This research study examined psychology doctoral students' ability to correctly diagnose obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) based on case presentations. The study found that prior to a video intervention, students were less aware of and more likely to misdiagnose OCD presentations that did not involve contamination or symmetry obsessions. After viewing an educational video about OCD, students' rates of misdiagnosing OCD decreased significantly. The results suggest that graduate training in mental health could benefit from targeted education to improve identification of diverse OCD symptoms beyond just contamination and symmetry.
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
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This document summarizes a study that characterized 61 children with Down syndrome (DS) and autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). The study aimed to 1) describe the cognitive and behavioral attributes of children with DS and ASD, 2) distinguish those with DS and ASD from children with typical DS or DS with stereotypy movement disorder using the ABC and DSM-IV criteria, and 3) determine the utility of the ABC for characterizing this group for future research. The study found significant differences in cognitive function between the three groups (DS+ASD, DS+stereotypy, typical DS). Scores on the Lethargy and Stereotypy
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
This document discusses a study that explores whether convenience may cause practitioners to more readily diagnose ADHD. The study primed 150 college students with different levels of convenience and had them respond to vignettes describing ADHD. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the type of priming and the likelihood of diagnosis. The document provides background on the debate around rising ADHD diagnoses and whether overdiagnosis is a problem. It notes concerns about potential misdiagnosis, medication side effects, and diversion of stimulant drugs.
This study aimed to identify pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) among newly recruited paramedics. 453 paramedics were assessed within the first week of training and every 4 months for 2 years to identify episodes of PTSD or MD. 32 participants (8.3%) developed PTSD and 41 (10.6%) developed MD during follow-up. Rumination about stressful memories uniquely predicted PTSD, while perceived resilience uniquely predicted MD. Identifying risk factors before trauma exposure could help target resilience interventions to reduce risk of psychiatric disorders.
This document summarizes a study characterizing patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The study found that:
1) Patients with MCI performed similarly to healthy controls on tests of general cognition but scored significantly worse than controls on memory tests, though they performed better than patients with very mild Alzheimer's disease.
2) Over about 4 years of follow-up, 12% of patients with MCI converted to dementia per year, compared to a 1-2% conversion rate in healthy controls.
3) Patients with MCI declined more slowly on cognitive tests than patients with Alzheimer's disease but faster than healthy controls.
Religiosity and depression in college studentsDevon Berry
Presentation of study results examining relationship between depression and religiosity in college-age students. Background, methods, findings and discussion shared in brief format.
This chapter describes the analysis and findings of the study. Data from 93 nurse questionnaires were analyzed to examine the relationship between death anxiety and death attitudes. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to identify frequencies and percentages. Key findings included a significant relationship between older age and less death anxiety. There were no significant gender differences. Those with more nursing experience tended to have less death anxiety, though this was only marginally significant.
Sample 3 bipolar on female adult populationNicole Valerio
Hello Sir
We are a premier academic writing agency with industry partners in UK, Australia and Middle East and over 15 years of experience. We are looking to establish long-term relationships with industry partners and would love to discuss this opportunity further with you.
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visit our website.
www.onlineassignmenthelp.com.au
www.freeassignmenthelp.com
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www.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk/
http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.net/
This document summarizes a study that characterized 61 children with Down syndrome (DS) and autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). The study aimed to 1) describe the cognitive and behavioral attributes of children with DS and ASD, 2) distinguish those with DS and ASD from children with typical DS or DS with stereotypy movement disorder using the ABC and DSM-IV criteria, and 3) determine the utility of the ABC for characterizing this group for future research. The study found significant differences in cognitive function between the three groups (DS+ASD, DS+stereotypy, typical DS). Scores on the Lethargy and Stereotypy
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
This document discusses a study that explores whether convenience may cause practitioners to more readily diagnose ADHD. The study primed 150 college students with different levels of convenience and had them respond to vignettes describing ADHD. The study found no statistically significant relationship between the type of priming and the likelihood of diagnosis. The document provides background on the debate around rising ADHD diagnoses and whether overdiagnosis is a problem. It notes concerns about potential misdiagnosis, medication side effects, and diversion of stimulant drugs.
This study aimed to identify pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) among newly recruited paramedics. 453 paramedics were assessed within the first week of training and every 4 months for 2 years to identify episodes of PTSD or MD. 32 participants (8.3%) developed PTSD and 41 (10.6%) developed MD during follow-up. Rumination about stressful memories uniquely predicted PTSD, while perceived resilience uniquely predicted MD. Identifying risk factors before trauma exposure could help target resilience interventions to reduce risk of psychiatric disorders.
This document summarizes a study characterizing patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The study found that:
1) Patients with MCI performed similarly to healthy controls on tests of general cognition but scored significantly worse than controls on memory tests, though they performed better than patients with very mild Alzheimer's disease.
2) Over about 4 years of follow-up, 12% of patients with MCI converted to dementia per year, compared to a 1-2% conversion rate in healthy controls.
3) Patients with MCI declined more slowly on cognitive tests than patients with Alzheimer's disease but faster than healthy controls.
Religiosity and depression in college studentsDevon Berry
Presentation of study results examining relationship between depression and religiosity in college-age students. Background, methods, findings and discussion shared in brief format.
This chapter describes the analysis and findings of the study. Data from 93 nurse questionnaires were analyzed to examine the relationship between death anxiety and death attitudes. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to identify frequencies and percentages. Key findings included a significant relationship between older age and less death anxiety. There were no significant gender differences. Those with more nursing experience tended to have less death anxiety, though this was only marginally significant.
This document discusses dissociative disorders and their relationship to trauma. It covers definitions of dissociative disorders, measurement of dissociative experiences, prevalence of dissociative disorders, links between stress/trauma and dissociation, and psychoanalytic views of dissociative states. The document also reviews therapeutic approaches for individuals with a history of trauma, including psychoanalytic psychotherapy, interpersonal group therapy, family therapy, and cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy. However, it notes that evidence for the efficacy of these approaches is limited.
This clinical report explores whether a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also known as emetophobia, should be classified as an obsessive compulsive and related disorder (OCRD). The report reviewed 83 cases that met diagnostic criteria for SPOV. It found that 62% reported being markedly or very severely preoccupied by fears of vomiting. A majority reported repetitive behaviors like compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, and washing to prevent vomiting. The highest rate of comorbidity was with obsessive compulsive disorder. The results suggest SPOV shares similarities with OCRDs in terms of phenomenology and validators, and implicate it as worthy of further study within this classification.
Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Substance AbuseHafiz Saad Salman
The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders affecting 3% to 6% of children1 and almost 5% of adults2. Across population, Prevalence rates vary from 2.2% to 16.1% in clinical versus community cohorts. Its frequency has been reported as high as 34% ADHD in clinical setting in Pakistan3. There was a myth for many years that the disorder remits during adolescence, but it is now well established that it can be experienced by a patient in adulthood as well. There is a bidirectional overlap between ADHD and drug abuse and dependence4 and affect 27% of adult population5. The co-occurrence of ADHD and addiction is very common. Previous studies have shown that adults with ADHD are a risk for substance use disorder (SUD) and almost 52% of adult had a lifetime history of SUD2, 3. The co-morbidity between ADHD and SU shows relativity and relevant to research and clinical development in psychiatry, pediatrics and psychology5. The diagnosing and specific risk factor associated with SU within ADHD may lead to a better targeted pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic treatments for both the disorders upon expression at early stage of their lives7, 8. Higher rates of ADHD have been reported in patients having SUD relative to controls9, 10. 15% to 25% adults with SUD history have been estimated to have ADHD9. Studies have conducted in juvenile adolescents for assessing ADHD and other disorders in substance abusing groups had overrepresentation of ADHD10, 11. ADHD predominates from 15% to 25% in individuals with SUD12, 13. Two studies showed that the 24% of 201 inpatients14 and 10% cocaine abusers for drug detoxification treatment had ADHD15. The treatment of ADHD is usually done with stimulants like methylphenidate, amphetamine etc., with the behavioral therapy of the patient and family counseling.
