New base 20 december 2017 energy news issue 1116 by khaled al awadi

Copyright © 2015 NewBase www.hawkenergy.net Edited by Khaled Al Awadi – Energy Consultant All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, redistributed,
or otherwise copied without the written permission of the authors. This includes internal distribution. All reasonable endeavours have been used to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this
publication. However, no warranty is given to the accuracy of its content. Page 1
NewBase Energy News 20 December 2017 - Issue No. 1116 Senior Editor Eng. Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase For discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE
Saudi Arabia Slows Pace of Energy Subsidy Cuts to Boost Eonomy
Bloomberg + NewBase
Saudi Arabia is extending its timeline to cut energy subsidies as the government seeks
to offset the impact of austerity measures on the stagnating economy, the Finance
Ministry said on Tuesday.
Domestic gasoline prices will now reach parity with international levels gradually
between 2018 and 2025 -- compared to the previous target of 2020, according to the
ministry’s 2018 budget statement. Local diesel prices will also be raised gradually to 90
percent of international prices over the same period.
It’s the first time the government has released a detailed timeline for lifting energy
prices, which have long been heavily subsidized in Saudi Arabia. Crown Prince
Mohammed bin Salman’s blueprint for an economy less dependent on oil includes
balancing the government’s books, but the new budget announced on Tuesday slows
the process after low oil prices and austerity measures including new taxes triggered an
economic contraction in 2017.

Other prices will be changed as follows:
• Local prices for natural gas and ethane will be raised to 75 percent of the international
prices between 2020 and 2021 “with the imposition of a price cap in 2021,” the ministry
said, without giving details
• Prices for liquefied natural gases, including propane and butane, will be raised to 90
percent of international levels in 2020; the earlier plan was for international parity that year
• Jet fuel will be lifted to international levels in 2018, earlier than the previous plan for a
gradual rise from 2019 to 2020
• Residential and commercial electricity prices, previously scheduled to reach 100 percent of
international levels this year, will now be raised gradually between 2018 and 2025.
• Industrial electricity prices will now be raised gradually between 2019 to 2025, compared
with earlier plan to reach international levels this year
• Water prices will also be adjusted, it said, without giving details
The plan is subject to change according to fiscal developments, according to the ministry. The
government is planning to raise local gasoline prices by about 80 percent in January, a person
with knowledge of the matter said earlier this month.

largest Saudi budget ever in a major effort to reshape its economy
Saudi Arabia announced on Tuesday that it will spend 978 billion riyals ($261 billion) in 2018, its largest-ever
budget Effective spending will be the real test of success, analysts said, as the government looks to diversify its
economy away from oil
Saudi Arabia's 2018 budget may be its largest ever but the government must focus on the quality
of spending, not just the quantity, according to experts.
The Kingdom is prepared to increase spending to record levels next year — 978 billion riyals
($261 billion) — as it looks to diversify its economy away from energy as part of Crown Prince
Mohammed Bin Salman's bold reform agenda.
This expansionary budget comes at a time of economic struggle — the country entered into
recession this year, contracting 0.5 percent — but the government is optimistic, estimating growth
to rebound to 2.7 percent in 2018.
Redesigning the economy is a crucial component of Vision 2030, a wide-ranging plan to make
Saudi Arabia less dependent on oil, reduce subsidies and increase employment. The jobless rate
among Saudi citizens stands around 12.8 percent.
Faisal Al Nasser | Reuters
A man holds a nozzle at a petrol station in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia October 8, 2017.
According to analysts, a key feature of the budget was the explicit focus on structural reforms
accompanying the increased spending.
"The key is to look at what they're spending the money on and how effectively they spend it,"
Khatija Haque, head of Middle East and North Africa research at U.A.E-based bank Emirates
NBD, told CNBC on Wednesday.
The government intends to cut energy subsidies next year, with the move widely expected to free
up funds for other parts of the economy such as infrastructure.
"It's really now about the effectiveness of spending rather than just throwing money at the problem
and having it disappear into private hands without actually delivering what was promised — that's
a process that needs to change," Haque said.

