The document summarizes key topics related to neurotransmitters and neuroplasticity. It discusses the basic structure and function of neurons and how they communicate via neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine at synaptic junctions. It also describes neuroplasticity and how long-term potentiation and new protein synthesis strengthen connections between neurons during learning and memory formation. Examples are given of how understanding neurotransmitters has led to treatments for conditions like depression, anxiety, and pain.
Epileptogenesis is the process by which a brain network that was previously normal is functionally altered toward increased seizure susceptibility, thus having an enhanced probability to generate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs). The process of epileptogenesis occurs in 3 phases: the occurrence of a precipitating injury; a 'latent' period of epileptogenesis and chronic, established epilepsy. Structural and molecular changes associated with epileptogenesis include selective neuronal loss,axonal and dendritic reorganisation, neurogenesis, altered expression of neurotransmitters, and changes at glial architecture. Antiepileptogenesis can be complete or partial. Complete prevention aborts the development of epilepsy while partial prevention can delay the development of epilepsy or reduce its severity. Targeting signaling pathways that alter the expression of genes involved in epileptogenesis may provide novel therapeutic approaches for preventing epileptogenesis. The mTOR and REST pathways are exciting new potential targets for intervention in the epileptogenic process.
Epileptogenesis is the process by which a brain network that was previously normal is functionally altered toward increased seizure susceptibility, thus having an enhanced probability to generate spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs). The process of epileptogenesis occurs in 3 phases: the occurrence of a precipitating injury; a 'latent' period of epileptogenesis and chronic, established epilepsy. Structural and molecular changes associated with epileptogenesis include selective neuronal loss,axonal and dendritic reorganisation, neurogenesis, altered expression of neurotransmitters, and changes at glial architecture. Antiepileptogenesis can be complete or partial. Complete prevention aborts the development of epilepsy while partial prevention can delay the development of epilepsy or reduce its severity. Targeting signaling pathways that alter the expression of genes involved in epileptogenesis may provide novel therapeutic approaches for preventing epileptogenesis. The mTOR and REST pathways are exciting new potential targets for intervention in the epileptogenic process.
Hello everyone
my name is Deepak Kumar , i have done my B.pharm from DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM UNIVERSITY , and now i am Persuing masters of pharmacy from I.T.S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MURADNAGAR UP
contact me :- deepakrajput20021021@gmail.com
instagram :- deepzworldd
Cholinergic drugs inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the primary transmitter of nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which leads to temporary disruptions in normal brain function. These disruptions can result in various physical, sensory, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.
Seizures in epilepsy can manifest in different ways and can vary in intensity and duration. Some common seizure types include:
1. Generalized seizures: These seizures involve both sides of the brain and typically result in loss of consciousness. Examples of generalized seizures include tonic-clonic seizures (previously known as grand mal seizures), absence seizures (previously known as petit mal seizures), and atonic seizures.
2. Focal seizures: Formerly known as partial seizures, these seizures are localized to a specific area of the brain. Focal seizures can be further categorized as focal onset aware seizures (previously simple partial seizures), where the person remains conscious during the seizure, or focal onset impaired awareness seizures (previously complex partial seizures), where the person experiences an altered level of consciousness.
Epilepsy can have various causes, including genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, developmental disorders, and brain tumors. However, in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.
Diagnosis of epilepsy typically involves a thorough medical history review, neurological examination, and various diagnostic tests, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), brain imaging (MRI or CT scan), and blood tests. Treatment options for epilepsy aim to control seizures and may involve the use of antiepileptic medications. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be considered.
It's important for individuals with epilepsy to work closely with healthcare professionals to manage their condition effectively. With proper medical care and lifestyle adjustments, many people with epilepsy are able to lead fulfilling lives and have their seizures well controlled.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Hello everyone
my name is Deepak Kumar , i have done my B.pharm from DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM UNIVERSITY , and now i am Persuing masters of pharmacy from I.T.S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MURADNAGAR UP
contact me :- deepakrajput20021021@gmail.com
instagram :- deepzworldd
Cholinergic drugs inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the primary transmitter of nerve impulses within the parasympathetic nervous system
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which leads to temporary disruptions in normal brain function. These disruptions can result in various physical, sensory, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.
Seizures in epilepsy can manifest in different ways and can vary in intensity and duration. Some common seizure types include:
1. Generalized seizures: These seizures involve both sides of the brain and typically result in loss of consciousness. Examples of generalized seizures include tonic-clonic seizures (previously known as grand mal seizures), absence seizures (previously known as petit mal seizures), and atonic seizures.
2. Focal seizures: Formerly known as partial seizures, these seizures are localized to a specific area of the brain. Focal seizures can be further categorized as focal onset aware seizures (previously simple partial seizures), where the person remains conscious during the seizure, or focal onset impaired awareness seizures (previously complex partial seizures), where the person experiences an altered level of consciousness.
Epilepsy can have various causes, including genetic factors, brain injuries, infections, developmental disorders, and brain tumors. However, in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.
Diagnosis of epilepsy typically involves a thorough medical history review, neurological examination, and various diagnostic tests, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), brain imaging (MRI or CT scan), and blood tests. Treatment options for epilepsy aim to control seizures and may involve the use of antiepileptic medications. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be considered.
It's important for individuals with epilepsy to work closely with healthcare professionals to manage their condition effectively. With proper medical care and lifestyle adjustments, many people with epilepsy are able to lead fulfilling lives and have their seizures well controlled.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Kuvempu University
Department of Biotechnology
Jnana sahyadri
Shankaraghatta
Seminar on:
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROPLASTICITY
Guided by:
Dr. Y.L .RAMACHANDRA
professor
Dept. of Biotechnology
Presented by:
BASAVARAJU KC
M.Sc. IInd semester
Dept. of Biotechnology
2. INTRODUCTION;
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.
That deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and
physiology of neurons and neural circuits.
4/2/2018 2
3. What the brain is made up of?
75% water
+
Consisting of a
minimum of
60% fat(myelin
sheath).
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4. A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the
nervous system
NEURON;
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6. MECHANISM OF GENERATION AND CODUCTION OF NERVE IMPLUSE;
IN NON MYLINATED;
MYLINATED;
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saltatory conduction
( saltatory meaning
'jumping')
7. TRANSMISSION OF IMPULSES;
Chemical Synaptic Transmission.-NEUROTRANSMITTERS
The electrical signal cannot “jump” over that gap. Instead, at the point of synaptic
junction between two neurons, the electrical signal is “translated” into a chemical message
by the presynaptic neuron terminal
4/2/2018 7
8. How does a nerve stimulate a muscle to contract?
MYOSIN
MOTOR
NEURON
AND
muscle
fibers
MYOFIBER
Actin
4/2/2018 8
9. NEUROTRANSMITTERS;
Chemical substance that acts as the mediator for the transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to
another neuron through synapse.
It a messenger of neurologic information from one cell to another.
Discovery of Neurotransmitters;
In 1921, an Austrian scientist named Otto Loewi discovered the first neurotransmitter
• Loewi hypothesized that electrical stimulation
of the vagus nerve released a chemical into the fluid of
chamber 1 that flowed into chamber 2.
• proved that the neurotransmition was chemical rather
than eletrical
Otto Loewi's Experiment
4/2/2018 9
10. WHAT BASICALY THIS CHEMICAL MESSANGERS
( NEUROTRANSMITTERS);
• The amino acid neurotransmitters
glutamate, GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), and glycine. All of these
are amino acids
GABA is not an amino acid that's found in proteins.
• The biogenic amines( one or more amine groups );
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin,
• Acetylcholine Organic chemical
4/2/2018 10
15. A large amount of glutamate is
released the AMPA receptor
Increased influx of positive ions expels
magnesium from the NMDA channel
NMDA channel which now activates
allowing not only sodium but also
calcium into the cell
4/2/2018 15
•Small amount of glutamate is released and
bind
• NMDA pore is blacked by magnesium ions
•This is short term potential memory
The pre synaptic neuron is stimulated by When the pre synaptic neuron is stimulated
weak signal by strong or repeating signal
pre synaptic glutamatergic
neuron
LTP
16. when calcium into the cell ;
• calcium is the mediator of LTP memory
induction
HOW?
• calcium initiates signalling pathways that activate several protein kinase ,this kinase
enhance synaptic communication
phosphorylate the existing
AMPA receptors
Help to bring more AMPA receptors
from intracellular stores
4/2/2018 16
17. • Proteins are made and gene expression is activated to further
enhance the connection between the two neurons
• This include newly synthesized AMPA receptors and expression of
other protein that are involved in the growth of new dendrite spine
and synaptic connection
• Memories are stored as changes in synaptic connectivity
4/2/2018 17
18. Newly synthesized AMPA receptors and expression of other protein that are
involved in the growth of new dendrite spine and synaptic connection
Memories are stored as changes in synaptic connectivity
4/2/2018 18
19. APPLICATION;
1)ANTI-DEPRESENTS;
1) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs);
Class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major
depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.
+
A newer drug
fluoxetine (Prozac),
4/2/2018 19
20. • Dopamine a safe anti-angiogenic drug in cancer
treatment, study shows;( January 7, 2015,Ohio State
University Wexner Medical Center)
That dopamine is an inexpensive drug currently used to
treat heart, vascular and kidney disorders - can be safely used in
cancer treatment to stop (halt) the growth of blood vessels in
tumors (angiogenesis). Vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF)-signal protein
produced by cells that
stimulates the formation of
blood vessels.
Its help to bind the vegf and
inhibit the binding of its
receptors on blood vessels
4/2/2018 20
22. ANASTHESIA;
The local anesthetics target open channels and prevent ion flow. they
block sodium channels more.
EX;
Lignocaine (USA: lidocaine): e.g. Remicaine®, Petercaine®
Bupivacaine: e.g. Macaine® Naropin®
4/2/2018 22
23. • Passiflora incarnata (Purple Passion flower) herb;
• Its most popular uses for treatment to insomnia and anxiety .
flavonoids the active ingredient of Passiflora.
• St. John's wort herbs;, Contains different Chemical
constituent Hyperforin and adhyperforin, they induce non-
competitive reuptake inhibition of monoamines
4/2/2018 23
24. CONCLUSION;
The ability of nervous system to organize complex
behaviours, learn and remember depends on
communication between vast number of neurons.
Communication mediated by neurotransmitter
They play an important role in control and coordination
of body.
Many neurological diseases and mental disorders are due
to improper functioning of neurotransmitters
4/2/2018 24
25. Neural plasticity specifically refers to
strengthening or weakening nerve connections
or adding new nerve cells. its highly helpful in
formation, storing and learning of memory
Neuroplasticity is changing of the structure,
function, and organization of neurons in
response to new experiences.
4/2/2018 25
26. References;
• Neurobiology,2nd edition by Garry G. Mathews
• Principle of Anatomy and Physiology,11th edition by
Gerard T Tortara
• Neurotransmitter-Acetylcholine in www.Britannica.com
• Alias medical video;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Hm08ksPtMo
• Text book of biology for first PUC
4/2/2018 26