This document summarizes several research studies that examined risk and protective factors for depression and anxiety among college students. Key findings include:
1) A study of undergraduate students found that those with more severe depression symptoms and anxiety were more likely to experience suicidal ideation. Another study found anxiety to be the strongest predictor of depression in college students.
2) A study of undergraduate and graduate students found a significant positive correlation between high perfectionism scores and both depression and anxiety.
3) A study of undergraduate students found that those using maladaptive coping strategies and having lower life satisfaction were more likely to experience depression and anxiety.
4) A study of graduate psychology students found high levels of stress from academic pressures and finances
Leading Australian Rett Syndrome researcher, Professor Helen Leonard's presentation from the Respite Plus Beyond Respite Forum, 2014 held at Twin Waters Resort, Sunshine Coast Australia
A Study of Clinical and Socio-Demographic Profile of Patients with Dissociati...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on the clinical and socio-demographic profile of patients with dissociative disorder. Key findings include:
1) Dissociative disorder was more prevalent among females (75%) between the ages of 30-40 years, who were married housewives with low socioeconomic status and education.
2) The most common presentations were trance and possession (30%) and motor dissociation (25%).
3) Most patients were from rural areas (62.25%) and of lower socioeconomic status (65%), highlighting dissociative disorder is more common in developing countries.
Asperger syndrome in childhood personality dimensions in adult lifemiriam odar
Study about to examine temperament and character in males that were diagnosed with ASD in childhood and followed prospectively over almost two decades.
Caregivers’ perspective on non-fatal deliberate self harmiosrjce
This document summarizes a study examining caregivers' perspectives on non-fatal deliberate self-harm. Fifty patients who engaged in deliberate self-harm and were admitted to a hospital were evaluated. Caregivers of these patients were interviewed using a 15-item questionnaire to assess their attitudes. Common characteristics of the self-harm incidents were that they occurred when someone else was present and no suicide notes were left. The most common psychiatric diagnosis among patients was major depressive disorder. Most caregivers reported feeling shock, anger, and a need to overprotect the individual after the self-harm incident. A significant association was found between caregivers perceiving an unsympathetic family attitude and repetition of deliberate self-harm.
The document summarizes a study that examined perceptions of veterans with PTSD based on whether they had a formal diagnosis or not. The study found that most people held similar views of veterans displaying PTSD symptoms, regardless of a diagnosis. However, females preferred to spend time with and introduce a formally diagnosed veteran to their family more than a non-diagnosed veteran displaying the same symptoms. The study had small effect sizes, suggesting the manipulation did not account for large differences in perceptions. It provides recommendations for future research focusing more on issues of personal safety with veterans.
The document discusses an interview between Mary Skinner and a 69-year old man named John who has a disability. John lost his leg 21 years ago due to diabetes complications and now uses a prosthetic. In the interview, John discusses how he has gotten used to stares from strangers about his disability. He enjoys educating children who ask him questions. John is also aware of his rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act, including provisions for public transportation and accommodations. The interview suggests that accessibility for the disabled has improved in the past 20 years due to laws like the ADA.
This study examined factors related to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in pediatric cancer patients and their caregivers. The researchers analyzed surveys from 31 patient-caregiver dyads. They found that patient-reported PTSS was predicted by self-reported worry, while caregiver-reported patient PTSS was predicted by the caregiver's perception of the patient's physical appearance. Additionally, caregiver-reported caregiver PTSS was predicted by the caregiver's report of the patient's psychosocial functioning. The results suggest discrepancies between how patients and caregivers view factors related to PTSS.
This study uses 12 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain among older American adults. It finds high and increasing prevalence of chronic pain over time. Multivariate analysis reveals large disparities in reported pain levels by sex, education, and wealth. There is no disadvantage in pain for racial/ethnic minorities after accounting for socioeconomic factors. Pain levels are predictive of mortality even a decade later. Reporting heterogeneity, nonresponse bias, and mortality selection do not appear to meaningfully impact estimates of social disparities in pain.
Sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain...Paul Coelho, MD
This study uses 12 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain among older American adults. It finds high and increasing prevalence of chronic pain over time. Multivariate analysis reveals large disparities in reported pain levels by sex, education, and wealth. There is no disadvantage in pain for racial/ethnic minorities after accounting for socioeconomic factors. Pain levels are predictive of mortality even a decade later. Measurement biases like reporting heterogeneity and mortality selection may impact estimates of social disparities in pain.
This document outlines a proposed research study examining whether dairy products and vitamin B12 are dietary inducers of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study would involve dividing 20 ASD participants ages 2-35 into four groups with varying diets and vitamin supplementation. Behaviors would be observed and questionnaires administered over 120 days to analyze the effects of the dietary manipulations. The research aims to test the hypothesis that ASD behaviors are influenced by levels of lactose, B vitamins, and sugar in the diet. Ethical considerations for conducting research with ASD participants are also discussed.
The document discusses PTSD and emergence delirium in veterans undergoing surgery, defining the conditions, reviewing evidence on risk factors and treatments, and proposing strategies for preoperative evaluation, intraoperative care, and postoperative management to prevent emergence delirium in high-risk patients and improve outcomes. It also examines the pathophysiology of how general anesthesia and PTSD may interact to increase risks of delirium and outlines areas for further research and dissemination of guidelines.
Note this is not my case scenario at all. it is just how i want mamit657720
The document discusses a mental health assessment of a 16-year-old boy named Shawn who was brought to an outpatient clinic by his mother. The practitioner must work to engage Shawn in the assessment since he did not want to be there. The assessment aims to understand the chief complaint, make a diagnosis, identify the cause of issues, and develop a treatment plan while also assessing risk of suicide or homicide. The practitioner maintained good eye contact and listened well to Shawn. Areas for improvement include exploring why Shawn does not like school, obtaining more information about Shawn's relationship with his mother, and using open-ended questions.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the language used by 14-year-old students in England to describe people with mental illness. The researchers found that 400 out of 472 students provided 250 negative words and phrases. The words were grouped into five themes: 1) popular derogatory terms which accounted for nearly half the words, 2) negative emotional states, 3) confusion between mental illness and physical/learning disabilities, 4) limited use of psychiatric diagnoses, and 5) unexpected low reference to violence. The findings suggest that interventions are needed to address the students' lack of factual knowledge about mental illness and reduce their strong negative reactions.
This paper reviews 15 studies examining psychopathology in relatives of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The studies investigated prevalence of schizophrenia, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, and impulse spectrum disorders such as substance abuse. The literature does not support a link between BPD and schizophrenia. Results are ambiguous about a link between BPD and depression. Studies suggest familial aggregation of impulse disorders and BPD itself. However, methodological limitations like indirect assessments and small samples leave major questions about familial links that require more definitive research.
A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university student...Liz Adams
This systematic review analyzed 24 studies on depression prevalence among university students published between 1990 and 2010. The reported prevalence rates ranged widely from 10% to 85%, with a weighted average of 30.6%. This suggests that depression rates are substantially higher among university students than the general population. Additionally, the quality of studies did not improve over the time period analyzed. The review aimed to explore depression prevalence in university students and examine if rates have increased over time.
