Leptynoptera sulfurea, a psyllid species that feeds on Calophyllum inophyllum trees, has been found for the first time on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. L. sulfurea specimens were collected on five islands and were associated with C. inophyllum, which is found throughout the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. This expands the known range of L. sulfurea, which has been reported from numerous locations in Asia and the Pacific and feeds exclusively on C. inophyllum.
Morpho-External Structure of Lichen Flora in the Vicinity of Malingling River, Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon.
Research Adviser: Ms. Jeanalyn C. Agor
Research Consultant: Edsyl Berongoy-Peňas
The research study was conducted to an inventory the lichen flora and its external morphology structure in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon. Specifically, the study aims to: (1) identify what species of the lichen flora found in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon; (2) differentiate the lichen flora with respect to: (a) vegetation; (b) color; and (c) family; and (3) determine the importance of lichens of flora to the people, community, and environment.
Diversity of Butterflies (Rhopalocera) inBulusukan (San Idelfonso, Bulacan, P...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991), LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded. Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition, conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso, Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6, 2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of 15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest. Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for wet and dry season.
The Invisible world of marine plants expounds importance of marine plants in our everyday life. Cyanobacteria, Green microalgae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, endophytic algae, seaweeds and so on are explained.
Delivered on 18th ay, 2015 at CUPB www.cup.ac.in in connection with Fascination of Plants Day
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
Morpho-External Structure of Lichen Flora in the Vicinity of Malingling River, Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon.
Research Adviser: Ms. Jeanalyn C. Agor
Research Consultant: Edsyl Berongoy-Peňas
The research study was conducted to an inventory the lichen flora and its external morphology structure in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon. Specifically, the study aims to: (1) identify what species of the lichen flora found in the vicinity of Malingling River in Old Damulog, Damulog, Bukidnon; (2) differentiate the lichen flora with respect to: (a) vegetation; (b) color; and (c) family; and (3) determine the importance of lichens of flora to the people, community, and environment.
Diversity of Butterflies (Rhopalocera) inBulusukan (San Idelfonso, Bulacan, P...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
There are 1,615 species and sub species of butterflies in the entire Philippines (C.R Baltazar, 1991), LUBG San Fernando La Union has 104 species recorded they belong to 6 families and 66 genera(Nacua et al2015).In Manila,Nacua (2016) 22 species of butterflies belong to 6 families 17 genera were also recorded. Thisstudyseeks to determine the species composition, conservation status, richness and abundance of butterflies in the town of Bulusukan, a community in San Ildefonso, Bulacan province (Luzon Island, Philippines). The opportunistic transect sampling method was used to collect butterflies. Collection was done at daytime on August 6, 2016 from 8 am up to 5 pm in areas with GPS of 15°04'26.0652"northand 121°02'39.9588"east near the vicinity of Bulusukan Cave.Species richness and butterfly diversity in all areas sampled was calculated. A dendogram showing 75% species abundance was accounted and comes mostly from the secondary dipterocarp forest. Graphium antiphates Cramer, Ypthima semperaand Ptychandra lorquini-lorquini were found to be endemic to Bulusukan. Butterflies were observed to be attracted to shady forest areas consisting of mosses clinging on metamorphic rocks along a river and includes species from the families Nymphalidae and Papilionidae. This study was able to identify 21 butterfly species with 19 genera 2 of them are rare and 2 endemic species of butterflies in Bulusukan. It is recommended to continue further study for wet and dry season.
The Invisible world of marine plants expounds importance of marine plants in our everyday life. Cyanobacteria, Green microalgae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, endophytic algae, seaweeds and so on are explained.
Delivered on 18th ay, 2015 at CUPB www.cup.ac.in in connection with Fascination of Plants Day
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
People are well aware of the existence and relevance of coral reefs that occur in tropical seas. They are well known for their structural beauty but also because the reefs they form are generally the home of abundant, diverse and colorful communities of fishes and invertebrates.
But corals are not restricted to the shallow waters of tropical seas
foraminifera from the Atherfield Clay of the Idle of Wight. Lithosection description, illustration of the foraminifera. Lower Cretaceous marine sediments
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
People are well aware of the existence and relevance of coral reefs that occur in tropical seas. They are well known for their structural beauty but also because the reefs they form are generally the home of abundant, diverse and colorful communities of fishes and invertebrates.
