/OR/invert logic and NAND/NOR logic. It defines Boolean algebra as the mathematics of digital logic using true/false or high/low values. Boolean expressions are formed using common operators like AND, OR, and NOT. De Morgan's theorems allow exchanging ANDs and ORs using inverters. Methods are provided for simplifying Boolean expressions and converting between logic types using steps like adding or removing inverters at points with polarity changes.
Theory of computation Lecture Slide(Chomsky Normal Form).pptxcustomersupport14
The document provides information about a lecture on context-free languages and Chomsky normal form. It includes the lecture outline, learning objectives, and learning outcomes. It discusses concepts like ambiguity, derivation trees, and converting grammars to Chomsky normal form through a series of steps like adding a new start symbol, removing epsilon rules, and eliminating unit rules. An example is provided to demonstrate the conversion process.
Theory of automata and formal language lab manualNitesh Dubey
The document describes several experiments related to compiler design including lexical analysis, parsing, and code generation.
Experiment 1 involves writing a program to identify if a given string is an identifier or not using a DFA. Experiment 2 simulates a DFA to check if a string is accepted by the given automaton. Experiment 3 checks if a string belongs to a given grammar using a top-down parsing approach. Experiment 4 implements recursive descent parsing to parse expressions based on a grammar. Experiment 5 computes FIRST and FOLLOW sets and builds a LL(1) parsing table for a given grammar. Experiment 6 implements shift-reduce parsing to parse strings. Experiment 7 generates intermediate code like Polish notation, 3-address code, and quadruples
This document discusses bottom-up parsing and shift-reduce parsing. It explains that bottom-up parsing constructs a parse tree beginning with the leaves and working up to the root. Shift-reduce parsing uses two main actions: shift, which pushes the current input symbol onto a stack, and reduce, which replaces symbols on the top of the stack with a non-terminal according to a production rule. An example is provided to demonstrate shift-reduce parsing through handle pruning, which finds handles within right sentential forms to trace the reverse of a rightmost derivation.
This document provides information about the vision, mission, and course objectives of the Theory of Computation department. The vision is to become an excellent center for computer science education and produce competent engineers with strong ethics. The mission includes providing outcome-based education, industry interaction opportunities, lifelong learning platforms, and developing social responsibility. The course objectives are to examine finite automata, classify regular grammars, categorize context-free languages, and analyze Turing machines and language hierarchies. A table maps the course objectives to program outcomes. The document then provides details on context-free grammars, derivations, Backus-Naur form, and parse trees.
This document provides an overview of Boolean algebra. It begins by listing the key objectives of learning Boolean algebra, which include understanding AND, OR, and NOT logic gates, simplifying Boolean expressions, and minimizing circuits. The document then provides examples of logic gates like AND, OR, and NOT gates. It explains how circuits can be represented using Boolean expressions and switching tables. Several laws of Boolean algebra are defined, like distributive, commutative, and De Morgan's laws. The concept of Boolean functions is introduced, where a function defines the relationship between inputs and outputs. Truth tables are used to represent both Boolean functions and to derive a function from a given truth table.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
1. 1
Normal Forms for CFG’s
Eliminating Useless Variables
Removing Epsilon
Removing Unit Productions
Chomsky Normal Form
2. 2
Variables That Derive Nothing
Consider: S -> AB, A -> aA | a, B -> AB
Although A derives all strings of a’s, B
derives no terminal strings (can you
prove this fact?).
Thus, S derives nothing, and the
language is empty.
3. 3
Testing Whether a Variable
Derives Some Terminal String
Basis: If there is a production A -> w,
where w has no variables, then A
derives a terminal string.
Induction: If there is a production
A -> , where consists only of
terminals and variables known to derive
a terminal string, then A derives a
terminal string.
4. 4
Testing – (2)
Eventually, we can find no more
variables.
An easy induction on the order in which
variables are discovered shows that
each one truly derives a terminal string.
Conversely, any variable that derives a
terminal string will be discovered by this
algorithm.
5. 5
Proof of Converse
The proof is an induction on the height
of the least-height parse tree by which
a variable A derives a terminal string.
Basis: Height = 1. Tree looks like:
Then the basis of the algorithm
tells us that A will be discovered.
