This presentation compares the performance of a central plant using the CPECS (Central Plant Energy Control System) optimized control logic versus two cases of conventional control logic:
1) Constant speed condenser water pumping and cooling towers attempting to achieve a wet bulb temperature plus 10 degrees Fahrenheit. Using this approach, the plant kW/ton was 0.97-1.06 compared to 0.54-0.57 kW/ton using CPECS.
2) Constant speed condenser water pumping and towers maintaining a 78 degree water temperature. In this case, the plant kW/ton was 0.87-0.94 using conventional controls compared to 0.54-0.57 kW/ton using CPE
This document provides an overview and summary of Smardt chillers and their use of Turbocor compressors. Some key points:
- Smardt chillers use Turbocor centrifugal compressors which have magnetic bearings, variable speed drives, and digital controls for high efficiency.
- Turbocor compressors come in different models from 60-1200 tons capacity and can be used individually or in parallel configurations for larger chillers.
- Smardt is able to provide a wide range of chiller sizes and configurations by pairing different numbers and models of Turbocor compressors.
- Features like oil-free operation, variable speed control, and intelligent digital controls
The document discusses basic design practices for transformer cooling. It describes how heat generated in transformers needs to be dissipated to prevent high temperatures that accelerate aging. Both passive cooling systems using natural convection and active systems using fans or pumps are discussed. The key factors in transformer cooling system design are minimizing temperature, maximizing heat transfer area, and increasing fluid flow rates and temperature differences. Both radiator and cooler style heat exchangers are addressed.
Comparetion vrv daikin & york digital scroll r1 v.2003Vee Amnattham
- The document compares Daikin's inverter technology used in its VRV and York Digital Scroll (YDS) systems. It discusses how Daikin has used inverter technology since 1982 and how it provides higher efficiency and performance compared to traditional loading/unloading systems.
- Details are provided on the digital scroll compressor used in YDS and how inverter control allows for smooth capacity control to closely match loads, improving efficiency. Charts show the YDS has a higher COP and uses less space than VRV systems.
- Additional advantages of the YDS include lower electrical costs, reduced noise from indoor units, simpler piping, and easier installation and maintenance.
LG VRF MULTI V - AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM. Got ASHRAE Innovation Award and got Largest patents in this segment.
It has various model apt to all type of requirements.
The TeleSensor is an external liquid level transmitter that uses a force balance principle to measure liquid levels in tanks. It has a flange that mounts to the outside of tanks and a diaphragm that senses the hydrostatic pressure from the liquid height. This pressure is converted to a proportional 4-20 mA electrical or pneumatic output signal. It can interface with indicators or controllers to monitor levels remotely. The system is largely unaffected by temperature and immune to drift, making it suitable for applications requiring accurate and reliable level measurement.
The document describes water-cooled chiller units featuring oil-free turbocor compressors that use R1234ze refrigerant. The units offer high energy efficiency with class A EER up to 5.98 and excellent performance at full and partial loads with ESEER up to 9.87. They provide a green cooling solution utilizing a refrigerant with low global warming potential.
Dekon , onf of the professional supplier and exporter for VRF system in China. Have exported to more than 30 different countries our products. Dekon vrf system brief introduction here just brief intro of our products DRV, any more info needed, pls visit us at dekon-china.com or chinavrf.com
Pneumatic Products BAP desiccant dryer purifiers are designed to provide a continuous supply of clean, safe breathing air from your existing compressed air system.
This document provides an overview and summary of Smardt chillers and their use of Turbocor compressors. Some key points:
- Smardt chillers use Turbocor centrifugal compressors which have magnetic bearings, variable speed drives, and digital controls for high efficiency.
- Turbocor compressors come in different models from 60-1200 tons capacity and can be used individually or in parallel configurations for larger chillers.
- Smardt is able to provide a wide range of chiller sizes and configurations by pairing different numbers and models of Turbocor compressors.
- Features like oil-free operation, variable speed control, and intelligent digital controls
The document discusses basic design practices for transformer cooling. It describes how heat generated in transformers needs to be dissipated to prevent high temperatures that accelerate aging. Both passive cooling systems using natural convection and active systems using fans or pumps are discussed. The key factors in transformer cooling system design are minimizing temperature, maximizing heat transfer area, and increasing fluid flow rates and temperature differences. Both radiator and cooler style heat exchangers are addressed.
Comparetion vrv daikin & york digital scroll r1 v.2003Vee Amnattham
- The document compares Daikin's inverter technology used in its VRV and York Digital Scroll (YDS) systems. It discusses how Daikin has used inverter technology since 1982 and how it provides higher efficiency and performance compared to traditional loading/unloading systems.
- Details are provided on the digital scroll compressor used in YDS and how inverter control allows for smooth capacity control to closely match loads, improving efficiency. Charts show the YDS has a higher COP and uses less space than VRV systems.
- Additional advantages of the YDS include lower electrical costs, reduced noise from indoor units, simpler piping, and easier installation and maintenance.
LG VRF MULTI V - AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM. Got ASHRAE Innovation Award and got Largest patents in this segment.
It has various model apt to all type of requirements.