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tBenitoSumpter862
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tSantosConleyha
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
This study investigated the relationships between childhood trauma, psychological symptoms, and barriers to seeking mental health care among college students. It was hypothesized that childhood trauma would be correlated with both psychological symptoms and barriers to care, and that psychological symptoms would mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and barriers. Participants completed questionnaires measuring these constructs. Results found childhood trauma was correlated with both psychological symptoms and barriers to care. Psychological symptoms also mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and barriers, such that the relationship was weaker when accounting for psychological symptoms. This suggests childhood trauma influences barriers indirectly through its effect on increasing psychological symptoms.
This document discusses dissociative disorders and their relationship to trauma. It covers definitions of dissociative disorders, measurement of dissociative experiences, prevalence of dissociative disorders, links between stress/trauma and dissociation, and psychoanalytic views of dissociative states. The document also reviews therapeutic approaches for individuals with a history of trauma, including psychoanalytic psychotherapy, interpersonal group therapy, family therapy, and cognitive and behavioural psychotherapy. However, it notes that evidence for the efficacy of these approaches is limited.
This clinical report explores whether a specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also known as emetophobia, should be classified as an obsessive compulsive and related disorder (OCRD). The report reviewed 83 cases that met diagnostic criteria for SPOV. It found that 62% reported being markedly or very severely preoccupied by fears of vomiting. A majority reported repetitive behaviors like compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, and washing to prevent vomiting. The highest rate of comorbidity was with obsessive compulsive disorder. The results suggest SPOV shares similarities with OCRDs in terms of phenomenology and validators, and implicate it as worthy of further study within this classification.
Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Substance AbuseHafiz Saad Salman
The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders affecting 3% to 6% of children1 and almost 5% of adults2. Across population, Prevalence rates vary from 2.2% to 16.1% in clinical versus community cohorts. Its frequency has been reported as high as 34% ADHD in clinical setting in Pakistan3. There was a myth for many years that the disorder remits during adolescence, but it is now well established that it can be experienced by a patient in adulthood as well. There is a bidirectional overlap between ADHD and drug abuse and dependence4 and affect 27% of adult population5. The co-occurrence of ADHD and addiction is very common. Previous studies have shown that adults with ADHD are a risk for substance use disorder (SUD) and almost 52% of adult had a lifetime history of SUD2, 3. The co-morbidity between ADHD and SU shows relativity and relevant to research and clinical development in psychiatry, pediatrics and psychology5. The diagnosing and specific risk factor associated with SU within ADHD may lead to a better targeted pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic treatments for both the disorders upon expression at early stage of their lives7, 8. Higher rates of ADHD have been reported in patients having SUD relative to controls9, 10. 15% to 25% adults with SUD history have been estimated to have ADHD9. Studies have conducted in juvenile adolescents for assessing ADHD and other disorders in substance abusing groups had overrepresentation of ADHD10, 11. ADHD predominates from 15% to 25% in individuals with SUD12, 13. Two studies showed that the 24% of 201 inpatients14 and 10% cocaine abusers for drug detoxification treatment had ADHD15. The treatment of ADHD is usually done with stimulants like methylphenidate, amphetamine etc., with the behavioral therapy of the patient and family counseling.
This document summarizes several research studies that examined risk and protective factors for depression and anxiety among college students. Key findings include:
1) A study of undergraduate students found that those with more severe depression symptoms and anxiety were more likely to experience suicidal ideation. Another study found anxiety to be the strongest predictor of depression in college students.
2) A study of undergraduate and graduate students found a significant positive correlation between high perfectionism scores and both depression and anxiety.
3) A study of undergraduate students found that those using maladaptive coping strategies and having lower life satisfaction were more likely to experience depression and anxiety.
4) A study of graduate psychology students found high levels of stress from academic pressures and finances
Leading Australian Rett Syndrome researcher, Professor Helen Leonard's presentation from the Respite Plus Beyond Respite Forum, 2014 held at Twin Waters Resort, Sunshine Coast Australia
A Study of Clinical and Socio-Demographic Profile of Patients with Dissociati...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on the clinical and socio-demographic profile of patients with dissociative disorder. Key findings include:
1) Dissociative disorder was more prevalent among females (75%) between the ages of 30-40 years, who were married housewives with low socioeconomic status and education.
2) The most common presentations were trance and possession (30%) and motor dissociation (25%).
3) Most patients were from rural areas (62.25%) and of lower socioeconomic status (65%), highlighting dissociative disorder is more common in developing countries.
Asperger syndrome in childhood personality dimensions in adult lifemiriam odar
Study about to examine temperament and character in males that were diagnosed with ASD in childhood and followed prospectively over almost two decades.
Caregivers’ perspective on non-fatal deliberate self harmiosrjce
This document summarizes a study examining caregivers' perspectives on non-fatal deliberate self-harm. Fifty patients who engaged in deliberate self-harm and were admitted to a hospital were evaluated. Caregivers of these patients were interviewed using a 15-item questionnaire to assess their attitudes. Common characteristics of the self-harm incidents were that they occurred when someone else was present and no suicide notes were left. The most common psychiatric diagnosis among patients was major depressive disorder. Most caregivers reported feeling shock, anger, and a need to overprotect the individual after the self-harm incident. A significant association was found between caregivers perceiving an unsympathetic family attitude and repetition of deliberate self-harm.
The document summarizes a study that examined perceptions of veterans with PTSD based on whether they had a formal diagnosis or not. The study found that most people held similar views of veterans displaying PTSD symptoms, regardless of a diagnosis. However, females preferred to spend time with and introduce a formally diagnosed veteran to their family more than a non-diagnosed veteran displaying the same symptoms. The study had small effect sizes, suggesting the manipulation did not account for large differences in perceptions. It provides recommendations for future research focusing more on issues of personal safety with veterans.
The document discusses an interview between Mary Skinner and a 69-year old man named John who has a disability. John lost his leg 21 years ago due to diabetes complications and now uses a prosthetic. In the interview, John discusses how he has gotten used to stares from strangers about his disability. He enjoys educating children who ask him questions. John is also aware of his rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act, including provisions for public transportation and accommodations. The interview suggests that accessibility for the disabled has improved in the past 20 years due to laws like the ADA.
This study examined factors related to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in pediatric cancer patients and their caregivers. The researchers analyzed surveys from 31 patient-caregiver dyads. They found that patient-reported PTSS was predicted by self-reported worry, while caregiver-reported patient PTSS was predicted by the caregiver's perception of the patient's physical appearance. Additionally, caregiver-reported caregiver PTSS was predicted by the caregiver's report of the patient's psychosocial functioning. The results suggest discrepancies between how patients and caregivers view factors related to PTSS.
This study uses 12 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain among older American adults. It finds high and increasing prevalence of chronic pain over time. Multivariate analysis reveals large disparities in reported pain levels by sex, education, and wealth. There is no disadvantage in pain for racial/ethnic minorities after accounting for socioeconomic factors. Pain levels are predictive of mortality even a decade later. Reporting heterogeneity, nonresponse bias, and mortality selection do not appear to meaningfully impact estimates of social disparities in pain.
Sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain...Paul Coelho, MD
This study uses 12 years of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine sociodemographic disparities in chronic pain among older American adults. It finds high and increasing prevalence of chronic pain over time. Multivariate analysis reveals large disparities in reported pain levels by sex, education, and wealth. There is no disadvantage in pain for racial/ethnic minorities after accounting for socioeconomic factors. Pain levels are predictive of mortality even a decade later. Measurement biases like reporting heterogeneity and mortality selection may impact estimates of social disparities in pain.
This document outlines a proposed research study examining whether dairy products and vitamin B12 are dietary inducers of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study would involve dividing 20 ASD participants ages 2-35 into four groups with varying diets and vitamin supplementation. Behaviors would be observed and questionnaires administered over 120 days to analyze the effects of the dietary manipulations. The research aims to test the hypothesis that ASD behaviors are influenced by levels of lactose, B vitamins, and sugar in the diet. Ethical considerations for conducting research with ASD participants are also discussed.
