People are well aware of the existence and relevance of coral reefs that occur in tropical seas. They are well known for their structural beauty but also because the reefs they form are generally the home of abundant, diverse and colorful communities of fishes and invertebrates.
But corals are not restricted to the shallow waters of tropical seas
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
ADAPTATION OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTJaneAlamAdnan
Adaptation is an evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes increasingly well suited to living in a particular habitat. It is not a quick process! Natural selection over many generations results in helpful traits becoming more common in a population. This occurs because individuals with these traits are better adapted to the environment and therefore more likely to survive and breed. Adaptation is also a common term to describe these helpful or adaptive traits. In other words, an adaptation is a feature of an organism that enables it to live in a particular habitat.
You might have heard that mother nature is bizarre, but you might not realize, how bizarre she can actually be. From an everlasting storm to a lake that kills and mummifies animals, check out these 25 bizarre natural phenomenon that actually occur on earth.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
You might have heard that mother nature is bizarre, but you might not realize, how bizarre she can actually be. From an everlasting storm to a lake that kills and mummifies animals, check out these 25 bizarre natural phenomenon that actually occur on earth.
Re-Colonizing Soft Corals on the Degraded Coral Reefs of Gulf Of Kachchh Mari...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coral reefs of the Gulf of Kachchh are in a highly degraded condition, when compared with other three major coral reef regions of India. In correlation with geographical and oceanographical changes, its arid climate and the semi-diurnal tidal amplitudes fluctuations hamper the recovery of the reef. Soft corals may play the alternative key role in maintaining the ecological role in the degraded reef ecosystem in the absence of hard corals. Re-colonization of soft corals on the degraded reefs is among the first steps to make them to recover gradually. Present Line Intercept Transect survey (LIT) conducted in a reef of the Gulf inferred the possibility to recovery of the reefs due to the colonization of soft corals on the bare coral boulders.
Marine Scoops Guide To Coral Reefs (Part 1/3)Marine Scoop
A brief introduction to coral biology, reef formation and coral reproduction. Check out more at www.marinescoop.com and sign up to our weekly newsletter to receive parts II and III as soon as they are released! Part II will cover natural threats to coral reefs, coral bleaching, reef pollution, reef sedimentation, coral reef acidification and coral disease. Part III will cover overexploitation of reefs, destructive fishing practices on reefs, coral reef management and marine protected areas. Feel free to suggest another marine ecosystem to cover!
2012, 7 milliards d’habitants sur terre. On en prévoit 9 milliards en 2050 !
Comment faire pour fournir énergie et matières premières nécessaires au développement de l’activité humaine, ou même tout simplement à son maintien ?
Comment l’étude d’une bactérie du parc de Yellowstone bouleversa la biologie.
Peu connue du grand public, la génomique constitue pourtant une réelle révolution dans l’histoire de la biologie, nous permettant aujourd’hui d’avoir une vision totalement différente des organismes. Non seulement la génomique a modifié notre vision de l’organisation du vivant, mais elle montre également qu’un organisme constitue un écosystème à lui tout seul, un monde dans lequel cohabitent des millions de micro-organismes.
Régions océaniques glacées
De la glace flottant à la surface de la mer se rencontre au nord dans tout l’océan Arctique et, au sud, près du continent antarctique. On doit faire la différence entre 1. les étendues de glace tabulaire formées sur les continents, qui sont l’origine des icebergs, 2. les banquises qui se forment lorsque l’eau de mer gèle pendant l’hiver météorologique. Une partie de la banquise est permanente, le reste disparaît en été et se reconstitue en automne.
Au cours du dernier maximum glaciaire, il y a environ 20 000 ans, le niveau de la mer était plus bas qu’aujourd’hui d’environ 130 mètres en moyenne. Avec la fonte des grandes calottes de glace qui recouvraient alors le nord de l’Amérique et de l’Europe, la mer est remontée puis s’est stabilisée il y a environ 3 000 ans. Mais les observations marégraphiques disponibles depuis 150 ans indiquent que la mer a recommencé à monter au cours du XXe siècle, à une vitesse moyenne de 1,8 mm par an. (...)
La méditerranée est un domaine très fragile hérité d’une très longue histoire géologique et inexorablement condamné à disparaître comme ses grands ancêtres dont témoignent encore, à sa périphérie, les nombreuses chaînes de montagnes qui l’entourent.
Non indigenous species (NIS, also indicated as exotic or alien species), have become a hot issue in recent decades in particular in the Mediterranean Sea...
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Cold-water or deep-sea corals - by Ricardo Serrao Santos
1. Cold-water or deep-sea corals
Auteur : Ricardo Serrão Santos
IMAR – Instituto do Mar, LARSyS & Departamento de Oceanografia e Pescas,
Universidade dos Açores, Portugal
Membre du Conseil scientifique de l’Institut océanographique, Fondation Albert Ier, Prince de Monaco
People are well aware of the existence and relevance of coral reefs that occur in tropical seas. They are well
known for their structural beauty but also because the reefs they form are generally the home of abundant,
diverse and colorful communities of fishes and invertebrates.