But corals are not restricted to the shallow waters of tropical seas
foraminifera from the Atherfield Clay of the Idle of Wight. Lithosection description, illustration of the foraminifera. Lower Cretaceous marine sediments
Puffer fish belonging to the family tetraodontidae are usually distributed in the shallow waters. During investigation in stations viz. Marina Park, Chidiyatapu and Burmanullah, around Andaman, five species from genus Arothron and two from Canthigaster have been recorded and were mostly found to prefer coral reefs and rock crevices, with the exception of Arothron immaculatus, which was found to be present in the open waters and it confined to sandy bottom substrate with patches of sea grasses around them. These fishes were found to be most diverse and abundant in Chidiyatapu with the Margelef’s Richness Index of 2.49, Shannon-Wiener index of 1.05 and Pielou’s evenness index of 0.96. Biometric analysis results demonstrate that they have shown an isometric growth. The individuals collected were mostly lying in the length group of 120-160 mm. Gut content analysis of A. Immaculatus reveals that the fish feed mainly on molluscs and sea urchin and the other food items were shrimps, crabs, sponges, micro algae, foraminiferans etc. gastro-somatic index, hepato-somatic index and gonado-somatic indices were also calculated to throw light upon the feeding behavior and reproductive maturity of the fishes. Most of the individuals were found to be in the developing stage of maturity.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
Anstiftung zum utopischen Denken: Die B-SocietyMarcus Klug
Utopisches Denken gehört zum digitalen Wandel dazu. Denn was heute noch wie Science-Fiction klingt, könnte schon morgen Realität sein. Utopisches Denken ist auch die Grundlage für die B-Society in Dänemark, die 2008 von der Ingenieurin Camilla Kring ins Leben gerufen worden ist.
"Vergessen Sie endlich das Leben von acht bis vier", sagt Kring, "und das Gerede von der Wochenarbeitszeit gleich mit dazu." Das Leben auf dem Lande ließ die Menschen einst mit den Kühen aufstehen, um rechtzeitig nach dem Melkschemel zu greifen. Das Leben in den Städten sollte sich nach den Erfordernissen der Industrialisierung mit ihren Fließbändern und Maschinen richten; es wurde streng und präzise per Stechuhr organisiert.
Heute aber steht der Übergang von der Industrie- zur Wissensgesellschaft im Zeitalter der digitalen Transformation an. "Und den packen wir nur, wenn wir von starren Zeitmustern endlich abkehren und Menschen zu Zeiten arbeiten lassen, an denen ihr Gehirn dazu bereit ist. Wir können nicht von Flexibilität reden und so zentrale Dinge außer Acht lassen."
(Quelle: Die Schläfer, in: brand eins, Ausgabe 03/2008)
Die Präsentation beruht auf der Veröffentlichung des Sachbuchs "Morgen weiß ich mehr. Intelligenter lernen und arbeiten nach der digitalen Revolution", welches im Sommer 2016 unter anderem auf Amazon.de publiziert wird.
Im Vorfeld zur Veröffentlichung gibt es eine Menge kostenloser Impulse, so wie diese Präsentation, Online-Beiträge und Interviews. Hier gibt es mehr: www.digitalistbesser.org.
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
Polychaetes of Gulf of Mannar, South East Coast of Indiaijtsrd
Gulf of Mannar is a suitable environment for the study of Polychaetes with special reference to their systematics, spatial and temporal distribution. It has a number of islands and estuaries and a variety of environments such as, mangroves, coral reefs, pearl oyster beds, sea weed and sea grass beds. Hence, a study was conducted for 2 years by collecting samples from 21 stations covering all the ecologically important locations such as, 13 sea bottoms surrounding the islands, 4 estuaries, 3 intertidal regions, and 1 backwater using standard methods. A total of 49 species were identified, out of which 34 are found to be new records to the area. If we take this and the earlier reports in to consideration the total number comes to 144 species and 33 species up to genus level. This is going to be a new information on the distribution of Polychaetes in the Gulf of Mannar region. S. Lazarus | A. Renu | S. Balasubramanian "Polychaetes of Gulf of Mannar, South East Coast of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33010.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33010/polychaetes-of-gulf-of-mannar-south-east-coast-of-india/s-lazarus
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
A study on the biodiversity of snake island in South Andaman - JBESInnspub Net
Snake Island is an uninhabited small rocky islet off Carbyn’s Cove in Port Blair, Andaman. The biodiversity of this rocky island is its distinctive feature as it becomes a small habitat for various organisms close to the open sea. During this present study a total no. of 217 species were recorded out of which 205 has been identified. Pisces was the dominant group, followed by cnidarians, molluscs, arthropods etc. The island is highly influenced by sea water as during high tides nearly 75 % of the island is submerged by seawater. This is the reason of dominance of marine organisms (94 %) over terrestrial organisms (6 %) in the island. Another characteristic feature of the island is the formation of numerous rocky and sandy water channels and the presence of a ‘coral pool’ at the end of one such channel on the north-eastern part of the island. During high tide these channels are filled with water and exchange of seawater takes place in the coral pool, where highest diversity of species was observed. Lack of intertidal species in the island is evident due to the high action of waves from the open sea and lack of hiding areas other than rocky crevices. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
2. Lythraceae), fish plate shrub (Guettarda speciosa L.: Rubiaceae), sea
perch (Terminalia catappa L.: Combretaceae), hopbush (Dodonaea
viscosa Jacq.: Sapindaceae), cheesefruit (Morinda citrifolia L.: Rubiaceae),
sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tilaceus L.: Malvaceae) and kerosene wood (Cordia
subcordata Lam.: Boraginaceae) (Neville et al., 2007).
