This study analyzed data from the Indian National Family Health Survey to examine women's reasons for not using public healthcare facilities in India. The results showed that 58% of women said their family did not use public facilities. The top reasons given were: no nearby facilities (27%), inconvenient service times (9%), absent health personnel (5%), long wait times (17%), and poor quality care (32%). Younger women, those in urban areas, with less education, and from poorer households were more likely to report issues with access and quality of public healthcare. Improving availability, staffing, wait times, and care quality in public facilities could help reduce barriers to utilization, especially for disadvantaged groups.
Innovation and Development in Indian HealthcareSahana Bose
This document provides an overview of the Indian healthcare system, identifying key challenges and areas of innovation. It summarizes that India faces a healthcare crisis due to rapid population growth straining infrastructure while many remain in poverty lacking access. However, it also outlines technological advancements and private sector growth that aim to improve preventative and curative care, particularly through organizations expanding access to insurance, rural health centers, and new hospitals. The future of India's healthcare depends on continued innovation to address the needs of its vast population in both urban and underserved rural areas.
The document discusses the health care challenges in India. It notes that India faces a triple burden of diseases from communicable diseases, emerging non-communicable diseases, and emerging infectious diseases. This puts pressure on India's public health system. Some key health care challenges include lagging health indicators, a growing disease burden, inadequate health planning and infrastructure, inequitable resource distribution between rural and urban areas, shortages of health professionals and facilities, and low government health spending. To address these challenges, the document recommends strengthening public health systems with a focus on prevention, improving resource utilization, regulating the private sector, and ensuring universal access to quality health care through long-term planning.
Universal Health Care: Perceptions, Values, and IssuesRenzo Guinto
From the workshop "Universal Health Care: The First Step to Global Health Equity" held last August 5-9, 2012 in Mumbai, India during the 61st General Assembly March Meeting of the International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA). Brought to you by the IFMSA Global Health Equity Initiative (http://www.ifmsa.org/Activities/Initiatives/The-IFMSA-Global-Health-Equity-Initiative).
For more information about the workshop, visit http://www.scribd.com/doc/193822108/Universal-Health-Care-PreGA-Program
India inequality report 2021 single loZahidManiyar
This document provides a summary of an inequality report on India's unequal healthcare system published in 2021 by Oxfam India. It acknowledges the contributions of various experts and organizations that helped produce the report. The report examines how existing social inequalities related to factors like caste, religion, gender and economic status contribute to unequal health outcomes in India. It analyzes determinants of health like education, water and sanitation, medical expenditures, and insurance coverage. It also reviews the impact of government health interventions and assesses inequalities in health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The report aims to address structural inequalities in India's healthcare system and ways to reduce disparities.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
Public Health and Changing Concept of Public Health Lecture Dr.Farhana Yasmin
This document discusses the history and changing concepts of public health. It begins by defining public health and noting its origins in protecting communities from communicable diseases in the 1840s. It then outlines four phases in the concept of public health: (1) a disease control phase from 1880-1920 focused on sanitation and environment, (2) a health promotion phase from 1920-1960 that added individual health services, (3) a social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases, and (4) a "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aiming to provide universal healthcare. The document also discusses community diagnosis, treatment, and responsibilities at the individual, community, state and international levels. It defines various public health concepts and
Universal health coverage as a concept was born in 1883 when Germany introduced health coverage for achieving health status of its young population.India, is still attempting to find a way for providing appropriate, affordable and accessible health care to its population.
Innovation and Development in Indian HealthcareSahana Bose
This document provides an overview of the Indian healthcare system, identifying key challenges and areas of innovation. It summarizes that India faces a healthcare crisis due to rapid population growth straining infrastructure while many remain in poverty lacking access. However, it also outlines technological advancements and private sector growth that aim to improve preventative and curative care, particularly through organizations expanding access to insurance, rural health centers, and new hospitals. The future of India's healthcare depends on continued innovation to address the needs of its vast population in both urban and underserved rural areas.
The document discusses the health care challenges in India. It notes that India faces a triple burden of diseases from communicable diseases, emerging non-communicable diseases, and emerging infectious diseases. This puts pressure on India's public health system. Some key health care challenges include lagging health indicators, a growing disease burden, inadequate health planning and infrastructure, inequitable resource distribution between rural and urban areas, shortages of health professionals and facilities, and low government health spending. To address these challenges, the document recommends strengthening public health systems with a focus on prevention, improving resource utilization, regulating the private sector, and ensuring universal access to quality health care through long-term planning.
Universal Health Care: Perceptions, Values, and IssuesRenzo Guinto
From the workshop "Universal Health Care: The First Step to Global Health Equity" held last August 5-9, 2012 in Mumbai, India during the 61st General Assembly March Meeting of the International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA). Brought to you by the IFMSA Global Health Equity Initiative (http://www.ifmsa.org/Activities/Initiatives/The-IFMSA-Global-Health-Equity-Initiative).
