The document discusses various topics related to reforming the United Nations, including: 1. Different models for reforming the UN Security Council, including expanding the number of permanent and non-permanent seats. 2. Pakistan's stance in favor of expanding the number of non-permanent members to increase representation. 3. Challenges facing reforms, such as the risk of undermining the principle of democracy or reducing the UN's ability to act in crises. 4. The need to reinvent the UN's working methods to better respond to complex global challenges of the future.

2. Past Papers
 The United Nations Organization is being side-lined by denying the peace-
making role that legitimately belonged to her. Examine the statement. 2001
 Highlight the factors and forces, which have contributed to sideline the
United Nations Organization in terms of its peace and security role 2003
 The UN Security Council is regarded as a tool for the veto wielding powers
and a debating forum for non permanent members. Make a case for
restructuring the Council with special emphasis on judicious distribution of
veto power. 2006
 If India is granted permanent seat in Security Council; what can be the
options available to Pakistan to manage the Indian hegemony in South Asia?
2011
 Substantiate Pakistan’s role in UN peace keeping missions 2014

3. Historical Retrospect
 Kant’s vision of ‘perpetual peace, a philosophical sketch’
(1795)
 Idea of a league to promote peace between states
 Republican constitutions
 Argued for the establishment of a peaceful world
community
 No secret treaty of peace having seeds of future war
 No independent states, large or small, shall come under
the dominion of another state
 Standing armies shall in time be totally abolished
The Geneva Convention- 1864 -The Concert of Europe (1814-
15) -
 Roosevelt was the first to call for an international league

5. League of Nations
 The League of Nations was an international organization
 When & Where
 The League was established by Part I of the Treaty of
Versailles on 28 June 1919
 It came into force on 10 January 1920, after WW-I
 headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland,
 Raison d’etre:
 provides a forum for resolving international disputes
 44 states signed the Covenant

6. League of Nations
 Gen. Assembly (representing all member states with 1 vote)
 Executive Council (with membership limited to major
powers), and
 a permanent Secretariat
 Member states were expected to;
 Ensure territorial integrity of other members
 Promote peace as against external aggression
 Disarm "to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety

7. League of Nations
 All states were required to submit complaints for arbitration
or judicial inquiry before going to war.
 The Executive Council would create a Permanent Court of
International Justice to make judgments on the disputes.
 League held its first council meeting in Paris on 16 January 1920
 On 1 November 1920, the headquarters of the League was
moved from London to Geneva
 the first General Assembly was held on 15 November 1920

8. Structure & Functions
 The League’s main organs were
 Assembly of all members
 Council made up of five permanent members and four
rotating members
 International Court of Justice
 Guarantee territorial integrity & pol independence of states
 The Covenant authorized the League to
 take any action to safeguard the peace
 establish procedures for arbitration, and
 create the mechanisms for economic and military sanctions.

9. League of Nations (Mandate)
 It was the first worldwide intergovernmental organization
 Principal mission was to maintain world peace.
 Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant
 Preventing wars
 Collective security
 Disarmament
 Settling int disputes through negotiation and arbitration

10. League of Nations (Mandate)
 Other issues in the treaties included
 labour conditions
 human and drug trafficking and arms trade
 global health
 prisoners of war, and
 protection of minorities.
 At its greatest extent from 1934 to 1935, it had 58 members

11. The Idea of Collective Security
 Article 16 of the Covenant of the League
 The members agreed to leave other states alone
 In a dispute, two sides were to refrain from war for3 months
while the League looked for a solution
 If one party turned out to be the aggressor, all League
members were required to break all ties
 If that could not work, Council could recommend mil. actions
 The notion of collective security failed due to;
1. Defining what the ‘Aggression’ is
2. Forcing members to be with Council for applying sanctions
3. Contribution for finances and military

12. Critical Analysis
 Wilson’s insistence to link covenant with treaty was a blunder
 Over time, treaty was discredited as unenforceable, short-
sighted, or too extreme in its provisions
 The League failed either to enforce or revise it
 The Treaty of Versailles contained the seeds of war in it
 USA never opted as a member (Absence of Big Powers)
 Domination Of France and England
 Rise of Dictatorship
 Limitations of Legal Methods (Lack of compliance, poor
enforcement mechanism)