The TeleSensor is an external liquid level transmitter that uses a force balance principle to measure liquid levels in tanks. It has a flange that mounts to the outside of tanks and a diaphragm that senses the hydrostatic pressure from the liquid height. This pressure is converted to a proportional 4-20 mA electrical or pneumatic output signal. It can interface with indicators or controllers to monitor levels remotely. The system is largely unaffected by temperature and immune to drift, making it suitable for applications requiring accurate and reliable level measurement.
The document describes water-cooled chiller units featuring oil-free turbocor compressors that use R1234ze refrigerant. The units offer high energy efficiency with class A EER up to 5.98 and excellent performance at full and partial loads with ESEER up to 9.87. They provide a green cooling solution utilizing a refrigerant with low global warming potential.
Dekon , onf of the professional supplier and exporter for VRF system in China. Have exported to more than 30 different countries our products. Dekon vrf system brief introduction here just brief intro of our products DRV, any more info needed, pls visit us at dekon-china.com or chinavrf.com
Pneumatic Products BAP desiccant dryer purifiers are designed to provide a continuous supply of clean, safe breathing air from your existing compressed air system.
This document provides an overview of VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume) air conditioning systems. It defines VRV and describes its concept of varying refrigerant volume to indoor units for flexible capacity control. The document outlines the VRVIII range, which includes 14 outdoor unit models with capacities from 6.4 to 29 tons. It also describes the extensive line of indoor units that can be connected. The document discusses VRVIII features like extended piping lengths up to 1000m, high external static pressure tolerance, and low sound levels. It notes VRVIII systems' environmental benefits such as high efficiency, use of an ozone-friendly refrigerant, and compliance with RoHS directives. The document outlines individual and centralized controller options
This document provides information on a commercial VRF range for 2014, including:
- Outdoor units can connect up to 48HP with 3 modules and a maximum of 64 indoor units.
- Indoor unit options include cassettes, floor/ceiling units, ducted units, walls splits, and more.
- Outdoor units can operate from -15°C to +46°C in cooling mode and -15°C to +24°C in heating mode.
- The document discusses outdoor unit dimensions, sound levels, backup functions, installation details, controls, and building management system integration options.
This document provides an overview of variable refrigerant volume (VRV/VRF) systems. It discusses the history and development of VRV technology, the main components and types of VRF systems, major manufacturers and distributors, and the benefits of VRF systems compared to other HVAC options. Some key benefits highlighted include independent zone control, energy efficiency savings, flexibility of design, ease of installation, and low maintenance requirements. The document also provides tips on communicating the benefits of VRF systems to contractors and clients to help sell these systems.
Water cooled centrifugal chillers. An exceptionally energy efficient water-cooled chiller range featuring oil-free Turbocor compressors with еconomizers, flooded evaporators and offering a green, low-GWP R1234ze refrigerant. A vast range of Powerstream Turbo models and options provides exibility, tailored precisely to the customer requirements allowing to design truly ecient cooling solutions for
every application.
Powerstream Turbo has been designed for year-round mission-critical service. In a 24/7 world, keeping facilities up and running is critical, and we paid special attention to control
and monitoring functionality, as well as to operational reliability and ease of maintenance. Due to its excellent eciency at part-load conditions, Powerstream Turbo is an excellent
economy solution for applications where the heat load is not constant and/or expected to grow. The synergy of modern technology, eciency and reliability enables Powerstream
Turbo to be used in the most demanding applications.
This document summarizes an air-cooled screw chiller system offered by Kriscool ranging from 30-560 tons cooling capacity. It has 57 models with modular v-frame design using energy efficient screw compressors, shell and tube heat exchangers, and electronic expansion valves for precise temperature control. The chillers offer high efficiency, low sound, and easy maintenance with optional hot water. Installation, service, and technical support is also provided.
This Dairy Toolkit from Danfoss shown energy saving technologies and its application in dairy industries. It was used in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ NEEP Programme.
1) The document introduces an enhanced lineup of 3 types of VRV heat pump systems - High-COP, Standard, and Space Saving - with improved energy efficiency and installation flexibility.
2) Key features of the new VRV systems are highlighted, including higher COP, variable refrigerant temperature control for optimized energy efficiency, longer piping lengths, and increased connection capacity.
3) Variable refrigerant temperature technology is explained, allowing automatic adjustment of refrigerant temperature to match changing cooling loads, reducing energy consumption compared to fixed temperature systems.
PM-VRV10YR - 10yrs of VRV in North America (08-15)Holly Green
Daikin has had a growing presence in the North American HVAC market for 10 years with their VRV technology. Some key points:
- Daikin acquired Goodman Manufacturing in 2012 for $3.7 billion, expanding their North American manufacturing and distribution.
- They have installed over 10,000 VRV systems representing over 100 million square feet across various building types.
- Daikin has invested heavily in developing VRV technology and standards, establishing local manufacturing, and contractor training programs to support growth in North America.
- VRV provides a flexible and scalable solution for both heating and cooling across a wide range of commercial building applications.