Results and discussion
Specimens of L. sulfurea were collected on five of the islands in the
Cocos (Keeling) Islands during the survey: Direction Island: 1♀ found
through direct searching of C. inophyllum at the Jetty (12°05′22.5″S
96°53′02.3″E) on 4 June 2005; Home Island: 3♂ in two yellow pan
traps (run 13–17 June 2005) in grasslands (12°07′06.9″S 96°54′03.5″E),
36♂, 32♀ in three yellow pan traps (run 13–17 June 2005) at Oceania
House (12°07′14.1″S 96°53′40.0″E), 1♀ found through direct searching
of Scaevola sp. (7 June 2005) north of the Jetty (12°06′57.9″S 96°53′
37.3″E), 5 immatures found through direct searching of C. inophyllum
(7 June 2005) north of the Jetty (12°06′57.9″S 96°53′37.3″E), and 1 im-
mature found through direct searching of the litter (7 June 2005) north
of the Jetty (12°06′57.9″S 96°53′37.3″E); Horsburgh Island: 1♂1♀
found through direct searching of C. inophyllum at Possession Point
(19 June 2005); North Keeling Island: 1♂ from yellow pan trap (run
20–22 June 2005) in Pisonia forest (11°49′52.4″S 96°49′05.3″E); and
West Island: 5♂8♀ found through direct searching of C. inophyllum
and 1♂ from Scaevola sp. at the Trannies (12°08′30.7″S 96°49′03.8″E)
on 8 June 2005.
Currently, it is assumed that the psyllid immatures collected are
L. sulfurea because no other psyllid species have been recorded in the
past or were collected during this survey. Gibson-Hill documented the
non-marine invertebrates that he collected on the Cocos (Keeling)
Islands in a series of papers published in 1950. He listed 15 species of
Hemiptera but there were no psyllids in this list (Gibson-Hill, 1950).
Crawford (1919) erected the genus Leptynoptera and described the
species L. sulfurea based on one damaged specimen from Amboina
(Ambon Island) in the Moluccas Islands (Maluku Islands), Indonesia.
Uichanco (1919) published a photograph of marginal leaf galls on
C. inophyllum from Luzon (Philippines). Uichanco (1919) stated that
adult psyllids were collected at the time but they were not identified
to species. Later, Uichanco (1921) described these psyllids as a new va-
riety of L. sulfurea rubrocincta and provided illustrations of the forewing,
and the male and female genitalia. Takahashi (1927) mentions this sub-
species from Formosa (Taiwan), and Boselli (1930) lists and illustrates
specimens collected on Ficus by R. Takahashi in Formosa (Taiwan).
Laing (1922) originally described Leptynoptera didactyla from specimens
collected on C. inophyllum in Fiji. Caldwell (1942) made Leptynoptera
didactyla a synonym of L. sulfurea. In the same paper, Laing (1922) incor-
rectly spelt L. sulfurea as L. sulphurea. This mistake was corrected by
Martin and Hollis (1992).
