A short note about the concept of the psychological test; introduction, definition, characteristics, needs, classification, types, and some selected psychological tests.
PSY 634 Final Project Guidelines and Grading Guide O.docxpotmanandrea
PSY 634: Final Project Guidelines and Grading Guide
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of a case application paper that includes an in-depth analysis of a selected case study. Students will choose an
individual such as a known historical figure, a celebrity, a fictional character, or an individual known personally to the student (ALL identifying information must
be eliminated from the paper in the case of the last option). The selected individual must be a child or adolescent with a cognitive disorder or a learning disability,
and enough information must be available to include the following in the analysis:
A description of the chosen disorder and a comparison between normal brain function and the brain function of a person with the disorder
An evaluation of the relationship between psychological and physiological aspects of the disorder and the resulting negative effects on daily functioning
An assessment of the impact of recent technological advancements on the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder
Recommendations for appropriate treatment options and coping mechanisms for the selected case and other people with the disorder
Preventative measures that may be employed for others who may be at risk for the disorder
The case application paper should be a 10–12-page Word document. The final product represents an authentic demonstration of competencies highlighted by
the course outcomes because the paper requires students to 1) analyze brain areas associated with a disorder and corresponding behavioral deficits, 2) review
existing research and apply the literature to a topic in cognitive neuropsychology, and 3) assess diagnostic techniques, summarize effective treatments, and
analyze possible outcomes of those treatments. The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to
scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Three, Five, and Seven. The final product will be submitted
in Module Nine.
This assessment will assess your mastery with respect to the following course outcomes:
PSY-634-01 Analyze the relationship between psychological and physiological aspects of cognitive processes
PSY-634-02 Analyze the impact that recent advancements in technology have had on the field of cognitive neuropsychology
PSY-634-03 Compare the neuropsychological functions of a normal functioning brain with those of individuals diagnosed with common cognitive dysfunctions
PSY-634-04 Assess the appropriateness of employing neuropsychological methods in the diagnosis and treatment of common cognitive dysfunctions
Note: Topics should include neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment
PSY-634-05 Recommend possible coping mechanisms and prevention strategies for children and adolescents experiencing or who are at risk for common
cognitive issues using the principles ...
A short note about the concept of the psychological test; introduction, definition, characteristics, needs, classification, types, and some selected psychological tests.
PSY 634 Final Project Guidelines and Grading Guide O.docxpotmanandrea
PSY 634: Final Project Guidelines and Grading Guide
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of a case application paper that includes an in-depth analysis of a selected case study. Students will choose an
individual such as a known historical figure, a celebrity, a fictional character, or an individual known personally to the student (ALL identifying information must
be eliminated from the paper in the case of the last option). The selected individual must be a child or adolescent with a cognitive disorder or a learning disability,
and enough information must be available to include the following in the analysis:
A description of the chosen disorder and a comparison between normal brain function and the brain function of a person with the disorder
An evaluation of the relationship between psychological and physiological aspects of the disorder and the resulting negative effects on daily functioning
An assessment of the impact of recent technological advancements on the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder
Recommendations for appropriate treatment options and coping mechanisms for the selected case and other people with the disorder
Preventative measures that may be employed for others who may be at risk for the disorder
The case application paper should be a 10–12-page Word document. The final product represents an authentic demonstration of competencies highlighted by
the course outcomes because the paper requires students to 1) analyze brain areas associated with a disorder and corresponding behavioral deficits, 2) review
existing research and apply the literature to a topic in cognitive neuropsychology, and 3) assess diagnostic techniques, summarize effective treatments, and
analyze possible outcomes of those treatments. The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to
scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Three, Five, and Seven. The final product will be submitted
in Module Nine.
This assessment will assess your mastery with respect to the following course outcomes:
PSY-634-01 Analyze the relationship between psychological and physiological aspects of cognitive processes
PSY-634-02 Analyze the impact that recent advancements in technology have had on the field of cognitive neuropsychology
PSY-634-03 Compare the neuropsychological functions of a normal functioning brain with those of individuals diagnosed with common cognitive dysfunctions
PSY-634-04 Assess the appropriateness of employing neuropsychological methods in the diagnosis and treatment of common cognitive dysfunctions
Note: Topics should include neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment
PSY-634-05 Recommend possible coping mechanisms and prevention strategies for children and adolescents experiencing or who are at risk for common
cognitive issues using the principles ...
TEST CONSTRUCTION in Psychology to measure different traitsVandanaGaur15
The process of designing and constructing a test, from the initial concept to its final administration and scoring, as well as its statistical analysis and reporting, is known as test construction (Zijlmans et al., 2019).
Test construction is the set of activities involved in developing and evaluating a test of some psychological function.
The development of a good psychological test requires six essential steps:
Planning.
Writing items for the test.
Preliminary administration of the test.