The document discusses several case studies of VRV heat pump installations in the United States. It describes projects like a 7,000 square foot installation at BlueHole Lodge in 2001, and renovations at Owensboro Christian Church and Daviess County Learning Center in Kentucky in the 2000s using Daikin VRV systems. It also summarizes installations at facilities like a Hilton Garden Inn in Texas, Staybridge Suites in Irving TX, and the Santa Fe A-Lofts hotel in Dallas.
This document provides information about hydrogen generation at Simhadri power plant. It discusses the need for hydrogen as a cooling medium, and then outlines the various technologies used to produce hydrogen on-site through alkaline electrolysis. The key components of the electrolysis process are described, including rectifiers, electrolyzer cells, gas holders, compressors, and purification equipment. Safety aspects and statutory requirements are also covered at a high level.
SPX Flow, under the Pneumatic Products brand, manufactures single and twin tower desiccant dryers designed to remove water vapor from natural gas. The skid mounted units also include particulate and coalescing filters that capture solid contaminants to a submicron level.
This document discusses Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning systems. It was invented by Daikin in 1982 under the name VRV, though other companies call it VRF. VRF allows one outdoor unit to serve multiple indoor units. It adjusts cooling and heating by varying the refrigerant flow and compressor speed. VRF systems use less energy and space than traditional split systems. While the upfront cost is higher, operating costs are lower. VRF systems can simultaneously heat and cool with heat recovery models. Major brands selling VRF in India include Daikin, Blue Star, Voltas, Mitsubishi, Carrier, Hitachi, LG and Samsung.
Neil Hitching, Southern Area Sales Manager for Toshiba Air Conditioning, provided an overview of Toshiba's products and support services. Key highlights included their new SHRMi heat recovery VRF system, which offers industry-leading energy efficiency through simultaneous heating and cooling. Toshiba also discussed their compressor and control innovations that allow for more granular temperature control and higher efficiencies. Their extensive support network and tools were highlighted as helping customers with selection, commissioning, and ongoing technical assistance.
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
VAV Boxes is a solution to control Comfort for independent zones, but this solution hiding a lot of challenges, in this presentation we share with you our solutions to ensure the ultimate comfort
Jeff Johnson will provide training on GeoSystems' new geothermal heat pump product lines, the ECONAR Cold Climate and GeoSource High Efficiency. The training will cover the new cabinet designs, components, and control systems, including installation of circulating pumps, thermistor inputs, and operating the control interface. The technical update aims to familiarize trainees with the new product offerings and review installation and operation.
Adicomp is an Italian company that designs and manufactures compressor packages for air and gas compression. They offer packages with capacities up to 6000 Nm3/h and pressures from 3.5 to 25 bar(g). Adicomp packages can be used for applications like gas gathering, boosting, and transmission. They provide complete systems including compressors, cooling, controls, and other accessories. Adicomp has installed over 2000 units in 62 countries since 1998.
The document provides an overview of the operation and maintenance activities at the Pirana substation. It discusses:
1) The key equipment at the Pirana substation including 400/220kV transmission lines, transformers, reactors, and GETCO substations connected.
2) Training and maintenance activities undertaken by the author including commissioning of a Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection system, relay testing, equipment repairs and inspections.
3) Operating principles and maintenance of key substation equipment such as circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage transformers, surge arresters and isolators.
The document discusses innovations in 3-phase UPS technology and energy storage. It describes new inverter topologies like 4-level inverters and hybrid inverters that improve efficiency. It also discusses the new ECOnversion mode that provides near double conversion performance at near ECO mode efficiency of 98-99%. The document then covers the use of lithium-ion battery technology which reduces footprint and weight while increasing available energy storage and battery life. These innovations help reduce operating expenses through higher efficiencies and less maintenance needs.
This document provides an overview of VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume) air conditioning systems. It defines VRV and describes its concept of varying refrigerant volume to indoor units for flexible capacity control. The document outlines the VRVIII range, which includes 14 outdoor unit models with capacities from 6.4 to 29 tons. It also describes the extensive line of indoor units that can be connected. The document discusses VRVIII features like extended piping lengths up to 1000m, high external static pressure tolerance, and low sound levels. It notes VRVIII systems' environmental benefits such as high efficiency, use of an ozone-friendly refrigerant, and compliance with RoHS directives. The document outlines individual and centralized controller options
This document provides information on a commercial VRF range for 2014, including:
- Outdoor units can connect up to 48HP with 3 modules and a maximum of 64 indoor units.
- Indoor unit options include cassettes, floor/ceiling units, ducted units, walls splits, and more.
- Outdoor units can operate from -15°C to +46°C in cooling mode and -15°C to +24°C in heating mode.
- The document discusses outdoor unit dimensions, sound levels, backup functions, installation details, controls, and building management system integration options.
This document provides an overview of variable refrigerant volume (VRV/VRF) systems. It discusses the history and development of VRV technology, the main components and types of VRF systems, major manufacturers and distributors, and the benefits of VRF systems compared to other HVAC options. Some key benefits highlighted include independent zone control, energy efficiency savings, flexibility of design, ease of installation, and low maintenance requirements. The document also provides tips on communicating the benefits of VRF systems to contractors and clients to help sell these systems.