The document discusses PTSD and emergence delirium in veterans undergoing surgery, defining the conditions, reviewing evidence on risk factors and treatments, and proposing strategies for preoperative evaluation, intraoperative care, and postoperative management to prevent emergence delirium in high-risk patients and improve outcomes. It also examines the pathophysiology of how general anesthesia and PTSD may interact to increase risks of delirium and outlines areas for further research and dissemination of guidelines.
Note this is not my case scenario at all. it is just how i want mamit657720
The document discusses a mental health assessment of a 16-year-old boy named Shawn who was brought to an outpatient clinic by his mother. The practitioner must work to engage Shawn in the assessment since he did not want to be there. The assessment aims to understand the chief complaint, make a diagnosis, identify the cause of issues, and develop a treatment plan while also assessing risk of suicide or homicide. The practitioner maintained good eye contact and listened well to Shawn. Areas for improvement include exploring why Shawn does not like school, obtaining more information about Shawn's relationship with his mother, and using open-ended questions.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the language used by 14-year-old students in England to describe people with mental illness. The researchers found that 400 out of 472 students provided 250 negative words and phrases. The words were grouped into five themes: 1) popular derogatory terms which accounted for nearly half the words, 2) negative emotional states, 3) confusion between mental illness and physical/learning disabilities, 4) limited use of psychiatric diagnoses, and 5) unexpected low reference to violence. The findings suggest that interventions are needed to address the students' lack of factual knowledge about mental illness and reduce their strong negative reactions.
This paper reviews 15 studies examining psychopathology in relatives of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The studies investigated prevalence of schizophrenia, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, and impulse spectrum disorders such as substance abuse. The literature does not support a link between BPD and schizophrenia. Results are ambiguous about a link between BPD and depression. Studies suggest familial aggregation of impulse disorders and BPD itself. However, methodological limitations like indirect assessments and small samples leave major questions about familial links that require more definitive research.
Similar to Noncontamination and-nonsymmetry-ocd-obsessions-are-commonly-not-recognized-by-clinical-counseling-and-school-psychology-doctoral-students-2167-1044-1000190
A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university student...Liz Adams
This systematic review analyzed 24 studies on depression prevalence among university students published between 1990 and 2010. The reported prevalence rates ranged widely from 10% to 85%, with a weighted average of 30.6%. This suggests that depression rates are substantially higher among university students than the general population. Additionally, the quality of studies did not improve over the time period analyzed. The review aimed to explore depression prevalence in university students and examine if rates have increased over time.
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tBenitoSumpter862
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tSantosConleyha
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
This study investigated the relationships between childhood trauma, psychological symptoms, and barriers to seeking mental health care among college students. It was hypothesized that childhood trauma would be correlated with both psychological symptoms and barriers to care, and that psychological symptoms would mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and barriers. Participants completed questionnaires measuring these constructs. Results found childhood trauma was correlated with both psychological symptoms and barriers to care. Psychological symptoms also mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and barriers, such that the relationship was weaker when accounting for psychological symptoms. This suggests childhood trauma influences barriers indirectly through its effect on increasing psychological symptoms.
Name Professor Course Date Sexual Harassment .docxroushhsiu
Name
Professor
Course
Date
Sexual Harassment Essay Outline
I. Introduction
A. Background
1. Despite ongoing public campaigns designed to prevent sexual harassment,
this destructive behavior continues to be a widespread issue in the United
States. Sexual harassment is particularly rampant on college campuses,
where 62% of female students and 61% of male students report having
been victims of this form of mistreatment, according to the AAUW
Educational Foundation. Most of the harassment is noncontact, but about
one-third of students are victims of physical harassment.
B. Thesis Statement
1. Although mass media and news outlets alike tend to shy away from the
sexual harassment problem occuring across our campuses nationwide,
universities are failing to protect their students from sexual harassment
resulting in mental health damage of both males and females in all parts of
the nation
II. Body
A. Sexual Harassment Amongst Both Genders
1. Female Sexual Harassment In Comparison
a) Statistics Regarding Harassment Committed Against
b) General Concerns Over Safety Amongst Females
2. Male Sexual Harassment In Comparison
a) Statistics Regarding Harassment Committed Against
b) Lack of Awareness That Men Can Also Experience Harassment
On College Campuses
B. Sexual Harassment Being Neglected Nationwide
1. Lack of Media Coverage & Lack of Awareness
a) Disregard Of A Widespread Issue Going On In Our Nation
b) People Not Taking Sexual Harassment Seriously/Not Being Aware
of It
2. Lack of Knowledge Regarding Universities Legal Duty to Protect
Students
a) Title XI Law of 1972
b) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C. Sexual Harassment’s Effect on Students Experiencing It
1. Short Term Mental Effects
a) People Disregarding and Neglecting People Who Claim Sexual
Harassment Can Cause Them Insecurity and Hopelessness
b) People Tend To Blame Themselves For Being Harrassed
2. Long Term Mental Effects
a) Depression and Inability To Trust Others
b) Can Lead To Drastic Effects Like Turning To Drugs Or
Committing Suicide, It is Afterall A Form Of Bullying
III. Conclusion
A. The failure of our nations awarness and our universities inability to abide to the
law by protecting our students has resulted in many students being permanently
damaged from sexual harassment
B. We the people of the United States have gone through all the proper legal
measures in order to guarantee the youths safety when attending college
universities; yet these laws along with their $60,000 tuitions do not seem to be
enough motivation for these universities to abide to the law. Does a student need
to be found dead in the middle of the campus in order to get the message across?
Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire
Review of The Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire by MICHAEL G. KAVAN, Associate Dean for Student Affairs and Associate Professor of Family Medicine, Creighton University Sch ...
Long-Term Outcome in Adults with Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderChristy Green
This study examined the long-term outcomes of 83 adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who were originally enrolled in placebo-controlled trials of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) for OCD treatment between 10-20 years prior. The study found that only 20% of subjects had experienced remission of their OCD symptoms, while 49% still had clinically significant OCD symptoms. Initial response to SRI pharmacotherapy strongly predicted long-term outcome, with those who initially responded to SRIs more likely to experience remission over the long term. The study did not find an association between long-term outcome and OCD symptom dimensions.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence for the effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing internalized stigma among adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The review identified 27 studies that met eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis of 18 studies found a statistically significant overall effect in lowering internalized stigma. Subgroup analysis found Narrative Enhancement and Cognitive Therapy to have a statistically significant and highly homogenous effect. In conclusion, most psychological interventions are successful in reducing internalized stigma, especially NECT, and combining multiple therapies may be more beneficial.
- The document discusses a study that examined the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among 1,644 Iraqi undergraduate medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
- The study found that 43% of participants had probable OCD based on screening, which is higher than pre-pandemic rates but consistent with other studies during the pandemic.
- OCD and other psychological symptoms like stress, anxiety and depression were correlated. The pandemic is believed to have acted as an additional stressor contributing to higher OCD and mental health issues among medical students.
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Discussion for Comprehensive Focused Soap Psychiatric Evaluation
Hello Lovelyne
Great presentation; I really enjoy reading your presentation about your patient Joey which is very informative. Autism Spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with tenacious predicaments in social communication and interaction in addition with limited, continual model of behaviors. According to study by Fitzpatrick et al; indicated that aggression behavior are noted to be increased in individual with ASD than when compared with other neurodevelopmental impairments (2016). This aggressive behavioral issues has been indicated by studies to relate with obstructive consequences for children diagnosed with ASD and their care providers resulting in reduced quality of life, heightened stress levels and decreased accessibility of educational and social adaptation/acceptance. Studies indicated that establishing effective therapeutic and pharmacological intervention approach for treatment as well as preventing aggressive behavior is imperative for reaching to better outcomes for individual with ASD. The patient in this case presentation had history of ASD and endorses aggression and self-injuries behaviors which have been indicated by various studies to associated with ASD and other manifestation including hyperactive, impulsive, inattentive behavior, unusual mood or emotional reaction.