Checking the reliability of the final test.
Checking the validity of the final test.
Preparation of the test manual and reproduction of the test.
psychological assessment and test for nursing students unit 8.pptxSulekhaDeshmukh
this is the easy notes of psychology for BSC Nursing 1st year and for GNM 1st year, psychological assessment test will help to know about the person's behavior, here will get what is the psychological assessment test, definition purpose, types of assessment test, this psychological assessment test we use for those peoples who are getting problem in their carrier, it will be help in which field we can make our carrier in this notes will get how we can interpreted test, i make this notes in very easy form definitely it will help for exam
Assessment does not limit in paper pencil only. Some students excel in performance-based assessment thus they should be tested using authentic assessment to have balance.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
TEST CONSTRUCTION in Psychology to measure different traitsVandanaGaur15
The process of designing and constructing a test, from the initial concept to its final administration and scoring, as well as its statistical analysis and reporting, is known as test construction (Zijlmans et al., 2019).
Test construction is the set of activities involved in developing and evaluating a test of some psychological function.
The development of a good psychological test requires six essential steps:
Planning.
Writing items for the test.
Preliminary administration of the test.
Checking the reliability of the final test.
Checking the validity of the final test.
Preparation of the test manual and reproduction of the test.
psychological assessment and test for nursing students unit 8.pptxSulekhaDeshmukh
this is the easy notes of psychology for BSC Nursing 1st year and for GNM 1st year, psychological assessment test will help to know about the person's behavior, here will get what is the psychological assessment test, definition purpose, types of assessment test, this psychological assessment test we use for those peoples who are getting problem in their carrier, it will be help in which field we can make our carrier in this notes will get how we can interpreted test, i make this notes in very easy form definitely it will help for exam
Assessment does not limit in paper pencil only. Some students excel in performance-based assessment thus they should be tested using authentic assessment to have balance.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Definition of Terms
Neuropsychology
A branch of Psychology that focuses on the relationship between brain functioning and
behavior.
Neuropsychological Assessment
Evaluation of brain and nervous system functioning as it relates to behavior.
3. General Elements of
a Neuropsychological
Evaluation
• Objectives:
1. Draw inferences about the
structural and functional
characteristics of a person’s brain.
2. Evaluate an individual’s behavior in
defined stimulus-response
situations.
4. Factors to be considered:
Nature of the
referral question
Capabilities of the
client
Availability and
nature of records
regarding the
client
Practical
considerations
(time, location,
etc.)
5. Common to all thorough neuropsychological
examinations are:
Relevant records
Careful history taking
Presence or absence of certain developmental milestones
Mental Status Examination.
Psychosocial history
6. Tests administered should focus on the following
domains:
Mental Activity
Visuoconstructive
Abilities
Memory and
learning
Verbal functions
including academic
skills
Executive
functions
Motor performance Emotional status
7. General strategies in neuropsychological
assessment
QUALITATIVE SIGN
APPROACH
QUANTITATIVE
CUTOFF SCORES
8. Neuropsychological Tests
Tests of General Intellectual Ability
Tests to measure the Ability to Abstract
Tests of Executive Function
Tests of Perceptual, Motor, and Perceptual Motor Function
Tests of Verbal Functioning
Tests of Memory
10. Tests to Measure the Ability to Abstract
Verbal Abstraction Ability
a. Wechsler Similarities Subset
• Identify how two objects are alike
b. Proverbs Test
• “A stitch in time saves nine.”
11. Tests to
Measure the
Ability to
Abstract
1. Non-verbal Abstraction
Ability
a. Object Sorting Test
a. Color-Form Sorting Test
13. Bender-Gestalt Visual
Motor Test
• Developed by a child
psychiatrist named Lauretta
Bender
• First published in 1983
Tests of Perceptual, Motor,
and Perceptual-Motor
Function
14. Bender-Gestalt Visual Motor Test
Screening device for
neuropsychological
impairment by
assessing client’s
visuoconstructive
abilities.
9 designs sequentially
presented to the test
taker with instructions to
reproduce them.
Rated based on their
relative degree of
accuracy and overall
integration.
15.
16.
17. The Bender
• A recall phase was added
• “Now please draw all of the designs
you can remember”
• Subjects diagnosed as neurotic
would be able to recall fewer figures
on the recall portion of the test than
would normal subjects
18.
19. Tests of
Verbal
Functioning
• Controlled Word Association Test
The examiner says a letter of the alphabet and
then it is the subject’s task to say as many words
as he or she can think of that begin with that letter.
21. Challenges
1. Merging test
interpretation with
multiple sources of
information
2. Developing effective
intervention
3. Having a sound
understanding of the
brain-behavior
relationship
4. Knowing the
strengths and
limitations of each test
22. Challenges
Integrating aspects of the individual’s inherent features
and environmental contributions
Integrating
Translating information into meaningful recommendations
Translating
Communicating report to the person/family in
understandable terms.