13. Critical Analysis
 Loss of Faith In League (Teeth less Org)
 Lack of Mutual Co-Operation
 The League lacked its own armed force
 Depended on the victorious Great Powers of World War I
 to enforce its resolutions
 keep to its economic sanctions
 provide an army when needed
 The Great Powers were often reluctant to do so
 Ineffective Sanction regime; could hurt League members, so
they were reluctant to comply with them

15. United Nations
 The Rise of the UN
 Franklin D Roosevelt influenced by Wilson’s idealism wanted
to rectify the failures of League
 He got Churchill and Stalin on his side
 Truman continues the campaign for the UN during WW-II
 This time America was the most enthusiastic supporter
 The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally
represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization
 In 24 Oct 1945 - established with the aim of preventing future
wars with its Charter
 At its founding, UN had 51 member states; there are now 193

16. The Structure
 The structure of the UN is very much like the League
General Assembly meets every fall - all nations have one vote
 Member States are represented to discuss int issues
 Significant role in the process of standard-setting and the
codification of international law
 Empowered to make recommendations to States on
international issues within its competence
 It has power to recommend only

17. The Structure

19. United Nations
 Security Council; can meet any time to preserve peace
 Primary responsibility for maintenance of int. peace & security
 It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members)
 Each Member has one vote
 Each of the five can veto any of the resolution
 10 non-permanent members are elected by GA for two-year term
 All member States to comply with Council decisions
 Takes lead in determining existence of a threat or act of aggression
A Secretariat to run the organization
 A SG is elected by the GA for renewable 5-year term
 The bureaucratic administration of day to day affairs of the UN

20. UN: Successes & Failures
 A cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq War
 The independence of Namibia
 The end of the civil wars in Angola, Cambodia and El Salvador
 MDGs and SDGs
 Poverty alleviation, child protection, and women empowerment
 Climate change
 Human rights protection
 Refugees management
 Scientific, cultural and human development

21. UN: Successes & Failures
 In human development during the 20th century ,the UN and its
agencies certainly helped the world become a more hospitable
and livable place for millions
 Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author
Stanley Meisler writes that "the United Nations never fulfilled the
hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal
nevertheless" citing its role in decolonization and its many
successful peacekeeping efforts
 British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization
has suffered some major setbacks,"when all its aspects are
considered, UN has brought great benefits to our generation”

22. Dilemma with the UN
 The Kashmir Issue- 1947 to date
 The Palestine Issue-1947 to date
 The Korean War- 1950-54 and Korean Peninsula today
 Rwanda massacres
 Somalia Famine and civil war
 First Iraq War
 Bosnia-Herzegovina massacre and the Serbs

23. UN– Only hope and refuge for many
 Vision of a world at peace based on active international partnership
and solidarity (Antonio Guterres and Donald Trump case)
 Trump’s beliefs and policies: to deconstruct UN & multilateral regimes
 Europe, anchor of multilateralism is in disarray
 Best leader Merkel, is on the way out, a victim of the refugee crisis
 UK: deeply divided & distracted by a colossal mess of its own making
 Macron is confronted with serious domestic political challenges
 Racism, anti-semitism and fascism are on the rise across Europe
 BRICS - once viewed as a counterweight to the old US-dominated
Western alliance has had to scale down its global ambitions

24. UN– Only hope and refuge for many
 The United Nations stands at a crossroads
 UN is sidelined but remains indispensable
 May not have been able to prevent & resolve man-made catastrophes
 But in some situations it saved hundreds of thousands of lives
 In this time of upheaval (pandemic & climate change) debate over
how to reform and strengthen UN is more relevant than ever
 Unlike its predecessor, LN - it endured, and in its 75yrs as the largest
and most representative global multilateral institution, it recorded
many successes
 UN is bedeviled by a numerous challenges - gross underfunding,
bloated bureaucracy, disunity, and geopolitical rivalry among the
permanent members of the Security Council
 These issues weaken its effectiveness and undermine its relevance

25. Analysis
Are these five really most important or powerful countries in world?
 Germany & Japan have overtaken UK and France in terms of
economy
 India; rising power demanded permanent seat
 Russia and China are struggling to stand firmly
 Latin America, and Africa, have no permanent membership
 Who is to decide which nations can keep the peace?
 Why any major country should have a veto power over the will of
the majority?
 The veto could render the SC toothless but would keep the big
powers talking instead of leaving
 The veto system has kept the UN alive but the price for holding the
system together is its powerlessness to resolve many disputes
 Problem - No mechanism for adding new permanent SC members