To answer your question “
Is Risperidone FDA approved for patients with Autism”
Based on various studies, Risperidone and aripiprazole are approved by FDA and recommended for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar for adult and adolescent including children with Autism Spectrum disorder around age 5 to 16 years. The Risperidone an antipsychotic medication was recommended to treat the aggression, irritability and mood swings associated with ASD. According to study; Risperidone has been effecting in treating symptoms of aggression and irritability between the age of 5 and 6 years distinctly that is associated with ASD, however, there’s no FDA approved medication for treatment of core sign and symptoms of ASD (Alayouf et al, 2021). There have been several controversy surrounding the use of Risperidone in which several clinician trials conducted reported that the medication was effective for the agitation, aggression and irritability often observed in autism patient, but was less effective in treating the core symptoms of Autism and other argument including the undesirable side effects that are associated with the medication and most significant of which is weight gain from an increased appetite. Other several medication as well as off-label prescription has been indicated to be effective such as treatment with SSRIs, CNS stimulants, NMDA-receptor antagonists, and including other agents (LeClerc & Easley, 2015). I completely agree with th.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
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ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
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Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
This document discusses a study on self-identification with major depressive disorder (MDD) among undergraduate college students. The study examined how exposure to diagnostic criteria and different patient accounts affected self-identification with MDD. Results showed those exposed to diagnostic criteria and an account of a clinically diagnosed patient were more likely to identify themselves as having MDD, compared to those exposed to other patient accounts or no additional information. The document provides background on rising internet use, depression prevalence among college students, and issues with primary care physicians prescribing antidepressants without oversight from mental health professionals. It argues proper diagnosis and long-term treatment are needed but often lacking.
This document analyzes how peers label and stigmatize other youth with mental illness using Modified Labeling Theory. It finds that self-labeling predicts negative outcomes for youth but some refuse clinical labels. Anti-stigma campaigns using contact with those with mental illness and youth-led initiatives show effectiveness, though effects may decline after the program ends. The theory is then used to evaluate components of anti-stigma campaigns.
Depressive symptoms among student at Al-kindy college of medicine 2018-2019 r...Aseele HZ
This study examined depressive symptoms among students at Al-Kindy College of Medicine in Iraq from 2018-2019. The researchers surveyed 501 students using a depression questionnaire. The results found that 32% of students experienced some level of depression, with mild depression being most common at 23.6%. Depression was higher among female students and those in their 3rd and 6th years of study. Family problems were also associated with higher rates of depression compared to academic stress alone. The study concludes depression is a significant problem affecting around one-third of medical students, and recommends early screening and prevention programs to address student mental health issues.
This document describes the methodology of the Transitions Study, which aims to test a clinical staging model of mental illness progression in young people. The study involves a longitudinal cohort of 802 young people aged 12-25 who are receiving care at youth mental health services in Australia. Annual follow-up assessments will track participants over time to investigate psychological, social, and genetic markers that may define clinical stage or predict transition to more severe stages of mental disorders. The results could improve understanding of mental illness development and identify targets for preventing progression.
A Phenotypic Structure and Neural Correlates ofCompulsive Be.docxransayo
A Phenotypic Structure and Neural Correlates of
Compulsive Behaviors in Adolescents
Chantale Montigny1*, Natalie Castellanos-Ryan1, Robert Whelan7,20, Tobias Banaschewski3,17,19, Gareth J.
Barker5, Christian Büchel4, Jürgen Gallinat6, Herta Flor3,17,19, Karl Mann3,17,19, Marie-Laure Paillère-
Martinot8,9, Frauke Nees3,17,19, Mark Lathrop10, Eva Loth2,5, Tomas Paus11,12,13, Zdenka Pausova18, Marcella
Rietschel3,17,19, Gunter Schumann2,5, Michael N. Smolka14,15, Maren Struve3, Trevor W. Robbins16, Hugh
Garavan7,20, Patricia J. Conrod1,5, and the IMAGEN Consortium¶
1 Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada, 2 MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry
(SGDP) Centre, London, United Kingdom, 3 Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany, 4 Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg,
Germany, 5 Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, United Kingdom, 6 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, 7 Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, 8 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche
Médicale, INSERM CEA Unit 1000 “Imaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, Orsay, France, 9 AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and
Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France, 10 Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France, 11 Rotman Research Institute,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 12 School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, 13 Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada, 14 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany, 15 Neuroimaging Center,
Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany, 16 Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental
Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, 17 Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany, 18 The Hospital for Sick Children,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 19 Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Department of Addictive
Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Manheim, Germany, 20 Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United
States of America
Abstract
Background: A compulsivity spectrum has been hypothesized to exist across Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
(OCD), Eating Disorders (ED), substance abuse (SA) and binge-drinking (BD). The objective was to examine the
validity of this compulsivity spectrum, and differentiate it from an externalizing behaviors dimension, but also to look
at hypothesized personality and neural correlates.
Method: A community-sample of adolescents (N=1938; mean age 14.5 years), and their parents were recruited via
high-schools in 8 European study sites. Data on adolescents’ psychiatric symptoms, DSM diagnoses (DAWBA) and
s.
This document discusses a study that analyzed accounts from parents caring for individuals with severe myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The study identified several themes in the parents' experiences, including identity change as parents take on caregiving roles, feelings of guilt, feeling like outsiders who are misunderstood, uncertainty regarding the illness, changing perceptions of time, coping mechanisms, and efforts to manage symptoms and potential improvements. The aims of the study were to give voice to caregivers of ME patients who are often stigmatized and to inform future research supporting these caregivers.
Our journal has been staying at the forefront of research is essential. The International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering (IJITCE) offers a unique platform that combines rapid publication with rigorous peer review, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals alike.
Cognitive conflicts in major depression: Between desired change and personal ...Guillem Feixas
Article in British Journal of Clinical Psychology (early view). Abstract:
Objectives
The notion of intra-psychic conflict has been present in psychopathology for more than a century within different theoretical orientations. However, internal conflicts have not received enough empirical attention, nor has their importance in depression been fully elaborated. This study is based on the notion of cognitive conflict, understood as implicative dilemma, and on a new way of identifying these conflicts by means of the repertory grid technique. Our aim is to explore the relevance of cognitive conflicts among depressive patients.
Design
Comparison between persons with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and community controls.
Methods
161 patients with major depression and 110 non-depressed participants were assessed for presence of implicative dilemmas and level of symptom severity. The content of these cognitive conflicts was also analysed.
Results
Repertory grid analysis indicated conflict (presence of implicative dilemma/s) in a greater proportion of depressive patients than in controls. Taking only those grids with conflict, the average number of implicative dilemmas per person was higher in the depression group.
In addition, participants with cognitive conflicts displayed higher symptom severity. Within the clinical sample, patients with implicative dilemmas presented lower levels of global functioning and a more frequent history of suicide attempts.
Conclusions
Cognitive conflicts were more prevalent in depressive patients and were associated with clinical severity. Conflict assessment at pre-therapy could aid in treatment planning to fit patient characteristics.
Practitioner Points
• Internal conflicts have been postulated in clinical psychology for a long time but there is little evidence about its relevance due to the lack of methods to measure them.
• We developed a method for identifying conflicts using the Repertory Grid Technique.
• Depressive patients have higher presence and number of conflicts than controls.