For more information about the workshop, visit http://www.scribd.com/doc/193822108/Universal-Health-Care-PreGA-Program
India inequality report 2021 single loZahidManiyar
This document provides a summary of an inequality report on India's unequal healthcare system published in 2021 by Oxfam India. It acknowledges the contributions of various experts and organizations that helped produce the report. The report examines how existing social inequalities related to factors like caste, religion, gender and economic status contribute to unequal health outcomes in India. It analyzes determinants of health like education, water and sanitation, medical expenditures, and insurance coverage. It also reviews the impact of government health interventions and assesses inequalities in health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The report aims to address structural inequalities in India's healthcare system and ways to reduce disparities.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
Public Health and Changing Concept of Public Health Lecture Dr.Farhana Yasmin
This document discusses the history and changing concepts of public health. It begins by defining public health and noting its origins in protecting communities from communicable diseases in the 1840s. It then outlines four phases in the concept of public health: (1) a disease control phase from 1880-1920 focused on sanitation and environment, (2) a health promotion phase from 1920-1960 that added individual health services, (3) a social engineering phase from 1960-1980 addressing chronic diseases, and (4) a "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aiming to provide universal healthcare. The document also discusses community diagnosis, treatment, and responsibilities at the individual, community, state and international levels. It defines various public health concepts and
Universal health coverage as a concept was born in 1883 when Germany introduced health coverage for achieving health status of its young population.India, is still attempting to find a way for providing appropriate, affordable and accessible health care to its population.
The document summarizes the current state and future outlook of healthcare in India. It notes that healthcare spending in India is over $18 billion currently and expected to grow to $45 billion by 2012. Several key achievements in public health are highlighted, including the elimination of smallpox and a reduction in mortality rates. The healthcare sector is projected to require investments of $100-140 billion over the next decade. Major drivers of future growth are identified as increased health insurance penetration, a growing disease burden from lifestyle changes, greater preventative care awareness, and employer-provided health services.
Universal health coverage aims to ensure all people can access needed health services without financial hardship. It requires a strong health system that meets priority needs through integrated care, including services for major diseases. It also requires affordability so costs don't create financial hardship, access to essential medicines and technologies, and sufficient health workers. Recognizing the roles of other sectors in health, like transport, is also important to achieving universal coverage.
Universal Health Coverage and Health Insurance - IndiaDr Chetan C P
Presentation is a case about cutting the risk fragmentation and having a universal pool for Health Insurance as one of the tools for achieving UHC in India.
Emerging issues in health care in developing countiresShankar Das
Emerging issues in Health care in developing countries, Shaping a fairer and effective health care delivery, Social determinants of health as urgent imperative, good health at low cost, vicious cycle of poverty and ill-health, Das 2013.
Keller (Bellevue/NYU) - Health and Human Rightsguestc7da32
The document discusses the important roles that physicians can play in promoting health and human rights through advocacy, documentation, education, and policy work. It outlines how physicians have ethical obligations to promote patient and community health, respect human rights, and address social factors that impact health. The document provides examples of how physicians have advocated on issues like access to care, torture treatment, detention conditions, and land mines to fulfill these roles and obligations.
Medicity Hospital is a top tier multispecialty and super specialty hospital located in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. It has a wide range of medical specialties and services available and is well-equipped with modern technology and equipment. The hospital aims to provide immediate and advanced medical care with a team of experienced doctors and specialists.
Universal Healthcare - Dr. Srinath Reddy Report to Planning CommisionAnup Soans
The document provides an executive summary of the recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on Universal Health Coverage for India. Some key points:
- The group defines Universal Health Coverage as ensuring equitable access for all Indian citizens to affordable, quality health services including promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative care as well as addressing the social determinants of health.
- The state should be primarily responsible for guaranteeing UHC through both direct service provision and enabling other providers, though not necessarily the only provider.
- The recommendations are guided by principles of universality, equity, comprehensive care, financial protection and other factors.
- The vision is for every citizen to be entitled to essential primary
PIH partnered with the Sierra Leone government and a local NGO to respond to the Ebola epidemic across 4 districts. PIH rapidly deployed expatriate clinicians and supplies to 17 health facilities that lacked resources to safely treat patients. PIH aimed to both prevent new Ebola infections and improve patient outcomes. As the epidemic subsides, PIH is working to strengthen the health system and resume regular services while the country faces losing many health workers to Ebola. Lessons from PIH's response can help build resilient health systems in resource-poor settings.
This document summarizes the history of healthcare systems in India, particularly focusing on indigenous Ayurvedic medicine. It discusses that in pre-colonial India, Ayurvedic medicine was practiced through both formal training programs and informal rural practitioners, and knowledge was often passed down within families and castes. Buddhist monks also contributed to the development and spread of Ayurveda. Over time, surgery within Ayurveda declined and was practiced more by barber-surgeons. Tribal communities also played an important role in collecting medicinal plants. The document sets up an analysis of how different healthcare systems gained legitimacy and influence in India over time.
The document outlines several major health problems in India including communicable diseases, nutritional problems, environmental sanitation issues, medical care problems, and population issues. It provides details on specific communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases. Nutritional problems discussed include protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, low birth weight, and iodine deficiency. Environmental sanitation lacks safe water and proper excreta disposal. Medical care has inadequate funding and uneven distribution of resources. Rapid population growth also exacerbates other health challenges.
The document outlines India's National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE). Key points:
1) NPHCE aims to provide accessible and high-quality healthcare services to India's aging population through community-based primary care and establishing regional geriatric centers.
2) Services include health promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation delivered at sub-centers, PHCs, CHCs, district hospitals and 8 regional geriatric centers.
3) The program strategy involves training healthcare workers, establishing geriatric infrastructure at various levels, and promoting convergence across departments serving elderly populations.