26. Reforming the UN
 Cold War - US and USSR accused UN of favoring the other
 Unilateral actions were preferred over multilateral solutions
 UN charter continues to preserve primacy of the major powers
 It tramples on legitimate aspirations of the weak
 Bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption
 Demands for System-wide reform and Security Council reform
 Restructuring SC - Comprehensive and meaningful reforms
 Democratic, transparent & accountable structure & functioning

27. Reforming the UN
 Process of institutional change and transformation
 Strengthen GA -reflects common conscience of Int. Community
 Little consensus on how to do so
 Some want UN to play more effective role in world affairs
 Others want its role reduced to humanitarian work
 Calls for UN Security Council's membership to be increased
 Intergovernmental Negotiations Framework
 Full-scale negotiations to reform SC began in GA in Feb 2009
 Areas - veto, regional representation, membership, working
methods of council & relationship with GA

28. Reforming the UN
 Underserved by global financial architecture
 Reforms needed for democratization of global eco governance
 Chance to re-imagine global financing frameworks
 Reform of macroeconomic and financing mechanisms –SDG
 Create communities fit for challenges of future ‘ from infectious
diseases to climate crisis & eco shocks
 Kofi Annan - Razali Plan (2004) proposed enlarging the SC
 3 stage plan to reform the SC by increasing membership from
15 to 24
 Adding 5 new permanent members (without veto power)
 Four new non-permanent member
 New SC will have to be endorsed by a two-thirds majority from
over 190 members of the UN
 Veto-bearing permanent members of SC will have to pass the

29. Reforming UN
Model A
 Increase in permanent seats 5 -11 non-permanent seats 10-13
G 4 States (Equitable representation)
 Brazil, Germany, India and Japan lobby for Model A as it serves
their long-standing aspirations and attempts to secure
permanent membership and consequently to play a bigger role
in world affairs.
If either one is rejected, the other 3 won’t accept the offer

30. Reforming the UN
Model B
 Retains current 5 permanent & 10 non-permanent seats, suggests
creation of 9 semi-permanent with a renewable term of 4 years
Coffee Club / UFC (Uniting for Consensus)
Leading brains - Pakistan and Italy
 Pakistan's stand only stemmed from concept that expansion of
UNSC must not be country-specific, should not create new centres
of privilege and must be made by consensus among UN members

31. Pak Stance Reforming the UN
 Pak stance - expansion of non-permanent members in SC (10-
21)
 To ensure equitable representation of the UN’s 193 members
 Allow all large, medium and smaller states
 Especially from Africa, Asia and LA — to have a say in decision-
making
 Underrepresented and complain of having no say in key int
issues
 30 UN members support expansion only in non-permanent
category
 China also backs this proposal
 Enhance the balance between the P5 & non-permanent
members

32. Reforming the UN
 Expanding SC means making UN less able to act in crisis
needing immediate collective response
 It will be like going back to the League of Nations and its
incapacities
 It will be an acceptance of a multi-polar world, going ideally
horizontal but losing the realistic vertical system that delivered
 Undermine the principle of Democracy – periodic election
 In a multi-polar world, with its proliferation of regional rivalries,
will not be able to agree on a region-based new permanent
membership
 Pakistan opposed Indian proposal - additional permanent seats
would reduce opportunities for representation of the wider UN
membership
 New centers of privilege - difficulties of securing expeditious and

34. Reforming the UN
 To respond extremely complex and multidimensional challenges
 By 2030 - 9 billion people inhabiting a crowded and tired Planet
 Weapons manufacturers continue to profit from the business of death
 We are facing implosions of fragile States - mass atrocities
 Reinvent working methods for agile, responsive & accountable
UN
 75 yro old System does not fully deliver on purpose of Charter
 Past SG’s and the current one launched ground breaking initiatives at
reform, improve and perfect doctrines and operational capabilities
 UN is undercut by realpolitik, super powers and regional powers
relationships. UN Senior Leadership is blameless
 States having capacity & willingness to take on major
responsibilities should hold seats – Expanded SC