• Conflicts (implicative dilemmas) can be a new target for intervention in depression.
Cautions/Limitations
• A cross-sectional design precluded causal conclusions.
• The role of implicative dilemmas in the causation or maintenance of depression cannot be ascertained from this study.
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The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
Ensure the highest quality care for your patients with Cardiac Registry Support's cancer registry services. We support accreditation efforts and quality improvement initiatives, allowing you to benchmark performance and demonstrate adherence to best practices. Confidence starts with data. Partner with Cardiac Registry Support. For more details visit https://cardiacregistrysupport.com/cancer-registry-services/
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years, offering patients various options tailored to their specific type of cancer and stage of disease. Understanding the different types of cancer treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care. In this ppt, we have listed most common forms of cancer treatment available today.
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
Dr. Sherman Lai, MD — Guelph's Dedicated Medical ProfessionalSherman Lai Guelph
Guelph native Dr. Sherman Lai, MD, is a committed medical practitioner renowned for his thorough medical knowledge and caring patient care. Dr. Lai guarantees that every patient receives the best possible medical care and assistance that is customized to meet their specific needs. She has years of experience and is dedicated to providing individualized health solutions.
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
At Malayali Kerala Spa Ajman we providing the top quality massage services for our customers.
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2. Citation: Glazier K, McGinn LK (2015) Non-Contamination and Non-symmetry OCD Obsessions are Commonly Not Recognized by Clinical,
Counseling and School Psychology Doctoral Students. J Depress Anxiety 4: 190. doi:10.4190/2167-1044.1000190
Page 2 of 6
Volume 4 • Issue 3 • 1000190
J Depress Anxiety
ISSN: 2167-1044 JDA an open access journal
Of the sample, 40.6% were female; the average age of the sample was
39.7 (SD=11.2). The highest degree obtained by the participants was
as follows: PhD (53.1%), MSW/LICSW (18.7%), MD (12.5%), Psy D
(9.4%), and MA (6.3%). Five vignettes, along with the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision
[22] criteria for each vignette’s intended condition were randomly
assigned to each participant. Participants assessed whether the vignette
met diagnostic criteria for its intended condition. The inter-rater
reliability for each vignette meeting its intended condition was very
strong (93.8%). The findings from the validation process suggest that
the vignettes accurately depict the respective conditions based on the
DSM-IV-TR criteria.
The vignettes consisted of the following categories: (1) eight OCD
vignettes (e.g., obsessions regarding pedophilia), (2) eight vignettes with
symptoms that mirror core components of specific OCD presentations
(Specific OCD Differentials category; e.g. pedophilia vignette), (3)
six vignettes that share broad-based similarities with OCD, such
as obsessive tendencies or pervasiveness (Broad OCD Differentials
category; e.g., body dysmorphic disorder), (4) three specific phobia
vignettes (Specific Phobia category; e.g., blood-injection-injury) to
assess for sensitivity and specificity, and (5) three control vignettes
(Control category; e.g., conditions that may be comorbid with OCD
but do not share similar symptomatology with OCD, such as Primary
insomnia). See Table 1 for a list of the study vignettes according to the
respective categories.
Study: OCD misidentification rates pre and post a video-
intervention
Participants: Clinical, counseling, and school psychology graduate
students from seven APA accredited doctoral programs in the Greater
New York Area participated in the study. Eighty-two students completed
the first and second assessments, and 78 (95.1%) completed all three
assessments. Most (82.7%) were female and the mean age was 27.0
(SD=3.8). The vast majority of participants were Caucasian (84.0%). See Table
2forthestudydemographicsandFigure1forthestudysampleflowchart.
OCD
Specific OCD
differentials
Broad OCD
differentials
Specific
phobia
Control
Obsessions regarding subtypes
Aggression
Anti-social
personality
disorder
Asperger’s Animal
Alcohol
abuse
Contamination
Sub-clinical
contamination*
Body dysmorphic
disorder
Natural
environment
Bulimia
Fear of saying things Tourette’s
Hypochondriasis
Blood-
injection-
injury
Primary
Insomnia
Homosexuality
Confusion
regarding
sexuality*
Impulse control
disorder, NOS
Pedophilia Pedophilia Schizophrenia
Religion
Strong
religious
values*
Trichotillomania
Somatic concerns
Social phobia/
Social anxiety
disorder
Symmetry
Obsessive-
compulsive
personality
disorder
Note: *These are not DSM-IV-TR conditions and are not to be interpreted as
mental health disorders.
Table 1: Vignettes categories and vignettes.
Characteristic Percentage
Age [years(SD)] 27.0 (3.8)
Gender (% female) 82.7
Hispanic 4.9
Race
Caucasian 84.0
Asian 9.9
African American 3.7
Other 2.5
Year in current program
2nd
39.5
1st
34.6
4th
9.9
5th
8.6
3rd
7.4
Highest degree
BA/BS 56.7
MA/MS 35.8
MsEd 3.6
Other
Degree to be obtained
Clinical Psychology with Health Emphasis PhD 34.1
School-Clinical PsyD 24.4
Clinical Psychology PsyD 17.1
Clinical Psychology PhD 14.6
School-Clinical PhD 9.8
Intervention Condition 41.5
Main theoretical orientation
Cognitive-Behavioral 40.5
Eclectic/Integrative 27.8
Psychodynamic 16.5
Undecided 9.8
Table 2: Study demographics.
Figure 1: Study flow chart.
3. Citation: Glazier K, McGinn LK (2015) Non-Contamination and Non-symmetry OCD Obsessions are Commonly Not Recognized by Clinical,
Counseling and School Psychology Doctoral Students. J Depress Anxiety 4: 190. doi:10.4190/2167-1044.1000190
Page 3 of 6
Volume 4 • Issue 3 • 1000190
J Depress Anxiety
ISSN: 2167-1044 JDA an open access journal
Procedure
Program directors of APA accredited clinical, counseling, and
school psychology doctoral program in the Greater New York area
were contacted (N=21) to obtain study consent; all study participants
also provided written consent prior to their participation. The study
was approved by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine’s Institutional
Review Board. To minimize the likelihood of treatment diffusion
between the two study conditions, each graduate school was allocated
to either the intervention or the control (time-lagged intervention)
condition. Randomizing each site to a condition prior to contacting the
program director was not possible due to our inability to predict which
program directors would approve study participation.
The study was conducted over two distinct time periods (three
assessments per person); the average length of time between the
two periods was approximately two and a half months (76.6 days;
range=48-106 days). At each assessment point five randomized
vignettes (one per each category outlined above) were randomly
assigned to each participant. If a vignette was randomized to the same
participant at any of the assessment points, a different vignette was
randomly selected to ensure that individuals were not given the same
vignette twice. In addition, participants who reviewed a certain OCD
vignette did not receive that vignette’s specific OCD differential vignette
at any of the assessment points. For each vignette, participants provided
their diagnostic impression by selecting from a list of 47 psychiatric
and non-clinical diagnoses (“Other” was an option). If more than one
condition was selected, participants ranked the order of their responses.
A correct response was provided as long as OCD was selected as one of
the possible conditions, regardless of where OCD was listed on their
ranking.
Intervention condition: At Assessment 1, the participants in
the intervention condition provided diagnostic impressions for five
distinct vignettes. Participants subsequently viewed the OCD video-
intervention. Directly following the video (Assessment 2) participants
provided their diagnostic impressions for five different vignettes.
Approximately 2.5 months later (Assessment 3), participants gave their
diagnostic impressions for another round of five distinct vignettes.
Control condition (Time-lagged intervention): At Assessment 1,
participants in the control condition provided diagnostic impressions
for five randomized vignettes. Approximately 2.5 months later
(Assessment 2), the participants completed another five vignettes; this
assessment was done to rule out learning by history or maturation.