Socio economic differentials in health care seeking behaviour and out-of-pock...Alexander Decker
This study examined health care utilization patterns and out-of-pocket expenditures for outpatient services in Madina Township, Ghana. The study found that only 27.5% of households were enrolled in Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme. Insured patients experienced longer wait times at facilities compared to non-insured patients. Despite the financial protection of insurance, poorer households still incurred significant costs for health care. Household characteristics such as perceived quality, illness severity, and proximity influenced choice of health services used. Socioeconomic status continued to impact health care choices even with the introduction of health insurance. Efforts are needed to improve enrollment in insurance as well as address other barriers to access in order to maximize the benefits of Ghana's health insurance
Barriers to meeting the primary health care information needsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the barriers to meeting the primary health care information needs of rural women in Enugu state, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 107 doctors and nurses, and focus group discussions were held with 108 rural women across 9 local government areas. The study found that government insensitivity to rural needs, women's ignorance about primary health care services, and illiteracy posed significant barriers. It was recommended that more health institutions and personnel be provided in rural areas, and that rural women be educated on the importance of primary health care and available services through mobile health libraries and information materials.
This document analyzes whether universal health coverage (UHC) adequately captures the principles of the human right to health. It identifies seven principles underpinning the right to health - progressive realization, non-discrimination, cost-effectiveness, participatory decision-making, prioritizing the vulnerable, minimum core obligations, and shared responsibility. The document finds that UHC embraces some principles like progressive realization and non-discrimination focused on financial exclusion, but does not clearly encompass participatory decision-making, prioritizing the vulnerable, minimum core obligations, or shared responsibility. It concludes that while UHC moves in the right direction, it does not fully express all norms inherent in the right to health.
This document discusses health for all as a goal and outlines steps needed for universal health coverage in India by 2022. It recommends increasing public health expenditure to at least 3% of GDP, developing a national health package with essential services, strengthening human resources for health, and ensuring access to affordable medicines for all through price controls and expanding the essential drugs list. The goal is to make affordable, quality health services accessible to all Indians.
This document discusses the potential for population-wide interruptions in high-risk sexual behavior to reduce HIV transmission. It argues that if everyone abstained from such behavior for a set period, like the month of Ramadan in Muslim communities, newly infected individuals' viral loads would pass through the acute infection period when they are most infectious. When behavior resumed, infectivity in the population would be lower, reducing HIV incidence. The article calls for modeling such interruptions and considering policy interventions like temporary "safe sex/no sex" campaigns, which could make a significant contribution to prevention efforts.
The SACU revenue that BLNS countries receive is declining substantially, putting pressure on government budgets and expenditures. By 2020, SACU revenues are projected to drop to 4.4% of GDP for Namibia and 2.8% for Botswana. Given the heavy reliance on SACU funds, particularly for health and HIV programs, this decline threatens to reduce funding for critical areas. In both the short and long run, policy options proposed include lobbying for increased donor aid, fiscal restraint, allowing higher deficits, restructuring budgets to rely less on volatile SACU revenues and improving domestic revenue collection.
The document summarizes the current state and future outlook of healthcare in India. It notes that healthcare spending in India is over $18 billion currently and expected to grow to $45 billion by 2012. Several key achievements in public health are highlighted, including the elimination of smallpox and a reduction in mortality rates. The healthcare sector is projected to require investments of $100-140 billion over the next decade. Major drivers of future growth are identified as increased health insurance penetration, a growing disease burden from lifestyle changes, greater preventative care awareness, and employer-provided health services.
Universal health coverage aims to ensure all people can access needed health services without financial hardship. It requires a strong health system that meets priority needs through integrated care, including services for major diseases. It also requires affordability so costs don't create financial hardship, access to essential medicines and technologies, and sufficient health workers. Recognizing the roles of other sectors in health, like transport, is also important to achieving universal coverage.
Universal Health Coverage and Health Insurance - IndiaDr Chetan C P
Presentation is a case about cutting the risk fragmentation and having a universal pool for Health Insurance as one of the tools for achieving UHC in India.
Emerging issues in health care in developing countiresShankar Das
Emerging issues in Health care in developing countries, Shaping a fairer and effective health care delivery, Social determinants of health as urgent imperative, good health at low cost, vicious cycle of poverty and ill-health, Das 2013.
Keller (Bellevue/NYU) - Health and Human Rightsguestc7da32
The document discusses the important roles that physicians can play in promoting health and human rights through advocacy, documentation, education, and policy work. It outlines how physicians have ethical obligations to promote patient and community health, respect human rights, and address social factors that impact health. The document provides examples of how physicians have advocated on issues like access to care, torture treatment, detention conditions, and land mines to fulfill these roles and obligations.
Medicity Hospital is a top tier multispecialty and super specialty hospital located in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra. It has a wide range of medical specialties and services available and is well-equipped with modern technology and equipment. The hospital aims to provide immediate and advanced medical care with a team of experienced doctors and specialists.
Universal Healthcare - Dr. Srinath Reddy Report to Planning CommisionAnup Soans
The document provides an executive summary of the recommendations from the High Level Expert Group on Universal Health Coverage for India. Some key points:
- The group defines Universal Health Coverage as ensuring equitable access for all Indian citizens to affordable, quality health services including promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative care as well as addressing the social determinants of health.
- The state should be primarily responsible for guaranteeing UHC through both direct service provision and enabling other providers, though not necessarily the only provider.
- The recommendations are guided by principles of universality, equity, comprehensive care, financial protection and other factors.