L. sulfurea is mentioned in several papers other than the ones
already mentioned. Kuwayama (1931) lists L. sulfurea from Moluccas,
Philippines and Taiwan on C. inophyllum but from published infor-
mation (Crawford, 1919; Uichanco, 1921; Takahashi, 1927 and in
Kuwayama, 1931) and Swezey (1941) records adults on young leaves
of C. inophyllum in Samoa. Caldwell (1942) reported on specimens col-
lected in Guam with the observation by O.H. Swezey that the immatures
feed beneath the rolled over edges of C. inophyllum leaves; Caldwell
(1942) synonymised L. sulfurea rubrocincta Uichanco, 1921 with
L. sulfurea Crawford, 1919. Tuthill (1951) gives locations in the Caroline
and Palau Islands, including an observation by Esaki that this was a com-
mon gregarious feeding on young leaves of C. inophyllum. Tuthill (1964)
illustrated L. sulfurea and reported that it is widespread throughout
western Micronesia with its host plant C. inophyllum in Ambon, Fiji(?),
South Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, Guam, and Palau. In his paper
describing Leptynoptera alagari Miyatake from Calophyllum blancoi Pl.
& Tr, in the Philippines, Miyatake (1971) also illustrates the forewing
and male genitalia of L. sulfurea. Anthony (1974, cited in Martin and
Hollis, 1992) described the gall of L. sulfurea on the leaves of Calophyllum
in Singapore.
Beardsley (1981) reported light trap capture of L. sulfurea at Honolulu
International Airport (Oahu) in 1977 and at Molokai in 1978. A survey
made in 1980 found moderate to heavy infestations of all stages of
this psyllid on young terminal growth of kamani trees (C. inophyllum)
at Honolulu International Airport, Fort Kamehameha, Salt Lake
and Kakaako. Subsequently, infestations have been seen in Manoa
(University of Hawaii Campus), Nuuanu, and in Kailua. Infestations of
immatures produce obvious crinkling and curling of the edges of
infested leaves. Yang (1984) illustrated the forewing, head, male and fe-
male genitalia, and immatures (1, 3, 4 and 5 instars) from C. inophyllum
in Taiwan. Yang (2005) gives the distribution of L. sulfurea as Taiwan,
Philippines, Ryukyu, S. Mariana Is., Caroline Is., Amboina and Fiji.
Braza and Calilung (1981) discuss more specimens collected from the
Philippines, and Hutson (1981) lists the species from C. inophyllum on
Diego Garcia Atoll in the middle of the Indian Ocean (Hutson, 1981).
Hollis (2004) cites records from C. inophyllum in the Northern Territory
and Queensland in Australia, and Li (2011) from the same host in China.
There is, finally, a series from New Caledonia in the collection of the
Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland.
In summary, L. sulfurea has been found in Australia (mainland, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands), China (Hainan Island), Cook Islands, Diego Garcia,
Federated States of Micronesia (mainly Caroline Islands), Fiji, France
(New Caledonia), India, Indonesia (Ambon, Maluku, Sulawesi), Japan
(Ryuku Islands), Malaysia (peninsula), Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua
New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga
and the USA (Guam and Hawaii) (Hodkinson, 1983, 1986; Martin and
Hollis, 1992; Hollis, 2004).
The host plant for L. sulfurea is C. inophyllum, and it is likely that other
host plant records are casual occurrences. C. inophyllum is a large ever-
green ornamental and timber tree that is widely dispersed throughout
the tropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It occurs naturally
in coastal and adjacent lowland forests in East Africa (Madagascar),
India, Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam), East Asia (Japan, Taiwan),
Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the South Pacific (Cook Islands, Fiji,
French Polynesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk
Island, Reunion, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu) (Stevens,
1980; CAB International, 2000; Friday and Okano, 2006; Orwa et al.,
2009). It is thought to be indigenous to India, Malaysia, Indonesia and
the Philippines (CAB International, 2000). C. inophyllum is often planted
within its natural distribution range because of its value as a timber tree
(Orwa et al., 2009). It has been planted in Asia (Bangladesh, China, India,
Indochina, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand),
Africa (Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Tanzania and Uganda),
Central America, Oceania (Australia, Cook Islands, Nauru, Pacific Islands,
Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands), Hawaii and Mauritius (CAB
International, 2000). Williams (1994) records C. inophyllum from
Horsburgh and West Islands in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, but it does
occur also on some of the other islands.