The introduction of a value added tax next year in addition to new excise taxes on tobacco and
soft drinks, as well as recent levies on expatriates are widely expected to strengthen non-oil
revenues next year. Riyadh forecasts non-oil income at 291 billion riyals in 2018, up from 256
billion riyals this year.
The Saudi budget shows a longer planning horizon 6 Hours Ago | 02:57
In addition to the steps announced to enhance non-oil revenues, some analysts also noted the
Kingdom's plans to lay out long-term targets.
"One of the big changes in this budget was even planning for five years ... that's a plus," said
Rachel Ziemba, adjunct senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, referring to the
government's decision to extend the budget deficit to 2023.
"The real question in my mind is whether they are able to meet their aggressive build-out plans —
the new cities they're building — and also to get the sort of valuations on the privatizations from
the public offerings they're looking for," she continued.
A cornerstone of the Kingdom's economic strategy is an initial public offering of national oil giant
Aramco, whose estimated valuation stands around $1 trillion.
The nation isn't solely focused on the economy; it's also undertaken significant social reforms
such as allowing women to drive as well as starting a controversial anti-corruption probe.
Riyadh "is trying to move very quickly to build jobs and address long standing issues" but progress
may come a little more slowly than authorities hope, noted Ziemba.

Germany: Coal Is King Even With New Renewables Record
Bloomberg + NewBase
For all the new wind parks, solar farms and hydro plants that will help Europe’s biggest economy
generate yet another renewable energy record this year, the world’s dirtiest power fuel still rules in
Germany and sets the price for how much factories are paying for electricity.
Wind turbines will this year
for the first time produce
more power than plants
burning hard coal as the
nation’s unprecedented
shift toward renewable
energy has pushed output
from solar and wind to
more than a third of the
nation’s total. Yet, it is coal
prices at their highest level
since 2013 that’s pushing
up electricity rates for the
first time in six years
because of the way the market works.
As coalition talks drag on a third month, Chancellor Angela Merkel’s bloc and its potential partners
agree at least on one thing: coal power must be capped. Even after consumers have paid some
650 billion euros ($770 billion) in subsidies for everything from solar panels on roofs to offshore
wind farms, grids and giant batteries, the
nation is on course to miss its high-profile
2020 target for cutting carbon dioxide
emissions.
While wind and solar power by law gets
priority and enters the grid first, coal plants
are sometimes last and thereby set the
price for the next unit of power needed to
match demand. The average German day-
ahead power price is expected to rise this
year for the first time since 2011, tracking a
28 percent increase in European coal
prices. Industrial power prices are to a large
extent linked to the wholesale market.
“As long as we stay in coal and don’t shut
down power plants, gas and coal are the
main influences on German power prices”
said Steffen Gursinsky, a trader at
Energieunion GmbH in Schwerin,
Germany. “If the rising trend for coal
continues next year, power prices will
follow.”
Renewables met a record 38 percent of
Germany’s power demand this year as of

Monday, according to researcher Fraunhofer ISE’s website. Among new plants this year pushing
supplies to another high are three giant wind parks in the German part of the North Sea with a
combined capacity of a nuclear reactor.
Brown coal is still the nation’s biggest individual source of power, with fossil fuels making up
almost half of the total. Nuclear’s share has halved to 10 percent since Merkel’s decision to exit
atomic energy after the Fukushima disaster in Japan in 2011.
As the remaining reactors are set to be phased out within the next five years, Germany is under
increasing pressure to shut down more fossil plants to avoid rising emissions when the lost
nuclear output is replaced. The nation’s power industry lobby BDEW last week said its ready to
support closing as much as five gigawatts of coal and gas plants, or more than 7 percent of the
total, to help meet carbon dioxide reduction targets.

U.S: Natural gas generators the largest share of overall U.S.
generation capacity and CO2 emissions reduction.. source: eia
For the next two weeks (December 18–December 29), Today in Energy will feature a selection of our favorite articles from
2017. Today’s article about natural gas power plants was originally published on April 20. Similar articles
examined hydroelectric, coal, nuclear, wind, solar, petroleum, and other electricity generators.
In 2016, natural gas-fired generators accounted for 42% of the operating electricity generating
capacity in the United States. Natural gas provided 34% of total electricity generation in 2016,
surpassing coal to become the leading generation source. The increase in natural gas generation
since 2005 is primarily a result of the continued cost-competitiveness of natural gas relative to
coal.
Natural gas-fired combined-cycle units accounted for 53% of the 449 gigawatts (GW) of total U.S.
natural gas-powered generator capacity in 2016. Combined-cycle generators have been a popular
technology choice since the 1990s and made up a large share of the capacity added between
2000 and 2005.
Under current natural gas and coal market conditions in many regions of the country, combined-
cycle generating units are often used as baseload generation, which operate throughout the day.
Other types of natural gas-fired technology, such as combustion turbines (about 28% of total
natural gas-powered generator capacity) and steam turbines (17%), generally only run during
hours when electricity demand is high. The capacity-weighted average age of U.S. natural gas
power plants is 22 years, which is less than hydro (64 years), coal (39), and nuclear (36).