- The vision is for every citizen to be entitled to essential primary
PIH partnered with the Sierra Leone government and a local NGO to respond to the Ebola epidemic across 4 districts. PIH rapidly deployed expatriate clinicians and supplies to 17 health facilities that lacked resources to safely treat patients. PIH aimed to both prevent new Ebola infections and improve patient outcomes. As the epidemic subsides, PIH is working to strengthen the health system and resume regular services while the country faces losing many health workers to Ebola. Lessons from PIH's response can help build resilient health systems in resource-poor settings.
This document summarizes the history of healthcare systems in India, particularly focusing on indigenous Ayurvedic medicine. It discusses that in pre-colonial India, Ayurvedic medicine was practiced through both formal training programs and informal rural practitioners, and knowledge was often passed down within families and castes. Buddhist monks also contributed to the development and spread of Ayurveda. Over time, surgery within Ayurveda declined and was practiced more by barber-surgeons. Tribal communities also played an important role in collecting medicinal plants. The document sets up an analysis of how different healthcare systems gained legitimacy and influence in India over time.
The document outlines several major health problems in India including communicable diseases, nutritional problems, environmental sanitation issues, medical care problems, and population issues. It provides details on specific communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases. Nutritional problems discussed include protein-energy malnutrition, nutritional anemia, low birth weight, and iodine deficiency. Environmental sanitation lacks safe water and proper excreta disposal. Medical care has inadequate funding and uneven distribution of resources. Rapid population growth also exacerbates other health challenges.
The document outlines India's National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE). Key points:
1) NPHCE aims to provide accessible and high-quality healthcare services to India's aging population through community-based primary care and establishing regional geriatric centers.
2) Services include health promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation delivered at sub-centers, PHCs, CHCs, district hospitals and 8 regional geriatric centers.
3) The program strategy involves training healthcare workers, establishing geriatric infrastructure at various levels, and promoting convergence across departments serving elderly populations.
Socio economic differentials in health care seeking behaviour and out-of-pock...Alexander Decker
This study examined health care utilization patterns and out-of-pocket expenditures for outpatient services in Madina Township, Ghana. The study found that only 27.5% of households were enrolled in Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme. Insured patients experienced longer wait times at facilities compared to non-insured patients. Despite the financial protection of insurance, poorer households still incurred significant costs for health care. Household characteristics such as perceived quality, illness severity, and proximity influenced choice of health services used. Socioeconomic status continued to impact health care choices even with the introduction of health insurance. Efforts are needed to improve enrollment in insurance as well as address other barriers to access in order to maximize the benefits of Ghana's health insurance
Barriers to meeting the primary health care information needsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the barriers to meeting the primary health care information needs of rural women in Enugu state, Nigeria. A questionnaire was administered to 107 doctors and nurses, and focus group discussions were held with 108 rural women across 9 local government areas. The study found that government insensitivity to rural needs, women's ignorance about primary health care services, and illiteracy posed significant barriers. It was recommended that more health institutions and personnel be provided in rural areas, and that rural women be educated on the importance of primary health care and available services through mobile health libraries and information materials.
This document analyzes whether universal health coverage (UHC) adequately captures the principles of the human right to health. It identifies seven principles underpinning the right to health - progressive realization, non-discrimination, cost-effectiveness, participatory decision-making, prioritizing the vulnerable, minimum core obligations, and shared responsibility. The document finds that UHC embraces some principles like progressive realization and non-discrimination focused on financial exclusion, but does not clearly encompass participatory decision-making, prioritizing the vulnerable, minimum core obligations, or shared responsibility. It concludes that while UHC moves in the right direction, it does not fully express all norms inherent in the right to health.
This document discusses health for all as a goal and outlines steps needed for universal health coverage in India by 2022. It recommends increasing public health expenditure to at least 3% of GDP, developing a national health package with essential services, strengthening human resources for health, and ensuring access to affordable medicines for all through price controls and expanding the essential drugs list. The goal is to make affordable, quality health services accessible to all Indians.
This document discusses the potential for population-wide interruptions in high-risk sexual behavior to reduce HIV transmission. It argues that if everyone abstained from such behavior for a set period, like the month of Ramadan in Muslim communities, newly infected individuals' viral loads would pass through the acute infection period when they are most infectious. When behavior resumed, infectivity in the population would be lower, reducing HIV incidence. The article calls for modeling such interruptions and considering policy interventions like temporary "safe sex/no sex" campaigns, which could make a significant contribution to prevention efforts.
The SACU revenue that BLNS countries receive is declining substantially, putting pressure on government budgets and expenditures. By 2020, SACU revenues are projected to drop to 4.4% of GDP for Namibia and 2.8% for Botswana. Given the heavy reliance on SACU funds, particularly for health and HIV programs, this decline threatens to reduce funding for critical areas. In both the short and long run, policy options proposed include lobbying for increased donor aid, fiscal restraint, allowing higher deficits, restructuring budgets to rely less on volatile SACU revenues and improving domestic revenue collection.
1) The study examines differences in education, health, and labor outcomes between orphans and non-orphans living in the same households in South Africa, where HIV/AIDS has caused high mortality and many orphaned children.
2) The study finds no statistically significant differences between orphans and non-orphans in the same households across most education, health, and labor outcomes, with a few exceptions. Paternal orphans are more likely to be behind in school.
3) Recent mobility is found to have a positive effect on schooling outcomes, while living with surviving parents leads to better outcomes versus other arrangements like grandparents.