Participants then watched the video-intervention and subsequently
provided their diagnostic impressions on a final round of five vignettes
(Assessment 3).
All participants completed a video evaluation form directly
after seeing the video. Additionally, at the 3rd
assessment session, all
participants completed a follow-up assessment questionnaire.
Measures
Vignettes: The 28 study vignettes were used to assess participants’
ability to identify a range of OCD and non-OCD case presentations.
Five different vignettes were randomized to participants at each of the
three assessment points.
Intervention: The intervention consisted of a 27-minute video
developed specifically for the study. The video featured five OCD
specialists and covered the following areas: (1) OCD DSM-IV-TR
diagnostic criteria, (2) taboo thoughts (aggressive, sexual, and religious
obsessions), (3) doubt as an underlying component of OCD, (4)
explanation and examples of behavioral and mental compulsions, (4)
symmetry/ordering obsessions, (5) “magical thinking” versus “just not
right” OCD, (6) OCD with hoarding symptoms vs. hoarding disorder
vs. collectors, (7) contamination-based obsessions and compulsions,
(8) generalization of obsessions, (9) empirically supported treatments.
Throughout the video, complimentary visual aids (i.e. information-
based slides and picture/video-based examples) were provided.
Moreover, all the obsessions outlined on the Y-BOCS were displayed
over the course of the video.
Intervention evaluation form: This measure obtained information
regarding the degree to which participants (1) found the OCD video-
intervention to be interesting and informative, (2) learned new
information from the video, and (3) recommended the presentation be
incorporated into a psychopathology course.
Follow-up assessment questionnaire: This measure obtained
information regarding the degree to which participants (1) found it
challenging to provide diagnostic impressions for the vignettes, (2) felt
confident in their diagnostic impressions, (3) exerted effort in providing
diagnoses, (4) rated their overall knowledge of OCD symptomatology
prior to the video-intervention, and (5) rated their overall awareness of
specific OCD symptoms prior to the video-intervention.
Data analysis
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences’ (SPSS) was used for
all descriptive analyses. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used
to conduct a generalized linear mixed logistic regression model to
account for the following: 1) the nested structure of the study caused by
the inclusion of participants from different graduate school program;
2) whether condition affected correct identification rates at the study
assessment points, 3) significant predictors of a correct OCD diagnostic
impression.
Results
OCD misidentification rates: Prior to the video intervention
As predicted, the pre-intervention misidentification rates were
greater for the non-symmetry and non-contamination vignettes (17.7-
33.3%) compared to symmetry and contamination vignettes (0.0-
6.3%). While results from the power analysis predicted sufficient power
for a sample of 60 participants, the power analysis was conducted
based on the OCD misidentification rates from our prior work [8,9].
The misidentification rates for the current study were lower than the
prior studies and therefore the current study’s sample size lacked power
to detect for significance between OCD vignette type and correct
diagnostic impression. Nonetheless, our results show participants
were more likely to correctly identify the need for symmetry and
contamination vignettes compared to the other OCD vignettes. See
Table 3 for the misidentification rates.
OCD misidentification rates: post video-intervention
After viewing the video-based intervention OCD misidentification
rates decreased across both conditions. Participants in the intervention
condition experienced a large decline in the misidentification rates
from the pre-intervention assessment versus the post-intervention
assessments (14.6% vs. 4.6%). Similarly, the overall misidentification
rate in the control condition (time-lagged intervention), decreased from
the pre-intervention to post-intervention assessment by approximately
three-fold (19.8% vs. 6.4%). These results suggest that regardless of the
4. Citation: Glazier K, McGinn LK (2015) Non-Contamination and Non-symmetry OCD Obsessions are Commonly Not Recognized by Clinical,
Counseling and School Psychology Doctoral Students. J Depress Anxiety 4: 190. doi:10.4190/2167-1044.1000190
Page 4 of 6
Volume 4 • Issue 3 • 1000190
J Depress Anxiety
ISSN: 2167-1044 JDA an open access journal
study condition, the likelihood of the participants correctly identifying
the OCD vignette increased after exposure to the training tool.
Additional support for the positive benefits of the video-
intervention was found at the second assessment point. Participants
who had been exposed to the video-intervention (intervention
condition) had a lower OCD misidentification rate compared to those
in the control condition who had not yet seen the video (2.9 % vs. 14.6%,
respectively). Furthermore, results from an odds ratio analysis found
that at the second assessment point, participants in the intervention
were approximately seven times more likely to correctly identify the
OCD vignette (O.R.=7.407; CI 0.786, 69.812) than those in the control
condition.
It is important to note that an OCD over-identification bias was
found following exposure to the video; approximately two-thirds of the
participants (67.9%) reported a primary OCD diagnostic impression
for the non-OCD vignettes. The likelihood of a false positive OCD
identification was approximately twice as common following
exposure to the video intervention (pre-intervention=32.1%, post-
intervention=67.9%). Furthermore, the OCD over-identification effect
was found for the vast majority of the vignettes from the following
categories: Specific OCD Differentials, Broad OCD Differentials, and
Specific Phobia vignettes. The only group that did not show the over-
identification pattern was the Control vignettes.
Self-reported awareness of OCD symptomatology
Upon completion of the study, participants completed a
questionnaire that assessed their overall knowledge of OCD
symptomatology and awareness of specific symptom presentations
prior to viewing the video. This assessment was not given prior to the
study to avoid priming participants regarding the OCD focus of the
study.
While the majority of participants (82.0%) reported being either
somewhat or very knowledgeable regarding OCD, when asked about
their awareness of specific OCD obsessions large discrepancies in
awareness of certain symptom presentations were found. The following
represent the percentage of participants that reported being either
not at all aware or not very aware of the specific OCD manifestations:
obsessions regarding aggression (36.0%), homosexuality (29.0%),
somatic concerns (22.3%), fear of saying certain things (19.7%),
religion (17.1%), sexual content (17.1%), need for symmetry (3.9%),
and contamination (1.3%). See Table 4 for the full description of
participants’ awareness of OCD symptomatology prior to viewing the
video-based intervention.
Subjective assessment of the educational video intervention
and study questionnaire
Overall the video-based intervention was well received. The
vast majority of participants (93.8%) recommended the video be
incorporated in a psychopathology course. In addition, 93.8%
of participants reported the video was either somewhat or very
informative, 84.0% reported the presentation was either somewhat or
very interesting, and 67.9% reported learning either some or a lot of new
information. Participants were more likely to report it was somewhat
or very easy to identify the OCD vignette after seeing the video (pre-
intervention=38.5%; post-intervention=80.8%). Furthermore, across
all study vignettes, the vast majority of participants (93.6%) endorsed
applying some or full effort into their diagnostic impressions.
Discussion
The present study demonstrates that there is a widespread lack of
awareness of many OCD symptoms among clinical, counseling and
school psychology doctoral students. Participants were approximately
fourtoninetimesmorelikelytoreportbeingcompletelyunawareofnon-
contamination/non-symmetry obsessions compared to contamination
or symmetry obsessions. Across the eight OCD symptom presentations
assessed, participants reported being least aware that OCD could
manifest as aggressive or homosexual obsessions. In addition, prior
to seeing the OCD video-intervention, approximately one-quarter of
participants misdiagnosed the non-contamination/non-symmetry
obsessions; participants were approximately eight times more likely
to misdiagnosis these obsessions compared to the contamination or
symmetry obsessions.
The results also found, the video-intervention was efficacious in
increasing participants’ ability to identify a broader range of OCD
cases. For example, at the second assessment point participants who
had seen the video were seven times more likely to correctly identify
the OCD vignettes compared to participants who had not yet seen the
video. Furthermore, the overall OCD misdiagnosis rate decreased by
approximately three-fold, following exposure to the video-intervention.