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory
Natural gas-fired capacity is widely distributed across the United States. Every state except
Vermont has at least one natural gas plant. About 38% of U.S. natural gas-fired generation
capacity is located in four states: Texas, California, Florida, and New York. Natural gas power
plants account for more than half of the total electricity generating capacity in each of these four
states and in seven other states. Texas has the most natural gas-fired capacity of any state, with
69 GW, or 15% of the national total. California and Florida each have about 40 GW of natural gas-
fired capacity.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly

The operating profile of the nation’s natural gas-fired generation facilities varies, depending on the
overall level of electricity demand, plant efficiency, and natural gas prices. The average capacity
factor, a metric that measures the utilization of power plants, for natural gas combined-cycle units
has increased from 43% in 2011 to 56% in 2016.
The upward trends in both natural gas net generation and the natural gas-fired combined-cycle
annual capacity factor (which is approaching 60%) highlight the growing contribution of natural
gas-fired combined-cycle generators, which traditionally only served peaking and intermediate
loads, but now have increasingly become more common to meet baseload demands.
Distribution of natural gas plants
Natural gas electric generating capacity
Power sector carbon dioxide emissions fall below transportation sector emissions
From December 18 through December 29, Today in Energy will feature a selection of our favorite
articles from 2017. Today’s article was originally published on January 19.
U.S. carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the transportation sector reached 1,893 million metric
tons (MMmt) from October 2015 through September 2016, exceeding electric power sector CO2
emissions of 1,803 MMmt over the same time period. On a 12-month rolling total basis, electric
power sector CO2 emissions are now regularly below transportation sector CO2 emissions for the

first time since the late 1970s. CO2 emissions from electric power have been trending lower since
2007.
Comparing emissions over a 12-month period reduces the effects of seasonal fluctuations. Both
sectors tend to have higher consumption and emissions in the summer months when electricity
demand and vehicle travel are relatively high. Emissions levels through September 2016
represent the latest available data in EIA’s Monthly Energy Review.
The electric power sector makes up a larger share of total U.S. energy consumption than the
transportation sector. However, CO2 emissions from the electric power sector are now lower than
those from transportation because the carbon intensity of the power sector has fallen much faster
than the carbon intensity of the transportation sector.

Emissions from the electric power sector are primarily from coal-fired and natural gas-fired electric
generators. On average, emissions associated with combusting coal are higher than those
associated with combusting natural gas.
The average rate of CO2 emitted from combusting coal ranges from 206 to 229 pounds per million
British thermal units (lbs CO2/MMBtu), depending on the type of coal consumed. The combustion
of natural gas emits on average 117 lbs CO2/MMBtu. Natural gas electric generators also tend to
be more efficient than coal generators, because they require less fuel to generate electricity.
In the 12 months from October 2015 through September 2016, coal and natural gas had nearly
equal shares of electric power generation in the United States: 31% and 34%, respectively.
However, their shares of electric power sector emissions were 61% and 31%, respectively, as
coal is much more carbon-intensive. Overall electric power carbon intensity has also decreased as
generation share of non-carbon-emitting fuels such as nuclear, hydropower, wind, and solar has
grown.
Emissions from the transportation sector are primarily from motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and
jet fuel, which have carbon intensities lower than coal but higher than natural gas. For example,
gasoline emits an average of 157 lbs of CO2/MMBtu.
In the 12 months from October 2015 through September 2016, motor gasoline represented 60%
of the total emissions from the transportation sector, while 23% was from distillate fuel oil and 12%
was from jet fuel.
Very little electricity is used in the transportation sector. Attributing transportation’s share of
electric power sector emissions to the transportation sector would only add 4 MMmt CO2 to the
transportation sector’s total of 1,893 from October 2015 through September 2016.