This document summarizes a study examining factors associated with schoolgirl pregnancy and subsequent school dropout in South Africa. It finds that prior school performance, such as grade repetition or temporary withdrawals, is strongly linked to the likelihood of a girl becoming pregnant in school and dropping out if pregnant. Girls who are primary caregivers to their children are more likely to have left school. Living with an adult female increases the chances of returning to school after a pregnancy-related dropout. The relationships between academic performance, adolescent childbearing, and school attendance are complex, with common underlying social and economic factors potentially influencing both.
This study investigated individual and psychosocial factors associated with high educator-learner interactions around HIV/AIDS and sexuality in South Africa. Younger educators and those in lower job categories interacted with learners on these issues more frequently than older colleagues. Favorable interactions were associated with good HIV/AIDS knowledge, personal experience with HIV/AIDS, and low stigmatizing attitudes. However, educators reported a lack of HIV/AIDS training support from the Department of Education. Younger educators also reported higher sexual risk behavior than older educators, undermining their credibility as educators. The findings highlight the need for formal HIV/AIDS training for educators to equip them to provide education and skills to learners.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between experiences of nonconsensual sex and educational outcomes in South Africa. The study uses survey data from 4,100 young people aged 14-24 in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It finds that experiences of nonconsensual sex are associated with lower rates of current school enrollment for both males and females. For females, it also finds these experiences are linked to lower educational attainment and more school delays. Multivariate analysis shows a significant negative relationship between nonconsensual sexual experiences and educational progression among females.
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of the AIDS epidemic. It discusses how AIDS has become one of the most studied diseases and our understanding of its medical and social drivers has deepened over time. However, the impacts are still unfolding over generations and varying significantly between places. While early models predicted severe economic impacts, some hard-hit countries have maintained growth. Understanding the social impacts remains challenging given the epidemic is only 25 years old.
The document discusses challenges in linking health research to policy in Ghana. It describes how the Research and Development Division of the Ghana Health Service used a collaborative approach to build consensus on research priorities related to orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS. Through stakeholder consultations, gaps in understanding this issue were identified and a research study was undertaken to assess the situation of HIV-affected children. The study informed policy by providing evidence on how to best support these children within their communities rather than institutions.
- Child and adolescent marriage is common in many developing countries, with over 30% of girls married by age 18.
- Married adolescent girls have little power to negotiate safe sex and are often in unions with much older husbands, increasing their risk of HIV.
- Data from 29 countries show that the majority (over 80% in most) of sexually active adolescent girls who had unprotected sex recently were married.
- HIV prevalence tends to be higher among married adolescent girls than sexually active unmarried adolescents in some settings, highlighting marriage is not always protective against HIV risk for adolescent girls.
INFRASTRUCTURE Part 2 and 3 SUNIL PANDA TERM 2_f1401e89-c183-4bd2-99d8-0c69f0...SudhanshuPandey969519
The document discusses India's health infrastructure. It begins by defining health and outlining important factors for good health. It then discusses the components of health infrastructure, including hospitals, doctors, nurses, and the pharmaceutical industry. It notes that while infrastructure is important, access is also key. The document outlines India's development of health infrastructure since independence, including expanding basic services and controlling diseases. It also discusses the private health sector's growing role and rural-urban divides. The three-tier system of primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare is explained. Traditional Indian systems of medicine are also summarized.
Health ecosystem achieving impact in community health through public private ...CIRM
This paper discusses how the failure of the public and the private healthcare systems has affected the poor. It also tries to explore the possibility of a financial mechanism like insurance and how it can bring about (from experiences drawn from other countries) the much needed health systems reform. This overall theme is known as the Health ecosystem Concept. This concept visualizes public health system beyond the realm of preventive/promotive care and explores newer avenues for Public-Private Partnership for curative care. In this document, insurance is visualized as not only paying for the curative care of the community but also tries to overcome the systemic errors in the current set up by improving infrastructure, providing incentives for man power and bringing about overall accountability into the system. It also suggests the use of technology to integrate and bring about efficiency in the entire health system and generate essential data in the process for evidence based action.
The document discusses universalizing access to quality primary healthcare in India. It identifies economic barriers and the high cost of treatment as leading causes for poor primary healthcare access. It proposes several solutions such as promoting generic medicines, implementing national health insurance, and increasing the number of medical professionals in rural areas. The proposed solutions aim to make healthcare more affordable and accessible to all citizens of India.
Major health problems in India include communicable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, diarrhea, and acute respiratory infections. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and stroke are also increasing. Nutritional problems involve protein-energy malnutrition, low birth weight, nutritional anemia, and iodine deficiency. Environmental and sanitation problems are multifaceted due to practices like open defecation. Medical problems stem from inadequate infrastructure, resources, and accessibility of services. Rapid population growth also exacerbates many of these issues.
INFLUCENCE OF POLITICS ON HEALTH POLICIES OF INDIA 20-9.pptxsangeetachatterjee10
The document discusses the influence of politics on health policies in India. It outlines several domains of government's role in health development, including leadership and governance, health service delivery, health care financing, and human resource development. It also discusses India's public and private healthcare systems, noting positives like growing facilities but also challenges like uneven quality and rural-urban disparities. It concludes by recommending that governments prioritize health spending and strengthen core public health functions to improve health outcomes and access across India.