But corals are not restricted to the shallow waters of tropical seas. Well deep in the ocean, well beyond the
blue light many species of corals compete in diversity and complexity with their shallower relatives.
They are either known as cold-water, because some are able to live in temperatures as cold as 4 °C, or as
deep-sea corals, because some species reach depths below 2000 or 4000 metres. There are as many
species of cold-water deep-sea corals as shallow-water tropical corals. Among both, more than 5000
thousand species were already described.
Corals belong to the Phylum Cnidaria, thus being a kind of cousins of the sea anemones and the jellyfish.
But in contrast to these corals are commonly known from their hard calcareous bodies.
A striking difference between shallow water tropical corals and deep-sea corals is that these do not require
Zooxanthella, a symbiotic protozoa, to survive. Deep-sea corals are filter-feeding organisms.
Only a few species of these, the most exuberant and well known being the Lophelia, form reefs that may be
rather extensive. Deep-sea corals are commonly divided in stony corals, horny or black corals and soft
corals, which included the gorgonians. All these corals need hard substratum to adhere and grow. They are
well characteristic on the seamounts. Many of those species form exuberant gardens which may included a
great variety of different species.
Fishermen discovered deep-sea corals more than 200 years ago. They considered them as nuisance given
the damaging effect on the fishing nets and lines.
The scientific interest of deep-sea corals arose much later. A major contribution for the knowledge of deep-
sea corals came from the scientific expeditions organized by the Prince Albert Ist of Monaco at the Azores.
One hundred and six species were identified by then. A new technology was even invented to collect cold
water corals and other invertebrates at great depths, the famous “barre à fauberts”. This gear was made of
two to three curved bars of iron with twelve to fifteen swabs, attached to a cable and dragged through the
seafloor. A rather efficient tool, but also, in the words of Dr Jules Richard: “a game of patience (…) to
remove animals from this untidy hair”.
Date de création : Mai 2012 Suivez toute l’actualité de l’Institut océanographique sur www.oceano.org
2. Plate 1 - Plate of drawings of two deep-water corals collected during the “Campagnes scientifiques de S.A.S le
er
Prince Albert I de Monaco ». The one on the right is a species of the genus Leiopathes. In this genus there
are colonies that were aged more than 4000 years old. [5]
Date de création : Mai 2012 Suivez toute l’actualité de l’Institut océanographique sur www.oceano.org
3. Plate 2 - Plate of drawings of several deep-water corals collected during the “Campagnes scientifiques de
er
S.A.S le Prince Albert I de Monaco”. [6]
However only very recently, by the end of the XXth century and the beginning of the XXIst century, deep-sea
corals received increased attention and interest from the scientific community as they have been
recognized as important biodiversity hotspots in the deep-sea. The first international conference on cold-
water corals happened only in the year 2000.
Date de création : Mai 2012 Suivez toute l’actualité de l’Institut océanographique sur www.oceano.org
4. At this time the scientist had just discovered the damaging, and in many cases irreversible, effects of
fisheries in deep-sea coral reefs, gorgonian gardens, stony and black corals. At the same time scientists
were discovering that most of these organisms were very slow growing. One of the genus, the Leiopathes
or black coral, is now considered one of the long living organism on our planet, with individuals aged 4265
years old.
Recent studies on the by-catch composition of bottom fisheries revealed that Leiopathes are often
damaged and captured, raising concerns on the extent of these impacts and their recovery potential. For
these reasons cold water corals are nowadays protected by several conventions.
Further reading:
[1] Calcagno R. (2011). Les Grands Fonds Marins. Voyage dans un monde inconnu. Éditions du Rocher, Paris,
France, 156 pp.
[2] Carpine-Lancre J. & Saldanha L. (eds.) (1992). Dom Carlos I, Roi de Portugal, Albert Ier, Prince de Monaco:
Souverains océanographes. Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbonne, 178 pp.
[3] Roark E.B., Guilderson T.P., Dunbar R.B., Fallon S.J. & Mucciarone D.A. (2009). Extreme longevity in
proteinaceous deep-sea corals. PNAS, 106 (13), 5204-5208.
[4] Roberts J.M., Wheeler A.J., Freiwald A., Cairns S.D. (eds.) (2009). Cold-Water Corals – The Biology and
Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats. Cambridge University Press, UK, xvi + 334 pp.
[5] Roule L. (1905). Description des Antipathaires et Cérianthaires Recueillis par S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco
dans l’Atlantique nord. Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ier Prince
Souverain de Monaco, fascicule XXX: 1-99, plates 1-10.
[6] Studer Th. (1901). Alcyonaires provenant des campagnes de l’Hirondelle (1886-88). Résultats des
Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, fascicule XX,
1-64, plates 1-11.
Date de création : Mai 2012 Suivez toute l’actualité de l’Institut océanographique sur www.oceano.org