Communicating
23. A Neuropsychological Evaluation Can:
provide evidence that a
brain injury has caused
changes
give an idea of
what the person
can or cannot be
expected to do
help identify what a
person needs to be
successful, including
adaptations and
compensation strategies,
supervision, learning
style, or teaching
strategies
help people understand
how the injury has
changed them
help others see how
people with the brain injury
see themselves
help plan
rehabilitation or
other treatment
aid in
educational
planning
aid in
vocational
planning
document
changes for
legal purposes
The objective of the typical neuropsychological evaluation is “to draw inferences about the structural and functional characteristics of a person’s brain by evaluating an individual’s behavior in defined stimulus-response situations”
Exactly how the neuropsychological examination is conducted will vary as a function of a number of factors such as the nature of the referral question, the capabilities of the client, the availability and nature of records regarding the client, and practical considerations (such as the time available to conduct the examination).
1. The examination of a patient typically begins with a thorough examination of available, relevant records, such as the medical, educational, family reports, employer reports, prior neuropsychological evaluation records.
2. Next is careful history taking, such as interviewing the client himself, his immediate family, and other relatives.
3. Third is evaluating if there is a presence or absence of certain developmental milestones.
4. Fourth is the administration of tests including Mental Status Examination.
5. And lastly is the Examination of Psychosocial history of the client, such as the level of academic achievement, estimated level of intelligence, and level of adjustment at home, work, or school.
Neurological tests should focus on the following domains
Mental Activity or anything that stimulates, activates or enriches the mind..
Visuoconstructive Abilities, which involve the coordination of fine motor skills with spatial abilities, usually in the reproduction of geometric figures.
3. Memory and learning
4. Verbal functions including academic skills
5. Executive functions, such as planning and organizing
6. Motor Performance, such as the fine and gross motor coordination.
7. Emotional Status, which includes enjoyment, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust
There are two general strategies in neuropsychological assessment:
Qualitative Sign Approach, which assumes the existence of distinctive behaviors indicative of brain damage.
Quantitative Cutoff Scores, which optimally separates a person’s performance into either a brain-damage or normal range.
Tests of intellectual ability, particularly Wechsler tests, occupy a prominent position among the diagnostic tools available to the neuropsychologist. The varied nature of the tasks on the Wechsler scales and the wide variety of responses required make these tests potentially very useful tools for neuropsychological screening. For example, a clue to the existence of a deficit might be brought to light by difficulties in concentration during one of the subtests.
1. One traditional measure of verbal abstraction ability has been the Wechsler Similarities subtest, isolated from the age-appropriate version of the Wechsler intelligence scale. The task in this subtest is to identify how two objects (for instance, a ball and an orange) are alike.
2. Another type of task used to assess ability to think abstractly is proverb interpretation. If your interpretation of this proverb conveyed the idea that haste makes waste, then you have evinced an ability to think abstractly. By contrast, some people with neurological deficits might have interpreted that proverb more concretely. When sewing, take one stitch at a time—it’ll save you from having to do it over nine times. This type of response might betray a deficit in abstraction ability.
Nonverbal tests of abstraction include any of the various tests that require the respondent to sort objects in some logical way. Representative of such tests are the Object Sorting Test and the Color-Form Sorting Test, which require test takers to sort objects of different shapes and colors.
Sorting tests measure one element of executive function, which may be defined as organizing, planning, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition of impulses and related activities associated with the frontal and prefrontal lobes of the brain.
One test used to measure executive function is the Tower of Hanoi. It is set up by stacking the rings on one of the pegs, beginning with the largest-diameter ring, with no succeeding ring resting on a smaller one.
Perhaps one of the most widely used neuropsychological instruments is the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, usually referred to simply as the Bender-Gestalt, or even just “the Bender”
The Bender was developed by Lauretta Bender and it was first published in 1983.
Soon, a number of modifications to the administration procedure were proposed. One such modification was the addition of a recall phase. After all nine designs had been copied, a blank piece of paper was placed before the testtaker with the instructions “Now please draw all of the designs you can remember.”
Owing to the pressure of the unexpected second test, subjects diagnosed as neurotic would be able to recall fewer figures on the recall portion of the test than would normal subjects.
Verbal fluency and fluency in writing are sometimes affected by injury to the brain, and there are tests to assess the extent of the deficit in such skills. In the Controlled Word Association Test, the examiner says a letter of the alphabet and then it is the subject’s task to say as many words as he or she can think of that begin with that letter.
A widely used test of memory is the California Verbal Learning Test–II. The task is to repeat a list of words that are read by the examiner.
Designed for use with test takers from ages 16 to 90, the WMS provides index scores for Auditory Memory, Visual Memory, Visual Working Memory, Immediate Memory, and Delayed Memory