Water cooled centrifugal chillers. An exceptionally energy efficient water-cooled chiller range featuring oil-free Turbocor compressors with еconomizers, flooded evaporators and offering a green, low-GWP R1234ze refrigerant. A vast range of Powerstream Turbo models and options provides exibility, tailored precisely to the customer requirements allowing to design truly ecient cooling solutions for
every application.
Powerstream Turbo has been designed for year-round mission-critical service. In a 24/7 world, keeping facilities up and running is critical, and we paid special attention to control
and monitoring functionality, as well as to operational reliability and ease of maintenance. Due to its excellent eciency at part-load conditions, Powerstream Turbo is an excellent
economy solution for applications where the heat load is not constant and/or expected to grow. The synergy of modern technology, eciency and reliability enables Powerstream
Turbo to be used in the most demanding applications.
This document summarizes an air-cooled screw chiller system offered by Kriscool ranging from 30-560 tons cooling capacity. It has 57 models with modular v-frame design using energy efficient screw compressors, shell and tube heat exchangers, and electronic expansion valves for precise temperature control. The chillers offer high efficiency, low sound, and easy maintenance with optional hot water. Installation, service, and technical support is also provided.
This Dairy Toolkit from Danfoss shown energy saving technologies and its application in dairy industries. It was used in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ NEEP Programme.
1) The document introduces an enhanced lineup of 3 types of VRV heat pump systems - High-COP, Standard, and Space Saving - with improved energy efficiency and installation flexibility.
2) Key features of the new VRV systems are highlighted, including higher COP, variable refrigerant temperature control for optimized energy efficiency, longer piping lengths, and increased connection capacity.
3) Variable refrigerant temperature technology is explained, allowing automatic adjustment of refrigerant temperature to match changing cooling loads, reducing energy consumption compared to fixed temperature systems.
PM-VRV10YR - 10yrs of VRV in North America (08-15)Holly Green
Daikin has had a growing presence in the North American HVAC market for 10 years with their VRV technology. Some key points:
- Daikin acquired Goodman Manufacturing in 2012 for $3.7 billion, expanding their North American manufacturing and distribution.
- They have installed over 10,000 VRV systems representing over 100 million square feet across various building types.
- Daikin has invested heavily in developing VRV technology and standards, establishing local manufacturing, and contractor training programs to support growth in North America.
- VRV provides a flexible and scalable solution for both heating and cooling across a wide range of commercial building applications.
The document discusses several case studies of VRV heat pump installations in the United States. It describes projects like a 7,000 square foot installation at BlueHole Lodge in 2001, and renovations at Owensboro Christian Church and Daviess County Learning Center in Kentucky in the 2000s using Daikin VRV systems. It also summarizes installations at facilities like a Hilton Garden Inn in Texas, Staybridge Suites in Irving TX, and the Santa Fe A-Lofts hotel in Dallas.
This document provides information about hydrogen generation at Simhadri power plant. It discusses the need for hydrogen as a cooling medium, and then outlines the various technologies used to produce hydrogen on-site through alkaline electrolysis. The key components of the electrolysis process are described, including rectifiers, electrolyzer cells, gas holders, compressors, and purification equipment. Safety aspects and statutory requirements are also covered at a high level.
SPX Flow, under the Pneumatic Products brand, manufactures single and twin tower desiccant dryers designed to remove water vapor from natural gas. The skid mounted units also include particulate and coalescing filters that capture solid contaminants to a submicron level.
This document discusses Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning systems. It was invented by Daikin in 1982 under the name VRV, though other companies call it VRF. VRF allows one outdoor unit to serve multiple indoor units. It adjusts cooling and heating by varying the refrigerant flow and compressor speed. VRF systems use less energy and space than traditional split systems. While the upfront cost is higher, operating costs are lower. VRF systems can simultaneously heat and cool with heat recovery models. Major brands selling VRF in India include Daikin, Blue Star, Voltas, Mitsubishi, Carrier, Hitachi, LG and Samsung.
Neil Hitching, Southern Area Sales Manager for Toshiba Air Conditioning, provided an overview of Toshiba's products and support services. Key highlights included their new SHRMi heat recovery VRF system, which offers industry-leading energy efficiency through simultaneous heating and cooling. Toshiba also discussed their compressor and control innovations that allow for more granular temperature control and higher efficiencies. Their extensive support network and tools were highlighted as helping customers with selection, commissioning, and ongoing technical assistance.
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
VAV Boxes is a solution to control Comfort for independent zones, but this solution hiding a lot of challenges, in this presentation we share with you our solutions to ensure the ultimate comfort
Jeff Johnson will provide training on GeoSystems' new geothermal heat pump product lines, the ECONAR Cold Climate and GeoSource High Efficiency. The training will cover the new cabinet designs, components, and control systems, including installation of circulating pumps, thermistor inputs, and operating the control interface. The technical update aims to familiarize trainees with the new product offerings and review installation and operation.
Adicomp is an Italian company that designs and manufactures compressor packages for air and gas compression. They offer packages with capacities up to 6000 Nm3/h and pressures from 3.5 to 25 bar(g). Adicomp packages can be used for applications like gas gathering, boosting, and transmission. They provide complete systems including compressors, cooling, controls, and other accessories. Adicomp has installed over 2000 units in 62 countries since 1998.