35. The UN Peace and Security Architecture
 UN Peace and Security Architecture is under severe stress
 More than 100,000 armed personnel deployed in 14 Missions (Africa)
 This accounts to less than 0.5% of the world military expenditures
 Western leaders protest over core costs of UN and its Peace Operations
 The US$8 billion UN Peace-Keeping budget
 Pale against billions of $ in weapons transactions from Western
democracies to totalitarian KSA and the Gulf states
 Mediations, shuttle diplomacy, cease-fires and observer missions
 Peacekeeping evolved into peace enforcement and robust protection of
civilian in armed conflicts; from being mere unarmed or non-combatant
forces, the UN and/or regional organizations, authorized by the SC, at
times are mandated to use robust force to challenge armed groups, as in
Congo and Mali

36. The UN Peace and Security Architecture
 Impoverished UN tries to do is secure a tiny safe area to ensure that
humanitarian supplies reaching the war torn country
 Failures and betrayals when realpolitik and narrowly defined nat interests
paralyzed the UN
 UN – an org with human beings with virtues and flaws, even when
individually equipped with exceptional qualifications and wisdom, was
not always capable to anticipate, prevent, mediate and end conflicts
 Afghanistan, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Yemen are crying examples

37. Pakistan’s Blue Helmets
 Takes its inspiration from policy statement of Jinah - Pakistan
wants peace with all nations of the world
 Pak contribution to UN peacekeeping duties -cornerstone of FP
 For a small nation in terms of power potential, participation in
UN peacekeeping missions provides a suitable presence on the
int arena
 A soft way of portraying country’s image as a responsible UN
member
 It provided Army a useful way to showcase skills in positive
manner
 Missions provide great international exposure
 Work with multinational forces and staffs and learn latest skills in
conflict management and post conflict stabilisation operations
 Pakistan -longest-serving and largest contributors to UN

38. Pakistan’s Blue Helmets
 Participation in peacekeeping duties- positive impact on regional
level
 Pak & India amicably operated together on UN peacekeeping
missions
 Pak, as a nation, have a strong urge to help other nations in
times of crisis, irrespective of religion and creed
 Countries that provide peacekeepers receive remuneration from
UN
 Pakistan always relied on her own equipment and assets
 Even in times of crisis, when we were fighting terrorism and
rooting out insurgency on our Western border while engaged
with India on the East, we have fulfilled our peacekeeping
obligations
 Kinds of operations - peace enforcement & stability operations,

39. Pak Peacekeeping Efforts
Pakistan’s first UN peacekeeping mission -1960 in Congo
 Pakistan has deployed peacekeepers in virtually every continent
 200,000 Pak soldiers participated in 60 missions in 28 countries
 Pak still has 7,000 personnel in 9 countries -part of 14 UN
missions
 Ongoing missions - Central African Republic
 Pakistan lost 157 personnel and 24 officers martyred
 During efforts to restore peace and stability in most turbulent
regions
 Pakistani women are also making their mark on UN peace
missions
 Pak achieved the UN goal of sending 15 per cent female staff
officers
 Nearly 450 Pak women are serving in various countries across

40. Reform Agenda of UN
 UNSG made reform proposals to since the beginning of his term
2017
 UN has made sweeping changes in the following areas
 2030 Agenda: no sustainable development without peace – vice versa
 Saving Humanity from the scourge of war - prevention, is among the
most fundamental charter obligations
 It resides in the raison d’être of the organization

42. UN 2023 World Summit - Inclusive Global Governance
 https://www.un.org/pga/75/wp-content/uploads/sites/100/2021/03/Letter-PGA-
VS.pdf
 https://www.stimson.org/2021/beyond-un75-a-roadmap-for-inclusive-
networked-effective-global-governance/
 https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2020-07-18/secretary-
generals-nelson-mandela-lecture-%E2%80%9Ctackling-the-inequality-
pandemic-new-social-contract-for-new-era%E2%80%9D-delivered
 https://www.passblue.com/2021/06/21/making-the-un-more-relevant-in-the-
next-25-years-is-within-our-reach/

43.  https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils/gl
obal-memos/un-turns-seventy-five-
heres-how-make-it-relevant-again
 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/
world/2021-03-18/world-still-needs-un
 https://www.theguardian.com/comment
isfree/2013/sep/08/dont-sideline-un-
security-council