A
a1 an
. . .
6. 6
Induction for Converse
Assume IH for parse trees of height <
h, and suppose A derives a terminal
string via a parse tree of height h:
By IH, those Xi’s that are
variables are discovered.
Thus, A will also be discovered,
because it has a right side of terminals
and/or discovered variables.
A
X1 Xn
. . .
w1 wn
7. 7
Algorithm to Eliminate
Variables That Derive Nothing
1. Discover all variables that derive
terminal strings.
2. For all other variables, remove all
productions in which they appear
either on the left or the right.
8. 8
Example: Eliminate Variables
S -> AB | C, A -> aA | a, B -> bB, C -> c
Basis: A and C are identified because
of A -> a and C -> c.
Induction: S is identified because of
S -> C.
Nothing else can be identified.
Result: S -> C, A -> aA | a, C -> c
9. 9
Unreachable Symbols
Another way a terminal or variable
deserves to be eliminated is if it cannot
appear in any derivation from the start
symbol.
Basis: We can reach S (the start symbol).
Induction: if we can reach A, and there is
a production A -> , then we can reach all
symbols of .
10. 10
Unreachable Symbols – (2)
Easy inductions in both directions show
that when we can discover no more
symbols, then we have all and only the
symbols that appear in derivations from S.
Algorithm: Remove from the grammar all
symbols not discovered reachable from S
and all productions that involve these
symbols.
11. 11
Eliminating Useless Symbols
A symbol is useful if it appears in
some derivation of some terminal
string from the start symbol.
Otherwise, it is useless.
Eliminate all useless symbols by:
1. Eliminate symbols that derive no terminal
string.
2. Eliminate unreachable symbols.
12. 12
Example: Useless Symbols – (2)
S -> AB, A -> C, C -> c, B -> bB
If we eliminated unreachable symbols
first, we would find everything is
reachable.
A, C, and c would never get eliminated.
13. 13
Why It Works
After step (1), every symbol remaining
derives some terminal string.
After step (2) the only symbols
remaining are all derivable from S.
In addition, they still derive a terminal
string, because such a derivation can
only involve symbols reachable from S.
14. 14
Epsilon Productions
We can almost avoid using productions of
the form A -> ε (called ε-productions ).
The problem is that ε cannot be in the
language of any grammar that has no ε–
productions.
Theorem: If L is a CFL, then L-{ε} has a
CFG with no ε-productions.
15. 15
Nullable Symbols
To eliminate ε-productions, we first
need to discover the nullable variables
= variables A such that A =>* ε.
Basis: If there is a production A -> ε,
then A is nullable.
Induction: If there is a production
A -> , and all symbols of are
nullable, then A is nullable.
16. 16
Example: Nullable Symbols
S -> AB, A -> aA | ε, B -> bB | A
Basis: A is nullable because of A -> ε.
Induction: B is nullable because of
B -> A.
Then, S is nullable because of S -> AB.
17. 17
Proof of Nullable-Symbols
Algorithm
The proof that this algorithm finds all
and only the nullable variables is very
much like the proof that the algorithm
for symbols that derive terminal strings
works.
Do you see the two directions of the
proof?
On what is each induction?
18. 18
Eliminating ε-Productions
Key idea: turn each production
A -> X1…Xn into a family of productions.
For each subset of nullable X’s, there is
one production with those eliminated
from the right side “in advance.”
Except, if all X’s are nullable, do not make
a production with ε as the right side.
19. 19
Example: Eliminating ε-
Productions
S -> ABC, A -> aA | ε, B -> bB | ε, C -> ε
A, B, C, and S are all nullable.
New grammar:
S -> ABC | AB | AC | BC | A | B | C
A -> aA | a
B -> bB | b
Note: C is now useless.
Eliminate its productions.
20. 20
Why it Works
Prove that for all variables A:
1. If w ε and A =>*old w, then A =>*new w.
2. If A =>*new w then w ε and A =>*old w.
Then, letting A be the start symbol
proves that L(new) = L(old) – {ε}.
(1) is an induction on the number of
steps by which A derives w in the old
grammar.
21. 21
Proof of 1 – Basis
If the old derivation is one step, then
A -> w must be a production.
