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1. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL VALUES OF URINE SPECIMEN
1. COLOUR:
NORMAL ABNORMAL
The normal colour of urine is Pale to
dark yellow (amber). The yellow
colour of urine is due to the presence
of a yellow pigment called
urochrome.
Many foods such as carrots and
medicines such as flagyl and quinine
can affect the colour of the urine.
Urine with no colour may be caused
by long-term kidney disease or
uncontrolled diabetes. Dark yellow
urine can be caused by dehydration.
Red urine can be caused by blood in
the urine.
2. Clarity:
NORMAL ABNORMAL
The normal urine is clear.
Cloudy urine can be caused by pus
(white blood cells), blood (red blood
cells), sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals,
mucus, or a parasite infection, such
as trichomoniasis.
3. ODOUR:
NORMAL ABNORMAL
The normal urine has a Slight
aromatic odour.
Some foods such as garlic and
antibiotics such as penicillin can
cause urine to have a different odour.
A sweet, fruity odour may be caused
by uncontrolled diabetes. A urinary
tract infection (UTI) can cause a bad
urine odour.
4. Specific gravity:

2. NORMAL ABNORMAL
The normal specific gravity ranges
from 1.005–1.030
A very high specific gravity means
very concentrated urine, which may
be caused by not drinking enough
fluids, loss of too much fluid
through excessive vomiting,
sweating, or diarrhoea, or substances
such as sugar or protein in the urine.
Very low specific gravity means
dilute urine, which may be caused by
drinking too much fluid, severe
kidney disease, or the use of
diuretics.
5. pH:
NORMAL ABNORMAL
The normal pH of urine ranges from
4.6–8.0
Some foods such as citrus fruit and
dairy products and medicines such as
antacids can affect urine pH. A high
(alkaline) pH can be caused by
severe vomiting, a kidney disease,
some urinary tract infections, and
asthma. A low (acidic) pH may be
caused by severe lung disease
(emphysema), uncontrolled diabetes,
aspirin overdose, severe diarrhea,
dehydration, starvation, drinking too
much alcohol, or drinking antifreeze
(ethylene glycol).
6. VOLUME:
NORMAL ABNORMAL
The average urine production in
humans is about 1-2 litres per day
depending on how much fluids
Producing more or less than the
normal values is considered
abnormal, polyuria is a condition of

3. consumed,activity
level,environmental factors,weight
and the individuals health state.
excessive urine production it is
common with people with Diabetes.
oliguria is when scanty urine is
produced. Anuria is where little or
no urine is produced.
7. Protein:
NORMAL ABNORMAL
None
. The detection of protein in urine is
called proteinuria. Protein in the urine
may mean that kidney damage, an
infection, cancer, high blood
pressure, diabetes, systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), or
glomerulonephritis is present.
Protein in the urine may also mean
that heart failure, leukemia, poison
(lead or mercury poisoning), or
preeclampsia (if you are pregnant) is
present.
8. Glucose:
NORMAL ABNORMAL
The normal glucose in the urine
ranges from 1–15 milligrams per
deciliter (mg/dL)
Intravenous (IV) fluids such as 5%,
10% and 50% dextrose can cause
glucose to be in the urine. Too much
glucose in the urine may be caused
by uncontrolled diabetes, an adrenal
gland problem, liver damage, brain
injury, certain types of poisoning,
and some types of kidney diseases.
Healthy pregnant women can have
glucose in their urine, which is
normal during pregnancy.
9. Ketones:

4. NORMAL ABNORMAL
None
Ketones in the urine can mean
uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-
carbohydrate diet, starvation or
eating disorders (such as anorexia
nervosa or bulimia), alcoholism, or
poisoning from drinking rubbing
alcohol (isopropanol). Ketones are
often found in the urine when a
person does not eat (fasts) for 18
hours or longer. This may occur
when a person is sick and cannot eat
or vomits for several days. Low
levels of ketones are sometimes
found in the urine of healthy
pregnant women.