World_Bank_Health_15th Finance_Commission.pptxRajat Rai
This document summarizes India's health system and discusses opportunities for improvement. It notes that while India has made progress on health indicators, there are large gaps between states and COVID-19 has exposed weaknesses in the system. It calls for increased public financing through prioritizing health budgets, spending reforms, and intergovernmental reforms focused on equity. Service delivery reforms are also needed through decentralized, context-specific approaches rather than "one-size-fits-all." Investments in public health functions like disease surveillance are important. Overall, the document advocates for a more robust, equitable, and responsive health system aligned with the needs of the 21st century.
This document discusses healthcare in India and proposes ways to make it more affordable and accessible. It notes that healthcare costs are rising and most people rely on private healthcare, while public healthcare is underfunded and understaffed. It analyzes issues like disease burdens, the growth of private sector, health insurance schemes, use of generics, and medical tourism. It recommends increasing public spending on healthcare to at least 5% of GDP, improving infrastructure, enhancing the health workforce, and promoting primary healthcare to achieve universal coverage in an equitable manner.
Health services in developing countriesKailash Nagar
1. The document discusses health services in developing countries, outlining goals of reducing mortality and morbidity, increasing life expectancy, and improving access.
2. It notes that while effective interventions exist, there is widespread underutilization, especially among the poor. Barriers include inadequate resources, poor allocation to primary care, and low quality of services.
3. Both supply- and demand-side factors constrain access. On the demand side, low income, user fees, and other costs limit utilization. Cultural preferences, lack of knowledge, and poor perceived quality also reduce demand.
This document discusses health systems around the world. It defines a health system and describes key metrics for evaluating health systems like life expectancy, infant mortality rate, and access to resources. Developed countries generally have stronger health systems as evidenced by higher rankings on metrics like life expectancy. Barriers to strong health systems in developing countries include lack of funding, resources, and infrastructure as well as issues like corruption and brain drain. The document recommends strategies for improving health systems like increasing funding for primary care, public-private partnerships, and focusing on preventative healthcare and sanitation.
Rashtriya swasthya bima yojna health insurance for the poor - a brief analys...iaemedu
This document provides an overview of the Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY) health insurance scheme in India, which aims to provide health insurance coverage to below poverty line families. It discusses the challenges of access to healthcare in India, including high out-of-pocket costs that push many into poverty each year. Previous government-run health insurance schemes had low enrollment and claims ratios. The document examines the implementation of RSBY in Kerala state through interviews with hospitals and insurers, finding some of the same challenges reported elsewhere, such as with enrollment and fraud. Further research is needed to improve the effectiveness of the program.
- Government health spending in India is very low at just over 1% of GDP, well below what is needed to meet the country's health needs. This has forced many people to rely on private healthcare, leading to high out-of-pocket costs that push many into poverty.
- Reforms are needed such as increasing public health spending to 3-5% of GDP, regulating the private sector, and implementing a universal health coverage program. However, challenges remain due to India's large population, infrastructure weaknesses, and need to balance fiscal priorities.
- Initiatives have been launched such as the National Rural Health Mission and health insurance programs, but more focus is needed on primary care, community participation, and direct
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for applying operations research (O.R.) principles to healthcare systems in emerging countries. It outlines several key issues facing healthcare delivery in these countries, including growing wealth and health disparities between urban and rural areas, increasing rates of non-communicable diseases, lack of health insurance coverage for most populations, and antiquated infrastructure. It then provides examples of how O.R. has been applied to healthcare projects in some low-income countries to improve monitoring, evaluation and resource allocation. Finally, it proposes a roadmap for applying O.R. in emerging country healthcare, focusing on improving access to medical supplies and products, hospital/clinic efficiency, disease prevention programs, public health emergencies, health
The document discusses health care reforms and the evolution of health care systems. It covers objectives of health care reforms such as expanding coverage and access to care. A major goal is providing better health care protection for more people at lower cost. Issues discussed include unequal distribution of health care resources between rural and urban areas, difficulties accessing care due to geographic, socioeconomic and gender factors, and how economic inequality affects health outcomes. The growth of the private health care sector is also addressed as adding to social inequities in access to affordable, quality care.
Covid impact on Indian health system and how does it made a combackUjwalReddyPB
This document provides an overview of India's health system and its performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. It finds that while India has made progress on health indicators, there are large gaps between states. COVID-19 has exposed weaknesses in areas like public health functions, service delivery readiness, urban health systems, and underfunding of health. It argues for increased government health financing, spending reforms, service delivery reforms tailored to each state's needs, and investments in public health to build a stronger health system for the 21st century.
This document discusses India's health care delivery system. It begins by outlining the challenges in reaching the whole population with adequate care and describes how large hospitals failed to meet community needs. It then examines how health status, problems, and available resources are assessed to determine priorities. Key health issues in India include communicable diseases, nutrition, sanitation, medical access, and population growth. The primary health care system aims to make services accessible, affordable, and participatory. It operates on village, sub-centre, and primary health centre levels to deliver basic care.
India aims to provide universal health coverage to its citizens by 2017, but currently relies heavily on private healthcare due to inadequate public services. Most households pay out-of-pocket for medical care, resulting in over 60% of total health expenditures and increased financial hardship. While various government schemes cover portions of the population, only 17% are insured overall. To achieve universal coverage, India must increase public financing to at least 2.5% of GDP, expand infrastructure and the health workforce, and ensure effective implementation and monitoring of health programs across all areas.