The document provides an overview of the operation and maintenance activities at the Pirana substation. It discusses:
1) The key equipment at the Pirana substation including 400/220kV transmission lines, transformers, reactors, and GETCO substations connected.
2) Training and maintenance activities undertaken by the author including commissioning of a Nitrogen Injection Fire Protection system, relay testing, equipment repairs and inspections.
3) Operating principles and maintenance of key substation equipment such as circuit breakers, current transformers, voltage transformers, surge arresters and isolators.
The document discusses innovations in 3-phase UPS technology and energy storage. It describes new inverter topologies like 4-level inverters and hybrid inverters that improve efficiency. It also discusses the new ECOnversion mode that provides near double conversion performance at near ECO mode efficiency of 98-99%. The document then covers the use of lithium-ion battery technology which reduces footprint and weight while increasing available energy storage and battery life. These innovations help reduce operating expenses through higher efficiencies and less maintenance needs.
This document discusses energy efficiency in data centers. It notes that data center electricity usage has doubled from 2000 to 2005 due to more powerful servers, denser server configurations, and larger storage needs. This increased usage leads to higher costs, energy waste, cooling challenges, and larger carbon footprints. The document then discusses various motivations for improving energy efficiency, such as rising electricity costs. It provides examples of PUE values from different data centers and outlines ways to improve PUE and energy efficiency, including maximizing server efficiency, reducing the data center's "house load" through techniques like free cooling, and optimizing power conversion. The document emphasizes the importance of reusing waste heat from servers through techniques like heating buildings or driving chillers
This document summarizes a presentation on battery thermal management in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses how battery temperature affects performance and life, and why thermal management systems are needed. It describes different thermal management approaches including active vs. passive and using air or liquid for cooling. The document also provides data on heat generation rates and thermal properties of different battery types to inform thermal management system design. Overall it aims to help vehicle manufacturers design effective battery thermal management systems.
As more and more jurisdictions and building owners are placing increased emphasis on sustainable and responsible building strategies, design teams are looking beyond traditional HVAC solutions to maximize energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort and safety.
In-slab radiant heating systems have enjoyed popularity both here in the United States and abroad for years. Now, with the availability of improved control systems and better understanding within the design and construction community, the same concept can be applied to radiant cooling as an energy-efficient and cost-effective solution. This program will cover the radiant cooling heat transfer fundamentals, system performance and capacity, typical construction methods, and control strategies. Attendees will gain an understanding of how in-slab radiant cooling systems can be used as part of an energy-efficient design solution to reduce overall energy consumption.
This document discusses advanced process control (APC) solutions for polyethylene plants. It provides examples of APC implementations at several plants that achieved benefits such as increased production rates and reduced temperature variations. The document also summarizes the capabilities of PiControl's APC software suite, including improved primary PID control loops, online predictive models, product property control, and production rate maximization. Finally, it outlines additional APC modules for tasks such as product grade transitions, signal validation, and operator advisory systems.
Estrategias para ahorro de energía en applicaciones de misión crítica de ITData Center Consultores
The document discusses Emerson Network Power's data center solutions and technologies. It highlights that Emerson is a leader in various industries and markets. It then discusses key metrics like PUE and CUPS for measuring data center efficiency. It provides details on Emerson's cooling, power, and infrastructure management solutions that can optimize efficiency without compromising availability or performance.
Voltage Power Optimisation facts and fiction. Why it works, what it works on, where it doesn't work, differences between types of technology and how to select a supplier.
Heos System is the new concept offered by CAREL for commercial refrigeration. A new way of developing refrigeration systems that comprises plug-in cabinets featuring simple on-board refrigeration units with DC inverter compressors. The heat of condensation is carried outside of the store via a simple water loop, which is in turn is cooled by an outdoor dry cooler.
This document summarizes a presentation about vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) and their application in a demonstration project on the Isle of Gigha in Scotland. It introduces VRFBs and their key features like scalability, deep discharge capability, safety, and long lifespan. It provides details on REDT's technology development timeline and standard containerized system designs. The presentation describes how a 105kW/1.26MWh VRFB system will be installed on Gigha to recover constrained wind energy and provide grid balancing services like frequency response and short-term reserves. It concludes that energy storage is entering the mainstream and REDT will be ready for large-scale deployment in support of wind and solar energy
DC inverter technology provides energy savings and other benefits for HVAC-R applications. It allows compressors and other components to precisely modulate capacity based on load. This improves efficiency, temperature control, reliability, and noise levels. It also enables use of natural refrigerants and adaptation to varying loads. DC technology generates data that can be analyzed for process optimization through key performance indicators, benchmarking, and reports. This helps reduce operational costs and food waste while improving food preservation and profitability.
The document provides an overview of the FOREST container solution for modular data centers. Key points include:
- FOREST containers offer incremental capacity expansion, reduced capital costs (~50% less), faster deployment (months vs years), and industry-leading energy efficiency (PUE 1.3 or better).