Vignette
Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention
Sample
Size
Misidentification
Rates (%)
Sample
Size
Misdentification
Rates (%)
Obsessions regarding
Sexual orientation 15 33.3 16 12.5
Fear of saying things 16 25.5 15 6.7
Aggression 18 22.2 11 9.1
Pedophilia 18 22.2 14 0.0
Religion 15 20.0 15 0.0
Somatic concerns 17 17.6 15 13.3
Contamination 16 6.3 13 0.0
Need for symmetry 15 0.0 13 0.0
Across all OCD vignettes 130 18.5 112 5.4
Contamination/Need for
symmetry
31 3.2 26 0.0
Non-contamination/Non-
need for symmetry
99 23.2 86 7.0
Table 3: OCD Misidentification rates: Pre-intervention versus post-intervention
comparison.
Characteristic
Descriptive (%)
Not at all
aware
Not very
aware
Neutral
aware
Somewhat
aware
Very
aware
OCD
symptomatology*
6.4 11.5 70.5 11.5
Aggressive
obsessions
1.3 34.7 5.3 42.7 16.0
Contamination
obsessions
1.3 23.7 75.0
Homosexual
obsessions
5.3 23.7 11.8 39.5 19.7
Religious
obsessions
2.6 14.5 5.3 32.9 44.7
Saying certain things
obsessions
1.3 18.4 21.1 30.3 28.9
Sexual obsessions 3.9 13.2 6.6 42.1 34.2
Somatic obsessions 3.9 18.4 9.2 47.4 21.1
Need for symmetry
obsessions
2.6 1.3 2.6 25.0 68.4
Table 4: Awareness of OCD symptomatology prior to OCD training tool
administration.
5. Citation: Glazier K, McGinn LK (2015) Non-Contamination and Non-symmetry OCD Obsessions are Commonly Not Recognized by Clinical,
Counseling and School Psychology Doctoral Students. J Depress Anxiety 4: 190. doi:10.4190/2167-1044.1000190
Page 5 of 6
Volume 4 • Issue 3 • 1000190
J Depress Anxiety
ISSN: 2167-1044 JDA an open access journal
However, it is important to note that while the diagnostic accuracy of
identifying the OCD vignettes increased following the intervention,
the likelihood of incorrectly labeling the non-OCD vignettes as
OCD doubled. Furthermore, the vast majority of the vignettes were
susceptible to the OCD over-identification effect; which highlights it
was not a couple of conditions that were being misidentified but that the
over-identification pattern was a widespread problem. These findings
suggest that targeted training on educating health professionals on the
varied manifestations of OCD may be helpful in increasing awareness
of OCD symptom presentations but that more emphasis on making
differential diagnoses in order to prevent over-diagnosis of OCD is
needed.
The participants’ were actively engaged when providing their
responses to the questionnaires. The vast majority of participants
endorsed exerting full or some effort when providing their diagnostic
impressions across the vignettes. None of the participants reported
using no effort when completing the study assessments. Across all
vignettes, almost two-thirds of the participants reported being very
or somewhat confident in their diagnostic impressions. As expected,
subsequent to viewing the intervention participants were approximately
twice as likely to report identifying the OCD vignette with greater ease,
which suggests that the video-intervention increased participants’ self-
efficacy in identifying OCD cases. It is still important to remember that
after seeing the video intervention participants were also more likely to
consider non-OCD cases as OCD.
Theself-reportedlackofawarenessregardingOCDsymptomatology
rates and elevated OCD misidentification rates are concerning since
diagnostic conceptualizations tend to guide treatment [23,24] and
therefore incorrect diagnoses may lead to an inaccurate understanding
of the individual’s presenting problems and subsequently to ineffective
treatment. For example, a recent case report [25] described a patient
whose OCD intrusive thoughts were misdiagnosed as hallucinations.
This incorrect diagnostic impression led to the prescription of
antipsychotic medications, which exacerbated her symptoms.
Eventually she was diagnosed with OCD, her treatment plan was
subsequently altered, and her symptoms improved accordingly. Our
prior work also underscores the significant impact of OCD diagnostic
accuracy on treatment recommendations. In another study, primary
care physicians who correctly identified the OCD case were 1.5 to 8.0
times more likely than those who incorrectly diagnosed the case to
recommend a first-line OCD treatment [9].
In summary, prior to seeing the video intervention, the
misidentification rates varied greatly depending on the OCD
vignette. In line with our predictions, the content of the vignette (e.g.,
contamination vs. aggressive obsessions) influenced the likelihood of
the individual providing an accurate OCD diagnostic impression. In
addition, across both study conditions, participants were approximately
3.5 times more likely to correctly identify the OCD vignette at the
post vs. pre-intervention assessments suggesting that the training tool
was effective in decreasing OCD misidentification rates. However, as
previously noted, the likelihood of participants labeling the non-OCD
vignettes as OCD also increased subsequent to viewing the video. The
overall findings suggest that the video-intervention was successful in
increasing awareness across the broad range of OCD symptomatology
but needs to be enhanced to help participants make nuanced differential
diagnoses.
Limitations
The biggest limitation of the study was the small sample size, which
likely impacted the ability to find significance for some of our analyses.
However, trends approaching significance were found suggesting
that a larger sample would have led to significant differences between
vignette type and correct response. Another limitation was the unequal
distribution of certain demographic variables. Therefore a larger
and more representative sample is needed, in order to increase the
generalizability of the study’s findings. Additionally, due to the inability
to anticipate which programs would ultimately enroll in the study it
was not possible to randomize the sites to the study condition. The
fact that no significant differences between the conditions at the initial
assessment were found suggests that the non-randomization process
did not bias the results.
Identifying any condition based on a brief vignette is also a
limitation. All vignettes were written to meet DSM-IV-TR criteria for
the intended disorder; this was done in order to increase the internal
validity. The increase in diagnostic validity led to a decrease in external
validity, since most clients do not present to clinicians and report
their symptoms as per the DSM-IV criteria. Increasing the length of
the vignettes would allow for both high internal and external validity.
However, since each participant was reading 15 vignettes the need to
decrease participant burden outweighed the decision to lengthen the
vignettes.
Future Research
As previously noted, the small sample size was a limiting factor
therefore replicating the current methodology with a larger population
would be beneficial. Another study finding that warrants significant
attention relates to the elevated false positive OCD identification
rates following the viewing of the video. Including diagnostic
training modules for conditions other than OCD in order to help
with differential diagnoses may lower this OCD over-identification
bias. Although we didn’t find prior research assessing the likelihood
of increased false positive rates following a diagnostic training video,
evidence exists supporting the tendency for specialists to over-diagnose
conditions that fall within their specialized domain [26,27]. Given both
our findings and prior evidence of over-diagnosis among specialists,
it is imperative that future training tools address this bias and aid
clinicians in making differential diagnoses. Lastly, this study assessed
a narrow range of mental health professional trainees; future studies
to assess OCD awareness and the efficacy of providing comprehensive
OCD training among graduate students in other education programs
to become social workers, licensed professional counselors, or mental
health counselors is needed.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Drs. Gary Winkel, Roee Holzter, Anthony Pinto and
Stephanie Levey for their consultations throughout the study process. We would
also like to thank Abraham Goldring, M A for his help with data entry.
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Counseling and School Psychology Doctoral Students. J Depress Anxiety 4: 190. doi:10.4190/2167-1044.1000190
Page 6 of 6
Volume 4 • Issue 3 • 1000190
J Depress Anxiety
ISSN: 2167-1044 JDA an open access journal
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