Nervous System DC-1.pdf
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This document summarizes an experiment on the nervous system. It describes the main structures of the brain including the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. It also describes the spinal cord as an elongated cylindrical structure suspended in the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges and CSF. Finally, it examines the knee jerk reflex, describing the reflex arc and sequence where a hammer hitting the patellar tendon causes sensory neurons to fire, sending a signal to the spinal cord and then back to the quadricep muscle, causing it to contract and straighten the leg.
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The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.
- How neurons transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes.
- Key parts of the human brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
- Common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression and drug addiction.
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The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.
Unit 1 nervous system(1)
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- Key parts of the human brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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- 1. Fig 3.1 Left lateral view of the Brain Fig 3.2 Sagittal section of left hemisphere of the Brain Experiment no. 3 Date: ____ 03/23 Nervous System Aim: a) To study and identify the different structures of the nervous system and of the Human Body b) To demonstrate a knee jerk reflex Principle: The Nervous System is comprised of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). In this experiment, the main focus was on the CNS which is comprised of the Brain and Spinal cord. A knee jerk reflex was also performed and observed during the experiment. Observation: 1. The different structures of the Brain a) Cerebrum – (Describe cerebrum and include gyri, sulci, gray and white matter, corpus callosum b) Thalamus c) Hypothalamus d) Mid brain e) Pons f) Medulla oblongata g) Cerebullum
- 2. Figure 3.3 Cross – sectional view of spinal cord segment Figure 3.4 Knee jerk reflex 2. The Spinal cord • It is elongated, almost cylindrical part of the central nervous system, which is suspended in the vertebral canal surrounded by meninges and CSF. • It extends from the upper border of the atlas to the lower border of the 1st lumbar vertebra. • It is approximately 45cm long in adult males, and is about the thickness of the little finger. • Except the cranial nerves, the spinal cord is the nervous tissue link between the brain and the rest of the body. • A cross-section of the spinal cord shows that it is composed of grey matter in the centre surrounded by white matter. 3. Knee jerk reflex a) Reflex arc b) Sequence of knee jerk reflex • A hammer hits patellar tendon and sensory neurons (somato-sensory afferent) located in the tendon of the quadricep muscles are excited, the sensory nerve impulses travel and enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root ganglion and synapses with a motor neuron. • The motor neuron (quadricep) immediately leaves the spinal cord and returns to the quadriceps muscle causing a contraction. • As this muscle contracts the leg straightens (extends) at the knee joint. The quadricep is termed an extensor muscle. This type of synapse is a monosynaptic reflex arc.