NewBase December 20 - 2017 Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase For discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502 , Dubai , UAE
Oil Price Steady and edges up on North Sea pipeline outage,
lower U.S. crude stocks…… Reuters + NewBase + Bloomberg
Oil prices inched up on Wednesday, supported by expectations of a fall in U.S. crude inventories
and by the ongoing outage of the North Sea Forties pipeline system.
U.S. West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude futures were at $57.72 a barrel at 0752 GMT, up 16
cents, or 0.3 percent, from their last settlement. Brent crude futures, the international benchmark
for oil prices, were at $63.94 a barrel, up 14 cents, or 0.2 percent.
Oil price special
coverage

“Oil prices inched higher on expectations of another strong drawdown in U.S. inventories,” ANZ
bank said. The American Petroleum Institute said on Tuesday that U.S. crude inventories fell by
5.2 million barrels in the week to Dec. 15 to 438.7 million.
Official U.S. government data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) is due on
Wednesday. Oil prices have also been supported by the continuing outage of the Forties pipeline
in the North Sea, which delivers crude underpinning Brent futures.
Operator Ineos hopes to be able to fix a crack in the pipeline, which can pump around 450,000
barrels per day of crude, within two to four weeks from Dec. 11.
Despite the North Sea outage and falling U.S. crude inventories, oil prices have remained some
way off their $65.63 and $59.05 per barrel recent highs for Brent and WTI respectively.
Traders said rising U.S. crude production, which has soared by 16 percent since mid-2016 to 9.8
million bpd, was capping prices.
“Expectations of higher U.S. shale production into January hamstrung crude’s price increase,”
said Jeffrey Halley, senior market analyst at futures brokerage Oanda in Singapore.
Most analysts expect U.S. output to break through 10 million bpd soon, which would be a new
record and take it to levels on par with top exporter Saudi Arabia and close to top producer
Russia, which pumps around 11 million bpd.
Georgi Slavov, head of research at commodity brokerage Marex Spectron, warned of a possible
slowdown in oil consumption, which could put downward pressure on oil prices into 2018.
“Demand, which was the main reason to see oil at/above $60, has weakened ... But we continue
to lean toward a mildly bearish macro environment for the period (Q1 2018) on the back of an
anticipated slowdown in credit, persistently bearish energy intensity of key oil consuming
economies and a seasonal decline in the manufacturing activity,” Slavov said.
Demand May Fast-Forward OPEC's Exit
OPEC’s desire to clear the global oil inventory overhang may come sooner than expected,
enabling the group to exit from its production cuts early, according to Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
Global stockpiles will remain below seasonal levels and continue to shrink through the second
quarter of next year, said the bank. The market will have re-balanced by mid-2018, fast-forwarding

OPEC’s exit from production cuts to the second half of the year, according to Goldman. It kept its
forecast for Brent crude at $62 a barrel.
Goldman is one of the most bullish banks for oil next year and this month boosted its price
forecast for Brent, the benchmark for more than half the world’s oil, on the producers’ strong
commitment to the cuts. Prices are on course for a second yearly gain after the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies last month agreed to extend supply curbs to the end
of 2018 to shrink bloated inventories.
“The oil re-balancing continued its progress through November,” driven by factors including
“stellar”’ demand growth, bank analysts including Jeffrey Currie said in a Dec. 19 note. “Global
inventories will have re-balanced by mid-2018, leading to a gradual exit from the cuts.”
The bank forecast a market structure known as backwardation, which indicates concerns about a
short-term scarcity of supplies, to strengthen further in the second quarter as OECD stockpiles
reach and remain at five-year average levels. Brent futures rose 0.2 percent to $63.93 a barrel by
10:57 a.m. Singapore time, up about 13 percent this year.

Oil Prices Next Year? Here's What Big Banks Say
Oil is on course for a second annual gain after last month’s decision by OPEC and its allies to
extend production curbs in a bid to shrink bloated inventories. While some banks raised their 2018
crude price forecasts, others were less bullish.
Among the most bullish is Goldman Sachs Group Inc., which boosted its outlook for Brent crude
by almost 7 percent to $62 a barrel, citing stronger-than-expected commitment from OPEC and
partners. That compares with an average price of about $54 a barrel this year. Another
bull, JPMorgan Chase & Co., says “solid fundamentals and tightening balances,” as well as
OPEC’s willingness to balance markets, are reasons for its positive outlook.
On the other end of the spectrum is Citigroup Inc., which says there’s a risk the current bullish
supply and demand dynamic will run out of steam, and an upsurge in U.S. shale production could
spook the market. For Barclays Plc, crude’s rally will encourage the U.S. and other non-OPEC
producers to boost output in 2018, helping tip the scales toward a gain in inventories once again.
Brent, the benchmark for more than half the world’s oil, is up about 12 percent higher this year
after surging 52 percent last year. It traded at $63.65 a barrel at 3:52 p.m. Singapore time. Here
are more details on the banks’ outlook for 2018:
Goldman:
Raised its 2018 Brent spot forecast to $62 a barrel, up from $58

