Near surface gas monitoring at the CO2 Field Lab, Norway - presentation by Sarah Hannis in the Test Injection Sites session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014

1. Near surface gas monitoring at the CO2 Field Lab, Norway Sarah Hannis1, Dave Jones1, Andy Barkwith1, Bob Lister1, Frederick Gal2, Stefano Graziani3, Stan Beaubien3 and David Widory2, 4 and the CO2FieldLab team 1. British Geological Survey 2. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières 3. Università di Roma "La Sapienza 4. Now at Université du Québec à Montréal/Geotop www.sintef.no/projectweb/co2fieldlab/

2. 
Introduction to the CO2 Field Lab

Surface gas methods

Results

Conclusions

General lessons
Outline
2

3. CO2FieldLab
Svalbard
Gardermoen
Svelvik
BERGEN
OSLO

4. Site characterization

5. 5
Site layout
20m

6. CO2 injection – 1.8 tonnes in 124 hours
6
7th Sept
(~ 5 days of injection)
12th Sept

7. 
Continuous

5 Soil gas locations (1 Rn, CO2 + C/O isotopes)

4 CO2 flux chambers

1 Eddy covariance

1 Weather station

Periodic surveys

Regular grids of field soil gas and flux measurements

Repeat field (and field lab) soil gas at fixed sites (~20)

Open path laser (static and mobile)

Other

Water chemistry

Geophysics (GPR, ERT, seismic, resistivity and sonic logging)
Surface gas methods
7

8. Continuous monitoring
C and O isotopes Rn and CO2
Injection wellhead
toe
Cabin
CO2 concentration
EC
Flux

9. Periodic surveys: Mobile methods
10 m grid
5m grid
2m grid
Soil gas (CO2, Rn) concentration, surface gas flux
Atmospheric CO2 concentration

10. 10
Cabin
Periodic surveys: Static methods
Soil gas field sampling probes (BGS)
field & lab gas sampling (BRGM)
( , GPR, resistivity, sonic logging )
( , water chemistry)
( , cross-hole ERT)

11. 6-7/9/11 (Baseline, Mobile Survey 3)
Baseline survey
Soil Gas CO2 concentration (%) at 50cm depth
Soil Gas CO2 flux (gm-2d-1) at surface
Soil Gas Radon concentration (Bq l-1) at 50cm depth
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Injection start (10am)
Injection stop (2pm)

12. 8/9/11 (Mobile Surveys 4 & 5)
4FNN & 5FNN
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Injection start (10am)
Injection stop (2pm)
Soil Gas CO2 concentration (%) at 50cm depth
Soil Gas CO2 flux (g m-2 d-1) at surface

13. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Injection start (10am)
Injection stop (2pm)
4FNN & 5FNN
10/9/11 (Mobile Surveys (9 & 10)
Soil Gas CO2 concentration (%) at 50cm depth
Soil Gas CO2 flux (g m-2 d-1) at surface

14. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Injection start (10am)
Injection stop (2pm)
12/9/11 (Mobile Surveys 13,14,15)
Soil Gas CO2 concentration (%) at 50cm depth
Soil Gas CO2 flux (g m-2 d-1) at surface

15. 13/9/11 (Mobile Surveys 16,17,18)
Soil Gas CO2 concentration (%) at 50cm depth
Soil Gas CO2 flux (g m-2 d-1) at surface
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Injection start (10am)
Injection stop (2pm)

16. 16
toe
Injection well head
Soil gas post injection

17. Continuous CO2 flux monitoring
17

18. Atmospheric monitoring
18
Eddy covariance footprints (% probability)
Mobile open path laser 9/9/11 (CO2 ppm)

19. 19
Isotope monitoring

20. 
Surface seepage very clear above low baseline values

Not in expected area directly above injection point

Seepage in central area only apparent in isotope data

Initial seep related to pathway near injection well

Later seeps to the N approximately updip (tortuous paths)

Maximum flux (2 kg m-2 d-1) and size (m to tens of m) c.f. to natural CO2 seeps

Measured CO2 flux < 5% of injected CO2 (underestimate)

Atmospheric monitoring compromised by leakage at injection wellhead (and other CO2 sources)
Conclusions
20

21. 
Hard to predict where migration and seepage will occur

Where in relation to wellhead or fault?