For such a widespread psyllid species, relatively little is known about
its biology. It is a gall-forming psyllid (Uichanco, 1919; Anthony, 1974;
Martin and Hollis, 1992). The main reference to the biology of
L. sulfurea is from Thailand (Tigvatnanont, 1991). The immatures were
restricted to the developing shoots and young leaves of C. inophyllum
while the adults fed on both younger and older leaves. Eggs were laid
in rows along the margin of very young leaves. The immatures excreted
copious quantities of honeydew on which sooty mould developed.
Tigvatnanont (1991) reared L. sulfurea on C. inophyllum and observed
that both males and females mated several times during their lives.
The females deposited an average of 517.95 ± 13.01 eggs; the mean
egg duration was 4.18 ± 0.08 days, and for immatures, it was 9.68 ±
0.06 days. Mean female longevity was 44.47 ± 1.77 days and for males,
it was 39.33 ± 1.30 days (Tigvatnanont, 1991). The observations by
Tigvatnanont (1991) suggest that L. sulfurea does not form an enclosed
498 P.J. Neville et al. / Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 18 (2015) 497–499
3. gall, and that it is more likely to distort the leaves to provide a shelter for
the immatures. Uichanco (1919, 1921) describes the species as forming
galls, while Braza and Calilung (1981) call it a gall-former that rolls up
and curls the leaf margins to enclose the immatures inside. They found
shed exuviae on the leaf surface suggesting immatures leave the galls
for adult emergence. They also stated that the immatures secrete pow-
dery wax and are associated with ants. This is the only reference to
ants associated with L. sulfurea, but is something to keep an eye on in
the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in view of the invasion of those islands by
the Yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes F. Smith (Neville et al., 2008).
Waterhouse (1997) lists L. sulfurea as a pest of C. inophyllum in planta-
tion forests in the southern and western Pacific (Waterhouse, 1997 p. 43)
and a pest of lesser importance in Guam (Waterhouse, 1997 p. 48).
Campbell (2003) suggests that it is an invasive alien species in Guam.
The genus Calophyllum has 187 species (Stevens, 1980) and eleven
species of Leptynoptera have been recorded as using Calophyllum as host
plants (Martin and Hollis, 1992). L. sulfurea is the most widespread spe-
cies of Leptynoptera, possibly reflecting the widespread distribution of
its host plant. Of the 10 other species of Leptynoptera, one is found in
Zanzibar, another in Sri Lanka, and the remaining eight species are dis-
tributed from Singapore to the Solomon Islands (Martin and Hollis, 1992).
One of the interesting questions about the insects of the Cocos
(Keeling) Islands is how they colonised such small islands located nearly
1,000 km from the nearest land mass, Christmas Island, to the ENE. There
are similarities between the flora and fauna of Christmas and the Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, and it may be possible that some of the insects found
on the latter originated from Christmas Island. C. inophyllum occurs on
Christmas Island (Mitchell, 1974), but L. sulfurea has yet to be found
there. The predominant winds throughout the year at the Cocos (Keeling)
Islands are the trade winds from Africa that actually arrive there from the
southeast. Winds from the Christmas Island direction (ENE) occur an
average of 4.4% over the whole year, with peaks of 7.6% (March), 7.7%
(April) and 8.5% (July) (Windfinder, 2014). These WSW winds from
Christmas Island are estimated to take 72 h to cover the 980 km journey
based on NOAA Hysplit modelling (J. Weiss pers. comm. 2014). The Cocos
(Keeling) Islands are also subjected to periodic cyclones (Bureau of
Meteorology, 2014). C. inophyllum is an oceanic seed dispersed tree and
this could explain its colonisation to these islands because there is no
evidence that C. inophyllum was planted there after human settlement.
As the centre of distribution of L. sulfurea is either Asia or Oceania, the
westerly records in the Indian Ocean, Diego Garcia and the Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, are interesting. Unless this species is found further
west in Africa, then L. sulfurea either arrived at these location by human
transport or involved a very risky transoceanic wind dispersal event.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Parks Australia North for funding this pro-
ject through DPI Victoria, and especially the staff on Cocos (Keeling)
Islands with facilitating and assisting the study. This project would not
have been possible without the encouragement and assistance of
Wendy Murray, Robert Thorn (Greenie), Ismail MacRae and Mohammad
Chongkin. Field work was conducted with the assistance of Melanie
Archer, Kylie McGregor, Dennis O’Dowd and Ben Heally. John Weiss
provided information on wind movements from Christmas Island to
the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
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