Since w ε, this production also
appears in the new grammar.
Thus, A =>new w.
22. 22
Proof of 1 – Induction
Let A =>*old w be an n-step derivation,
and assume the IH for derivations of
less than n steps.
Let the first step be A =>old X1…Xn.
Then w can be broken into w = w1…wn,
where Xi =>*old wi, for all i, in fewer
than n steps.
23. 23
Induction – Continued
By the IH, if wi ε, then Xi =>*new wi.
Also, the new grammar has a
production with A on the left, and just
those Xi’s on the right such that wi ε.
Note: they all can’t be ε, because w ε.
Follow a use of this production by the
derivations Xi =>*new wi to show that A
derives w in the new grammar.
24. 24
Proof of Converse
We also need to show part (2) – if w is
derived from A in the new grammar,
then it is also derived in the old.
Induction on number of steps in the
derivation.
We’ll leave the proof for reading in the
text.
25. 25
Unit Productions
A unit production is one whose right
side consists of exactly one variable.
These productions can be eliminated.
Key idea: If A =>* B by a series of unit
productions, and B -> is a non-unit-
production, then add production A -> .
Then, drop all unit productions.
26. 26
Unit Productions – (2)
Find all pairs (A, B) such that A =>* B
by a sequence of unit productions only.
Basis: Surely (A, A).
Induction: If we have found (A, B), and
B -> C is a unit production, then add
(A, C).
27. 27
Proof That We Find Exactly
the Right Pairs
By induction on the order in which pairs
(A, B) are found, we can show A =>* B
by unit productions.
Conversely, by induction on the number
of steps in the derivation by unit
productions of A =>* B, we can show
that the pair (A, B) is discovered.
28. 28
Proof The the Unit-Production-
Elimination Algorithm Works
Basic idea: there is a leftmost
derivation A =>*lm w in the new
grammar if and only if there is such a
derivation in the old.
A sequence of unit productions and a
non-unit production is collapsed into a
single production of the new grammar.
29. 29
Cleaning Up a Grammar
Theorem: if L is a CFL, then there is a
CFG for L – {ε} that has:
1. No useless symbols.
2. No ε-productions.
3. No unit productions.
I.e., every right side is either a single
terminal or has length > 2.
30. 30
Cleaning Up – (2)
Proof: Start with a CFG for L.
Perform the following steps in order:
1. Eliminate ε-productions.
2. Eliminate unit productions.
3. Eliminate variables that derive no
terminal string.
4. Eliminate variables not reached from the
start symbol. Must be first. Can create
unit productions or useless
variables.
31. 31
Chomsky Normal Form
A CFG is said to be in Chomsky
Normal Form if every production is of
one of these two forms:
1. A -> BC (right side is two variables).
2. A -> a (right side is a single terminal).
Theorem: If L is a CFL, then L – {ε}
has a CFG in CNF.
32. 32
Proof of CNF Theorem
Step 1: “Clean” the grammar, so every
production right side is either a single
terminal or of length at least 2.
Step 2: For each right side a single
terminal, make the right side all variables.
For each terminal a create new variable Aa
and production Aa -> a.
Replace a by Aa in right sides of length > 2.
33. 33
Example: Step 2
Consider production A -> BcDe.
We need variables Ac and Ae. with
productions Ac -> c and Ae -> e.
Note: you create at most one variable for
each terminal, and use it everywhere it is
needed.
Replace A -> BcDe by A -> BAcDAe.
34. 34
CNF Proof – Continued
Step 3: Break right sides longer than 2
into a chain of productions with right
sides of two variables.
Example: A -> BCDE is replaced by
A -> BF, F -> CG, and G -> DE.
F and G must be used nowhere else.
35. 35
Example of Step 3 – Continued
Recall A -> BCDE is replaced by
A -> BF, F -> CG, and G -> DE.
In the new grammar, A => BF => BCG
=> BCDE.
More importantly: Once we choose to
replace A by BF, we must continue to
BCG and BCDE.
Because F and G have only one production.
36. 36
CNF Proof – Concluded
We must prove that Steps 2 and 3
produce new grammars whose
languages are the same as the previous
grammar.
Proofs are of a familiar type and involve
inductions on the lengths of derivations.