Siting of fixed monitoring, therefore, difficult

Mobile monitoring more flexible/successful

Small vents will be hard to identify

Signs of low-level seepage from isotopes only

If this was widespread could have implications

Ideally would have allowed site longer to re-equilibrate after drilling and had longer term baselines
Lessons/implications
21

22. Thank you for your attention Acknowledgements
www.sintef.no/CO2FieldLab
For financial support:

CLIMIT via Gassnova SF (NO)

DGCIS, Direction générale de la compétitivité, de l'industrie et des services (FR)

NERC/BGS (UK)

Svelviksand AS

Eyvind Aker and Marion Børreson at NGI

Hurum kommune

Per Aagard at University of Oslo

23. 
Jones, D. G., Barkwith, A. K. A. P., Hannis, S., Lister, T. R., Gal, F., Graziani, S., Beaubien, S. and Widory, D. (2014). Monitoring of near surface gas seepage from a shallow injection experiment at the CO2 Field Lab, Norway. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 28, 300-317. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.06.021

Denchik, N., Pezard, P. A., Neyens, D., Lofi, J., Gal, F., Girard, J.-F. and Levannier, A. (2014). Near-surface CO2 leak detection monitoring from downhole electrical resistivity at the CO2 Field Laboratory, Svelvik Ridge (Norway). International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 28, 275-282. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.06.033

Barrio, M., Bakk, A., Grimstad, A.-A., Querendez, E., Jones, D. G., Kuras, O., Gal, F., Girard, J.F., Pezard, P., Depraz, L., Baudin, E., Børreson, M.H. and Sønneland, L. (2014). CO2 Migration Monitoring Methodology in the Shallow Subsurface: Lessons Learned From the CO2 Field Lab Project. Energy Procedia, 51, 65–74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.008
Recent publications
23

24. Extra slides
24

25. Instrumentation (0-20 m)
Downhole:

4 ALERT wells (6-m) - BGS

IR Laser Spectrometer (BRGM) 1 well C/O isotopes in CO2

Water/ gas sampling (BRGM)

Schlumberger WestBay multipacker completion

Hydrochemical monitoring (pressure, fluid sampling) (CNRS)

Crosshole GPR (BRGM)

Induction & sonic logging (CNRS)

Downhole electrical observatory (Imageau)

PVC cased hole for repeat logging during injection

induction & sonic logging (CNRS)

Crosshole GPR (BRGM) Surface:

Numerous fixed and mobile instruments (soil & atmosphere) measuring flux, concentration (CO2, O2, CH4, Rn).

26. Instrumentation at (near) surface
26
Tool
Depth
Deployment
Mode
GAS
Gas monitor station
c. 1 m
Fixed
Continuous
Flux station
Surface
Fixed
Continuous
Eddy covariance
Surface
Fixed
Continuous
Fixed probes
c. 1 m
Fixed
Intermittent
Mobile laser
Surface
Mobile
Intermittent
Soil gas
0-1 m
Point (not fixed)
Intermittent
Flux
Surface
Point (not fixed)
Intermittent
*Licor or FTIR
1m
Fixed
Continuous
Radon/ CO2 monitoring probes
0.8m
Fixed
Continuous
CO2, O2and CH4 monitoring
1m
Fixed/ mobile
Intermittent
Portable GC
Surface
Fixed
Intermittent
*Aerodyne isotopic analyser
1m
Fixed
Continuous
WATER
*Perisaltic pumps
Surface
Fixed
Intermittent
*Idronaut probe
Surface
Fixed
Intermittent
*Precision balance
Surface
Fixed
intermittent
* Tubing connected to ALERT boreholes