Nitration involves reacting benzene with a nitrating mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid to produce nitrobenzene. The reaction proceeds in three steps: 1) generation of the electrophilic nitronium ion NO2+ from nitric acid, 2) attack of the nitronium ion on the nucleophilic aromatic benzene ring, and 3) proton transfer to regenerate the aromatic ring structure with a nitro group substituted. A key aspect is that the nitro group can later be reduced to a primary amino group using reducing agents like nickel, platinum, or palladium in the presence of hydrogen gas.

1. Nitration
Prepared by .-R.M. shelake
Asst. Prof.
Sojar college of pharmacy khandvi

2. Introduction
• When benzene reacts with nitrating
mixture that is conc. nitric acid &
conc. sulphuric acid then it gives
nitrobenzene

3. Mechanism involved in Nitration reaction
Step 1: Generation of Nitronium ion(NO2+)

4. Step2. Attack of the nitronium ion (an electrophile )on
the the aromatic ring(a nucleophile)

5. Step 3.proton transfer regenerates the aromatic ring.

6. Note: A particular value of nitration is that the nitro group can be
reduced to primary amino group in the presence of reducing
agent like Ni/Pt/Pd and H2