- The containers utilize patented vertical cooling technology for efficient cooling with fan power only 4-8% of the IT load.
- FOREST containers can support up to 2880 servers or 26 petabytes of storage in a flexible and scalable modular data center solution.
This document provides an overview of the South African wine industry and energy usage within wineries. It discusses the various regions that produce wine, employment trends, and economic contributions. The main energy uses in wineries are refrigeration (39%), lighting (8%), pumps (16%), compressed air (9%), and mash heating (14%). Opportunities to improve energy efficiency are identified for refrigeration systems, pumps, air compressors, and stabilization processes. Case studies demonstrate potential energy and cost savings through measures like variable speed drives, improved insulation, and optimized control systems.
Fuji tu dong hoa catalog frenic-hvac-dienhathe.orgDien Ha The
Khoa Học - Kỹ Thuật & Giải Trí: http://phongvan.org
Tài Liệu Khoa Học Kỹ Thuật: http://tailieukythuat.info
Thiết bị Điện Công Nghiệp - Điện Hạ Thế: http://dienhathe.vn
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
1. Presented By: Christine Lazo
Vertical Systems
7113 Telegraph Rd.
Montebello, CA 90640
310 451 0630
christine@vertisys.net
2. Presentation Overview
Typical Problems of Chiller Plants
Engineers Ability to Impact Change
What is a Next Generation Central Plant?
The BIG Secret!
CPECS – The Difference is Controls
Measuring Performance
3. Major Problem In Plants Today
INEFFICIENCY
Wasted Energy
Wasted Water
Difficult Maintenance
Hard to Service
Not Sustainable
4. Typical Problems of Chiller Plants
Fixed Speed Keeps it Simple – and inefficient
Poor Chiller compressor turndown 3:1 – old tech
IGV
Systems that are governed by oil management
(can’t take cold cond water or low refrigerant flow)
Fouled Heat Exchangers
No Measurement of plant or chiller performance
Mis-match for building requirements vs plant
capability - Too big or Too few compressors
Plant Turndown Does not match Building AC
Required Turndown
4
7. The Dramatic Effects of Oil
• ASHRAE sampling shows average •Efficiency loss accounts for
percentages of oil present in substantial operation costs
chillers
7
9. What ARI Standards told us then
and now…
% load ARI standard 1992 ARI standard 1998
100 17% 1%
75 39% 42%
50 33% 45%
25 11% 12%
• Newer studies prove that PART-LOAD is of greater importance than
previous studies indicated.
• Building spends 87% of time in the 25-75% of max load.
• ARI Standard 1998 is a NATIONAL rule of thumb based on assumptions
9
10. What is California Building
IPLV?
Weighted Average Values
% Load Reality
100 1%
75 12%
50 45%
25 42%
Any Bin Hour Analysis
Program
10
11. Building Load Depends on Region/Use
(Existing Trended Data)
LOTS of PART LOAD HOURS!
11
12. 10 Story Office Building in Los Angeles
Energy Analysis conducted October 20th, 2009
*Analysis conducted on System Analyzer software
12
16. Presentation Overview
Typical Problems of Chiller Plants
Engineers Ability to Impact Change
What is a Next Generation Central Plant?
The BIG Secret!
CPECS – The Difference is Controls
Measuring Performance
17. What can we influence?
Ed Mazria – Architecture 2030
17
20. Influencers to change NOW
Timing is great!
New Technologies = Double efficiency
Essentially FREE Equipment at some
sites!
Usage component – up to 33 Cents
Rebate per an kwh saved
Increases in power costs (Power = $$$)
100% financing at low APRs for energy
efficient projects (2.9% for public jobs)
20
21. Improving the Central Plant Spec
Learning by MEASURING
Metric 1 = Wire to Water Efficiency Average
Metric 2 = Water Efficiency (usage)
Metric 3 = the MRS factor –maintainability,
reliability, sustainability
21
22. Presentation Overview
Typical Problems of Chiller Plants
Engineers Ability to Impact Change
What is a Next Generation Central Plant?
The BIG Secret!
CPECS – The Difference is Controls
Measuring Performance
23. What does a Next Gen Plant NOT HAVE?
Oil
PID Plant Controls with fixed setpoints
Chemical Treatment in Open Loop
Sunlit Open Tower Basins
Sand Filtration
Base Mounted Pumps
Across the Line and Y-Delta Starters
Gears and Shaft Seals on Chillers
23
24. What Does Next Gen Plant NEED?
Variable Primary Pumping
Variable Condenser Pumping
Variable Speed Oil-Free Magnetic Chiller
Variable High Turndown Cooling Tower
Measure Power of all Pumps, Chillers,
Towers
Measure Delivered Chilled Water Flow
Chemical Free Water Treatment
Vertical Inline Pumps
Centrifugal Separator Filtration 24
25. Components of the Next Gen Plant
Smardt Oil Free Variable Speed Chiller
CPECS All Variable Controls
Ultra Quiet – Evapco UT Cooling Tower – Min. 50%
Turndown and Efficient.