India faces several issues in its health sector including a shortage of doctors, inequities between urban and rural access to healthcare, and poor facilities even in large government hospitals. While private providers and hospitals have become major sources of healthcare, rising costs and commercialization have created new problems. However, India also has strengths like lower healthcare costs compared to other nations, world-class facilities, and a variety of medical traditions that it can leverage to grow its healthcare industry and better serve its population.
Health Care Delivery Systems are the organizations that provide services to medical professionals like nurses, doctors, pharmacists, etc. their main aim is to provide health services at lower cost and in higher amount so that these can be made available to a large number of individuals.
Similar to Non utilization of public healthcare facilities examining the reasons through a national study of women in india (20)
Young women in South Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, with infection rates four times higher than young men. Researchers conducted a study examining how poverty, orphanhood, and social isolation relate to risky sexual behaviors. They developed a pilot intervention program to enhance life options for at-risk youth through safe social spaces, financial literacy training, and HIV/AIDS education. Preliminary findings show the intervention was associated with improved knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding self-esteem, finances, and HIV prevention among participants.
1. The document summarizes a case study of an HIV/AIDS impact assessment conducted on a South African contract cleaning company with 500 employees.
2. Key findings include that 31% of employees tested were HIV positive, with the highest levels of infection among women aged 35-40.
3. The estimated average cost to the company for each newly infected employee is 9,007 Rand, which is 63.2% of the average annual salary. However, the overall financial cost of HIV/AIDS to the company is projected to decrease over time from 1999 to 2015.
This document discusses how the conceptualization of HIV as a "long-wave event" needs to be revisited given increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Originally, HIV was seen as involving three curves: an HIV curve, an AIDS curve, and a societal impact curve. However, widespread ART has shifted HIV from a terminal illness to a chronic condition for many. This prompts reconsidering disability as a new form of the second curve, representing transition from HIV infection to HIV-related disability for those on long-term ART. At a population level, experiences of disability are expected to become common for people living with HIV in coming decades, with implications for health and social services.
The document summarizes a project in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa that aims to build assets and reduce vulnerability among youth. It describes the socioeconomic challenges in the region like poverty, unemployment, and HIV. The project uses participatory learning with boys and girls to prepare them for opportunities and risks. Students are randomized into groups receiving different combinations of HIV education, social support, and financial capability training. Evaluations assess changes in knowledge, behaviors, and economic outcomes through surveys, interviews, and diaries. Preliminary findings show improvements in areas like budgeting skills, savings, and social networks.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of a 2007 report titled "Reviewing 'Emergencies' for Swaziland." The report analyzed socioeconomic data to portray the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Swaziland as a humanitarian crisis and call for an emergency response. To evaluate the report's influence, researchers conducted interviews and distributed questionnaires. They found the report initially raised awareness and shifted perceptions of the crisis. In the long-term, it influenced policy by contributing to changes in funding and emergency classifications. While attribution is difficult, the assessment demonstrated research can provide insights into maximizing future impact.
This study investigated the psychosocial and behavioral correlates of attitudes towards antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South African mineworkers. 806 mineworkers at a large South African mine participated. Despite high HIV testing rates and generally favorable attitudes towards ART, temporary employees and contractors were found to be more vulnerable in terms of HIV risk, testing behaviors, and knowledge/attitudes about ART. Employees with more positive ART attitudes had greater ART knowledge and more positive views of the mine's HIV/AIDS treatment program. The findings are discussed in relation to the mine's low ART uptake rates and recommendations are provided.
The document discusses challenges in linking health research to policy in Ghana. It describes how the Research and Development Division of the Ghana Health Service used a collaborative approach to build consensus on research priorities related to orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS. Through stakeholder consultations, gaps in understanding this issue were identified and a research study was undertaken to assess the situation of HIV-affected children. The study informed policy by providing evidence on how to best support these children within their communities rather than institutions. The experience highlights the value of engaging multiple stakeholders to ensure research meets social needs and informs policymaking across sectors.
This document discusses how organizations can act as "boundary organizations" to promote evidence-based policymaking. It uses the Regional Network on AIDS, Livelihoods and Food Security (RENEWAL) as a case study. RENEWAL aims to enhance understanding of the links between HIV/AIDS and food security in Africa. It builds networks between researchers and policymakers to identify policy-relevant research topics and facilitate communication. The document analyzes RENEWAL's experiences networking with South African government officials to encourage use of research evidence in policy. It draws lessons on effective strategies for engaging policymakers and getting research into policy and practice.
1) The document summarizes a report on the impact of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland, which has the highest HIV prevalence rate in the world at 42%.
2) The report used socioeconomic indicators to build a comprehensive picture of how HIV/AIDS has created a humanitarian crisis in Swaziland comparable to a conflict or natural disaster.
3) An evaluation found that the report raised awareness of the crisis and challenged international perceptions of Swaziland as a "middle income country" not requiring significant support for its HIV epidemic.
The document discusses the African Women's Protocol and its potential role in supporting women's reproductive rights and progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Key points:
1) The protocol provides a strong framework for women's reproductive rights in Africa, going beyond other treaties in promoting these rights.
2) However, only 29 of 52 African countries have ratified it so far, and barriers remain to implementing its provisions in national laws and policies.
3) If fully implemented and integrated into legislation, the protocol could help create an enabling environment for women's reproductive rights and support progress on MDGs 3, 5, and 6 relating to gender equality, maternal health, and HIV/AIDS.