Stronger-than-expected commitment by Saudi Arabia and Russia to extend supply cuts during the
Nov. 30 OPEC meeting in Vienna were cited for the bank’s bullish view
UBS:
Increased its 2018 Brent projection to $60 a barrel from $55
OECD inventories may fall to five-year averages in the third quarter of 2018, when an informal
tapering of the OPEC-led cuts will begin
Credit Suisse:
Boosted its 2018 Brent forecast to $60 a barrel from $53
The bank says OPEC, other producer’s “strong commitment” to cuts will lead to “normalized”
OECD inventory levels by about the third quarter of next year
JPMorgan:
Lifted 2018 Brent forecast to $60 a barrel from $58
Oil prices have remained “broadly stable, reflecting solid fundamentals and tightening balances,”
the bank said. It also cited OPEC and Saudi Arabia’s willingness to balance markets for its bullish
outlook
Citigroup:
Forecasts $54 a barrel for Brent next year
NOTE: The bank has kept its current 2018 price forecast unchanged since cutting it from $60 in
July, according to data compiled by Bloomberg
The current OPEC-led output curbs will last until mid-2018 or the end of the third quarter, but not
the end of next year
Barclays:
Maintained its Brent forecast at $55 a barrel
The current optimism over prices will encourage at least 500,000 barrels per day of non-OPEC
supply growth outside the U.S. each year in 2018 and 2019

NewBase Special Coverage
News Agencies News Release December 20-2017
Methane seepage , Insidious Gas Leaks Are Casting Doubts
Bloomberg - Kelly Gilblom
After spending $50 billion on the world’s biggest bet on natural gas, Royal Dutch Shell Plc is at the
forefront of Big Oil’s efforts to clean up its act. But what if the constant, insidious leaks of gas into
the atmosphere actually make the fuel more polluting than coal?
Methane, the main component in natural gas, can seep into the air at various points between
extraction and delivery. Trapping more heat than carbon dioxide, it’s a potent contributor to global
warming. Yet credible data on the volumes released is scarce, and that’s spurring pressure from
investors.
“This is such an important issue,” said Tim Goodman, a director at asset manager Hermes EOS
who has urged oil companies to address climate matters in their quarterly updates. “The less
methane is lost to the environment, the less dirty methane and natural gas is, and the longer gas
might be a viable fuel.”
Shell last year bought BG Group Plc for $54 billion as it intensified its focus on gas. While the fuel
emits half the CO2 of coal when burned, it becomes more polluting than coal if just 3.5 percent of
the methane escapes, according to Shell. The company acknowledged its data on leaks needs to
change if it’s to appease policy makers and shareholders at a time when greener and ever-
cheaper alternative energies are attracting investors around the world.
This is “a very important point -- how strong really are the environmental credentials of natural gas
if you take into account fugitive emissions of methane?” Shell Chief Executive Officer Ben van
Beurden said in November. “We’re doing all the work that we need to do to understand.”
Worldwide Worry
Oil and gas-linked methane emissions are a problem from the Middle East to the Americas
Source: International Energy Agency
Unknown leaks, and practices like venting into the atmosphere, probably account for 70 percent of
methane emissions from the oil and gas industry, according to the International Energy Agency.
Large companies do report how much they believe they’re emitting, but there isn’t a consistent
methodology, and the IEA says it’s uncertain about the data.

While methane leaks are an old problem, they’re increasingly under the spotlight as gas is touted
as a “transition” fuel amid the global shift to cleaner energy. The expansion of shale-gas
production in the U.S., where Shell has interests in the Marcellus and Permian basins, also has
added urgency to boosting the reliability of reported emissions.
Greenhouse Effect
Oil and gas producers in the U.S. are probably emitting more methane amid the shale boom
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
“We’ve definitely seen a buildup of interest in this issue in the last year,” said Andrew Logan,
manager of the oil and gas program at Ceres, a Boston-based sustainability advocacy group that
advises investment funds on climate issues. So far, investors have filed 60 shareholder
resolutions pushing oil and gas companies to improve methane management, according to Ceres.
While most didn’t pass or were withdrawn and addressed directly with the company, Shell has felt
the heat from investors before. In 2015, almost 99 percent of shareholders backed a proposal that
the producer be more transparent about its carbon output. The company -- and many of its
competitors -- have since made progress on cutting flaring, or the burning off of gas from oil fields
and refineries. Yet methane dispersal remains a problem.
“It’s definitely important that these kind of emissions are kind of returning to the spotlight,” said
Richard Taylor, an analyst at BMI Research in London. The industry is promoting gas as a
“stopgap fuel,” but as long as companies lack the ability to show how much methane is leaking, no
one knows whether gas is better for the environment than coal, he said.
Shell, along with Exxon Mobil Corp., BP Plc, Total SA and four other peers, last month signed
a set of “guiding principles” on reducing methane emissions and improving the accuracy of data.
The document didn’t specify the planned depth of cuts or show how they’ll be achieved.
It’s almost impossible to account for all the methane that comes from the oil and gas supply
chain. Yet as the industry seeks to prove that its accumulation doesn’t invalidate the climate case
for gas, the invisible, odorless compound continues to cause a stink.