Pulse ~Pure - Chemical Free Water Treatment
Armstrong Vertical Inline Pumping Packages
Centrifugal Separator – Tower Filtration with solids
recovery- Zero water use.
25
26.
27. What is the Aim of Next
Generation Central Plant Design?
Reduce Water Consumption by
20%
Reduce Energy Consumption by
Over 50%
Reduce Maintenance by 50%
Reduce Life Cycle Cost
Reduce Size / Weight of the CP by
30%
Reduce Health Impact / Liability
Reduce Toxic Emissions
Reduce Corrosion
27
28. Presentation Overview
Typical Problems of Chiller Plants
Engineers Ability to Impact Change
What is a Next Generation Central Plant?
The BIG Secret!
CPECS – The Difference is Controls
Measuring Performance
29. THE
BIG Combining Turbocor
SECRET
and
All Variable Control
30. The Big Secret - Next Gen Plants
Combining Turbocor and All Variable Control
Use Heat Exchangers designed to stay online
at part load AND lower ECWT
CHANGE FROM - Capacity Based ON/OFF
control/individual PID loops
CHANGE TO - Speed Based Demand Control
with low pressure loss valves
30
31. Take Advantage of Heat Exchangers
designed to stay online at part load
Evapco Cooling Towers
Advances in tower nozzle design and chiller
condenser water circuit configurations allow
water flow through condenser to reduce all
the way down to 45% of nominal flow (10%
of full load pumping power).
32. Take Advantage of Heat Exchangers
designed to stay online at part load
AND lower ECWT
Smardt Oil-Free Chillers
Turbocor Magnetic Bearing Compressors have
built-in VFD
Systems are not governed by oil management
○ can take cold cond water or low refrigerant flow
33. IPLV and Condensing Temperature
Ex: 400 Ton Smardt Water-Cooled Chiller
85°F ECWT
75°F ECWT
65°F ECWT
kW/Ton
% of Full Load
Fixed LCHWT = 44°F
Fixed Chilled Water and Condensing Water Flow Rate
34. IPLV and Condensing Temperature
85°F ECWT
75°F ECWT
65°F ECWT
kW/Ton
% of Full Load
Fixed LCHWT = 44°F
Fixed Chilled Water and Condensing Water Flow Rate
35. IPLV and Condensing Temperature
85°F ECWT
75°F ECWT
65°F ECWT
kW/Ton
55°F ECWT
% of Full Load
But Smardt WC Chillers can operate down to 55 °F
ECWT
36. What difference does it make?
Chiller Efficiency is both a function of Load and “Lift of the Compressor”
Lift relates to the condensing temperature which is determined by the
ECWT from the cooling tower or the EDBT from the condenser fans.
When you reduce the condensing temperature, you reduce the work of
the compressor.
LESS WORK
LESS ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
37. The Impact of Load
kW/To
n
% of Full Load
For a Fixed ECWT, there is a 17% increase in efficiency between
100% load and 50% Load
38. Impact of Condensing Temperature
kW/Ton
0.280 kW/ton
0.180kW/ton
% of Full Load
At 50% Load
36% LESS Energy Consumption
Considering 45% annual hours at 50% of Full Load (per AHRI 550/590)
16.2% Annual Savings
41. Question:
What do you do to make an
All Variable Plant?
th
ANSWER:
My
Add VFDs to all the components. All plants
with VFD’s on them operate efficiently.
TRUTH:
Just installing drives on the equipment does not
guarantee energy savings!
A good example of this is putting a drive on a
cooling tower and applying a fixed set point.
42. Presentation Overview
Typical Problems of Chiller Plants
Engineers Ability to Impact Change
What is a Next Generation Central Plant?
The BIG Secret!
CPECS – The Difference is Controls
Measuring Performance
43. Water Cooled Chiller Plants - Loops
Ambient Condenser Chilled Supply
Refrigerant
Air Water Water Air
Loops Driven By Pumps Through Heat Exchangers
44. HX Loops – A Closer Look
Conventional Chilled Water System
Constant Speed Operation
Loops Driven By Pumps through heat Exchangers
45. Current Control Solutions
PID LOOP
PID LOOP
CONSTANT
PID LOOP
Three PID Loops, behaving independently (silos).
Capacity based sequencing.
Complex “reset” for strategies for light load. 45
46. HX Loops - Managing Lift
Conventional Chilled Water System
Constant Speed Operation
47. HX Loops - Managing Lift
Typical Part Load Operation
Reduce Approach by Reducing Flow
Maximize HX Transfer Time
48. All Variable Speed Plants – The Difference is Controls
A variable speed chiller that operates constant entering
condenser water temperature will perform only marginally
better than a much lower cost fixed speed chiller.
Centrifugal chillers gain performance when the temperature
lift between the evaporator and condenser is reduced.
Effect of optimized
tower set point
control results in a
42% performance
difference on the
same Turbocor chiller
49. What does All Variable Do?
All Variable Systems turn down with building demand by:
Eliminating plant over pumping by controlling all pumps in
system
○ Chilled and condenser water pumps, compressors, and CT fans
○ Every RPM turned that is more than necessary is wasted energy!