- Explicit insurance does not offer a panacea for HIV/AIDS service coverage on its own. Where insurance systems already exist, they can be expanded to include HIV/AIDS services.
- Introducing social health insurance is complicated and will take time to cover all people. The process should not be rushed and existing mechanisms should continue in the meantime. Some people will remain inadequately covered and should not be forgotten.
- Political commitment is indispensable for including HIV services in any coverage mechanism. A political-economy analysis will be useful. Financial feasibility is also key, and external funding may be needed initially before being replaced by government funds over time. Not all people will be able to contribute to insurance schemes
This document provides an overview of mental health promotion initiatives for children and youth in contexts of poverty in South Africa. It discusses:
1) Critical risk influences on early childhood development like poor nutrition, maternal depression, and lack of early childhood services in South Africa and evidence that mental health promotion programs can help mediate these risks.
2) Examples of mental health promotion programs in South Africa that have shown benefits for early childhood development, including a home visitation program and programs to reduce alcohol use in pregnancy.
3) Risk influences on middle childhood development in South Africa and how mental health promotion programs may help mediate risks like poor family environments and schooling.
This document summarizes a study that examined how gender and socioeconomic status interact with peer norms and attitudes to influence sexual risk behaviors among youth in a poor, urban community in South Africa. The study uses a social cognitive approach to measure attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and perceived control related to sexual behavior. It reviews literature on factors that influence HIV risk for South African youth, including socioeconomic status, gender-based violence, and psychosocial factors like peer norms. The findings of this study provide insight into how interventions can address the complex ways gender interacts with these other issues to impact youth sexual health outcomes.
This document discusses the history of AIDS exceptionalism over the past 30 years. It begins by providing background on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting its widespread demographic, economic, and political impacts. It then describes how AIDS exceptionalism originated as a response to the initially frightening nature of the virus and its disproportionate effect on certain groups. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism referred to the unprecedented global response and resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic through organizations like UNAIDS. However, there has also been criticism of AIDS exceptionalism and claims that it receives too much funding compared to other health issues. The document aims to situate this debate in historical context by examining the shifting meaning of exceptionalism over time.
This document summarizes a mixed methods study conducted in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa to design and evaluate an intervention program aimed at improving the health, economic, and social capabilities of adolescents at high risk for HIV/AIDS, teenage pregnancy, and other issues. The intervention incorporated life skills education into the school day and was evaluated using longitudinal surveys, focus groups, and interviews with participants, guardians, and facilitators. The mixed methods approach allowed for iterative improvement of the program and instruments as well as triangulation across data sources. Preliminary results were promising and the Department of Education was interested in scaling up the program.
The document summarizes a program called Siyakha Nentsha in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa that aims to build capabilities among adolescents threatened by HIV/AIDS. It describes the socioeconomic challenges in the region like poverty, unemployment, early pregnancy and school leaving. Research found these factors associated with higher HIV risk behaviors. The program provides evidence-based, multi-session curriculum on HIV prevention, resource management, and future planning to empower participants. Preliminary feedback suggests it improves attitudes, knowledge, aspirations, and agency. The goal is to scale it up through the Department of Education.
This document summarizes findings from a pilot program in South Africa that aimed to address social and economic factors influencing HIV risk among youth. Formative research found that youth living in poverty, lacking social connections, being orphaned, or not enrolled in school were more vulnerable. The pilot program provided weekly sessions for groups of 10-20 youth to reduce social isolation, increase financial literacy, and teach about sexuality/STIs/HIV. Emerging findings showed participants had larger increases than comparisons in discussing contraception, HIV/AIDS, and gender-based violence, and greater improvements in savings behaviors. Participants reported the program was an "eye-opener" and helped them understand health issues not covered in school. Next steps include a full evaluation and
The Siyakha Nentsha program in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa aims to improve the capabilities and well-being of adolescents at high risk for HIV, teenage pregnancy, school dropout, and more. The program was developed using formative research that identified structural factors associated with adolescent HIV risk behaviors such as poverty and lack of social connections. It provides knowledge and skills for pregnancy and HIV prevention, economic empowerment, and social support. Evaluations found that participants had increased discussion of sensitive topics, financial literacy, condom use confidence, and ability to open a bank account compared to non-participants. The program is being considered for scale-up in partnership with the Department of Education.
Swaziland has the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with prevalence among pregnant women rising from 3.9% in 1992 to 42.6% in 2004. Every sector of Swazi society is struggling to cope with the impacts of the epidemic, which include rising mortality, mass orphaning, and declines in agricultural production. The situation has been exacerbated by gender inequality, drought, insufficient financial resources, and a lack of accountable domestic governance and ill-suited policies from international organizations. Without greater support from the Swazi government and international donors, community-led interventions may be undermined.
This document introduces a supplement issue on poverty, HIV, and AIDS in Southern Africa. It notes that over 25 years since AIDS was first reported, it has become one of the most studied diseases in history. However, the social, economic, behavioral, and psychological drivers of HIV spread remain less understood, as do the long-term consequences of increased illness and death in poor communities. While early fears predicted rapid HIV spread outside of Africa, the virus has spread diversely. Some populations have not seen generalized heterosexual epidemics. This supplement aims to provide empirical evidence on vulnerability, associations between poverty, HIV, and AIDS impact through multiple studies and perspectives.
More from ABBA RPC (Addressing the Balance of Burden in HIV/AIDS) (20)