Overview of Greenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide ,Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Fluorinated Gases
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. This section
provides information on emissions and removals of the main greenhouse gases to and
from the atmosphere. For more information on the science of climate change and other
climate forcers, such as black carbon, please visit Climate Change Science.
Total U.S Emissions in 2015 = 6,587 Million Metric Tons of CO2 equivalent.

Carbon dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels
(coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of
certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon dioxide is removed from
the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological
carbon cycle.
Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural
gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices
and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills.
Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities,
as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
Fluorinated gases: Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and
nitrogen trifluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a
variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for
stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller
quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to
as High Global Warming Potential gases ("High GWP gases").
Each gas's effect on climate change depends on 3 main factors:
1- How much of these gases are in the atmosphere?
Concentration, or abundance, is the amount of a particular gas in the air. Larger emissions of
greenhouse gases lead to higher concentrations in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gas
concentrations are measured in parts per million, parts per billion, and even parts per trillion. One
part per million is equivalent to one drop of water diluted into about 13 gallons of liquid (roughly
the fuel tank of a compact car). To learn more about the increasing concentrations of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, visit the Causes of Climate Change and the Climate Change
Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases pages.
2- How long do they stay in the atmosphere?
Each of these gases can remain in the atmosphere for different amounts of time, ranging
from a few years to thousands of years. All of these gases remain in the atmosphere long enough
to become well mixed, meaning that the amount that is measured in the atmosphere is roughly
the same all over the world, regardless of the source of the emissions.
3- How strongly do they impact the atmosphere?
Some gases are more effective than others at making the planet warmer and "thickening the
Earth's blanket."
For each greenhouse gas, a Global Warming Potential (GWP) has been calculated to reflect
how long it remains in the atmosphere, on average, and how strongly it absorbs energy. Gases
with a higher GWP absorb more energy, per pound, than gases with a lower GWP, and thus
contribute more to warming Earth.

NewBase For discussion or further details on the news below you may contact us on +971504822502, Dubai, UAE
The Editor :”Khaled Al Awadi” Your partner in Energy Services
NewBase energy news is produced daily (Sunday to Thursday) and
sponsored by Hawk Energy Service – Dubai, UAE.
For additional free subscription emails please contact Hawk Energy
Khaled Malallah Al Awadi,
Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME member since 1995
Hawk Energy member 2010
Mobile: +97150-4822502
khdmohd@hawkenergy.net
khdmohd@hotmail.com
Khaled Al Awadi is a UAE National with a total of 27 years of experience in
the Oil & Gas sector. Currently working as Technical Affairs Specialist for
Emirates General Petroleum Corp. “Emarat“ with external voluntary Energy
consultation for the GCC area via Hawk Energy Service as a UAE
operations base , Most of the experience were spent as the Gas Operations
Manager in Emarat , responsible for Emarat Gas Pipeline Network Facility &
gas compressor stations . Through the years, he has developed great
experiences in the designing & constructing of gas pipelines, gas metering &
regulating stations and in the engineering of supply routes. Many years were spent drafting, &
compiling gas transportation, operation & maintenance agreements along with many MOUs for the
local authorities. He has become a reference for many of the Oil & Gas Conferences held in the
UAE and Energy program broadcasted internationally, via GCC leading satellite Channels.
NewBase : For discussion or further details on the news above you may contact us on +971504822502 , Dubai , UAE
NewBase December 2017 K. Al Awadi

New base 20 december 2017 energy news issue 1116 by khaled al awadi

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to New base 20 december 2017 energy news issue 1116 by khaled al awadi

Similar to New base 20 december 2017 energy news issue 1116 by khaled al awadi (20)

More from Khaled Al Awadi

More from Khaled Al Awadi (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

New base 20 december 2017 energy news issue 1116 by khaled al awadi