Using multiple compressors on single barrel to utilize surface
area
○ Offers better approaches and less work for compressors
MEASURING WIRE TO WATER EFFICIENCIES (kW in/tons out)
50. All Variable Speed Plants
Need advanced control algorithms combining
chilled water pump,
condenser water pump,
tower fan and
chiller speeds.
What proven control system can do this
reliably, repeatedly, and cost effectively?
CPECS
Central Plant Energy Control System
51. All Variable Speed Plants CPECS
Central Plant Energy Control System
CPECS combined with SMARDT oil free variable
speed chillers provides the following:
Optimized tower water temperature control.
Load matched variable speed condenser water pump
control that respects chillers minimum safe flow limits.
Optimized chiller sequencing.
Load based chilled water temperature reset
Variable primary chilled water pump control.
RESULT:
Highest performance targets
52. CPECS All Variable Benefits
Real time NIST Certified performance
Optimizes entire plant/HX loops into
single system for lowest energy
consumption
Packaged controls solution with Smardt
chiller for single source responsibility
Energy trending
Entire plant average 0.5kw/ton
52
56. Presentation Overview
Typical Problems of Chiller Plants
Engineers Ability to Impact Change
What is a Next Generation Central Plant?
The BIG Secret!
CPECS – The Difference is Controls
Measuring Performance
58. Topics to be covered
This presentation shall demonstrate the actual operating performance
difference between the CPECS optimized logic and two cases of
conventional logic:
a) Constant speed condenser water pumping and
towers attempting to achieve wet bulb plus 10F
(a widely documented means for optimal
control).
b) Constant speed condenser water pumping and
towers maintaining 78F water temperature.
Chillers used for test are 2x 250Ton WA092 SMARDT chillers fitted with 3x
TT300 R134a Turbocor compressors. Chiller location is Las Vegas. All data
taken from an actual operating plant and only VFD speed and temperature
set points have been altered.
59. CPECS Vs Conventional Logic (a)
Conventional control logic: CPECS control logic:
•Constant speed condenser water •CPECS VFD condenser water
pumps. pumps.
•Towers running to maintain Twb +10F •CPECS VFD tower fans.
•Plant kW/ton = 0.97 ~ 1.06kW/Ton •Plant kW/ton = 0.54 ~ 0.57kW/ton
60. CPECS Vs Conventional Logic (a)
Conventional control logic: CPECS control logic:
• Total power input = 47.2kW • Total power input = 26.6kW
•Chiller performance improved by 8%.
• System performance decreased 70%
• Condenser water temperature after
25min running full speed fans only
decreased 2F.
61. Comparison (a) Conclusions
Despite the wet bulb temperature being 54F at the time
of test and the towers selected at 10F approach, a
theoretical condenser water temperature of 64F was not
reached within 25minutes. Instead many kW’s of non-
effective tower fan energy were used.
The net effect of the test showed that a 45% increase
in condenser water pump speed and tower logic that
chases the wet bulb temperature did not deliver an
increase in chiller performance anywhere close to being
able to offset the extra pumping and fan energy when
compared with CPECS.
62. Large
power
Comparison (a) data increase
seen due
to extra
pumping
and fan
energy
when
logic
changed.
63. CPECS Vs Conventional Logic (b)
Conventional control logic: CPECS control logic:
•Constant speed condenser water •CPECS VFD condenser water
pumps. pumps.
•Towers running to maintain 78F •CPECS VFD tower fans.
temperature
•Plant kW/ton = 0.87 ~ 0.94kW/Ton •Plant kW/ton = 0.54 ~ 0.57kW/ton
64. CPECS Vs Conventional Logic (b)
Conventional control logic: CPECS control logic:
• Total power input = 40.8kW • Total power input = 26.6kW
• Chiller performance decrease by 14%.
• System performance decreased 53%.
65. Comparison (b) Conclusions
Conventional plant design and control
logic decreases both chiller performance
and total plant performance at part load
when compared to fully optimized control
logic and VFD’S.
66. Comparison (b) data
Case (b) logic
applied
When
condenser water
temperature set
point increased
to 78F and
condenser water
pump forced to
60Hz both
pumping and
chiller energy
CPECS logic are increased.
operating here.
Time based on chart is 6 hours
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc This is a shot I took last year of a local cooling tower inlet. We see the same types of problems over and over to differing degrees on most every building…. Lets discuss a few common problems we see.
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
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Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc Improving building operations is the easiest, surest and most guaranteed investment in capital. The reason utilities provide such great incentives to our sector – is obvious….. That is where the power goes.
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
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Cooling Tower Basics W.G. Dockendorf, Inc
Application Rating conditions: LCHWT = 40.0 to 80.0 °F ECWT = 65.0 to 105.0°F EDBT = 55.0 to 125.0°F EWBT = 50.0 to 80.0°F (Evaporatively-cooled condensers)
Application Rating conditions: LCHWT = 40.0 to 80.0 °F ECWT = 65.0 to 105.0°F EDBT = 55.0 to 125.0°F EWBT = 50.0 to 80.0°F (Evaporatively-cooled condensers)
At 50% Load (45% annual hours): 36% LESS consumption Results in 16.2% Annual Savings