The Nazca Lines are a group of very large geoglyphs formed by depressions or shallow incisions made in the soil of the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. Some scholars believe the Nazca Lines were created by the Nazca culture.
The Nazca lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. Created between 300 BC to AD 900 by the Nazca culture, the lines include depictions of animals, plants, and geometric shapes that can only be seen clearly from high altitudes. There are hundreds of figures, including a 120 meter long condor and a 40 meter spider. Archaeologists believe the lines served astronomical purposes related to tracking constellations, sunrises and sunsets, and determining times for sowing and harvesting crops. However, their exact purpose remains unclear as several theories have been proposed to explain their meaning.
The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. They were discovered in 1926 and constructed using simple tools and surveying equipment. There are several theories for what purpose the lines served, including acting as a celestial observatory to mark the rising and setting of the sun and stars, relating to religious practices involving water deities important to crops, or using the lines as giant looms to make textiles.
This document discusses several archaeological discoveries that contradict current models of human origins and prehistory:
1) Metal spheres found in South African mines dated to 2.8 billion years old, far older than current models suggest life existed.
2) The Ica stones from Peru depict dinosaurs hundreds of years before their official discovery.
3) The Antikythera mechanism, a complex astronomical instrument found in a 2nd century BC shipwreck, was far more advanced than technology of the time.
4) The Piri Reis map from 1513 accurately depicts the Antarctic coastline under ice, suggesting it was mapped before the last ice age.
5) Excavations in Bosnia have revealed
Passport to magonia on uf os, folklore and parallel worlds - by jacques vallePublicLeaker
The document provides a summary of 3 chapters from a book that discusses evidence of contact between ancient humans and intelligent extraterrestrial beings. It describes several archaeological discoveries that suggest interactions, including a sarcophagus carved with an image resembling a space capsule and ancient Japanese statues resembling spacesuits. It also discusses descriptions of flying objects and beings in ancient literature and historical accounts from cultures around the world. The document speculates that these provide evidence that humans had contact with more advanced civilizations in antiquity.
Jacques vallee -_passport-to-magonia_200pVasile Tripon
The document provides an overview of various unexplained phenomena reported throughout history, including:
1) Accounts from ancient Mayan and Japanese cultures that describe strange beings and advanced technologies not otherwise explained, leaving open the possibility of contact with extra-terrestrial visitors.
2) Numerous reports from medieval Japan of unusual lights and objects in the sky that were often linked to social unrest or supernatural events on Earth. This led the Japanese to conduct early investigations into such phenomena.
3) Stories from European history of strange sights in the sky alongside claimed encounters with unusual creatures, paralleling modern reports of UFOs and potential contacts with non-human intelligences.
Passport to magonia on uf os, folklore and parallel worlds - by jacques vallePublicLeaks
The document provides context on discoveries made in the Mayan city of Palenque in Mexico in 1952. Archaeologists exploring the Pyramid of Inscriptions discovered a tomb beneath the pyramid containing an elaborate sarcophagus carved with an image that seemed to depict a man operating advanced machinery, prompting speculation that the Mayans may have encountered extraterrestrial visitors. The document also discusses other ancient sites and artifacts around the world that suggest possible contact with extra-terrestrial beings, including statues from ancient Japan that resemble modern space suits.
Large drawings in the desert in South America. Who drew them? Why? How? What do they represent? Are some ancient landing strips? An ancient mystery explored.
The Nazca lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. Created between 300 BC to AD 900 by the Nazca culture, the lines include depictions of animals, plants, and geometric shapes that can only be seen clearly from high altitudes. There are hundreds of figures, including a 120 meter long condor and a 40 meter spider. Archaeologists believe the lines served astronomical purposes related to tracking constellations, sunrises and sunsets, and determining times for sowing and harvesting crops. However, their exact purpose remains unclear as several theories have been proposed to explain their meaning.
The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs located in the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. They were discovered in 1926 and constructed using simple tools and surveying equipment. There are several theories for what purpose the lines served, including acting as a celestial observatory to mark the rising and setting of the sun and stars, relating to religious practices involving water deities important to crops, or using the lines as giant looms to make textiles.
This document discusses several archaeological discoveries that contradict current models of human origins and prehistory:
1) Metal spheres found in South African mines dated to 2.8 billion years old, far older than current models suggest life existed.
2) The Ica stones from Peru depict dinosaurs hundreds of years before their official discovery.
3) The Antikythera mechanism, a complex astronomical instrument found in a 2nd century BC shipwreck, was far more advanced than technology of the time.
4) The Piri Reis map from 1513 accurately depicts the Antarctic coastline under ice, suggesting it was mapped before the last ice age.
5) Excavations in Bosnia have revealed
Passport to magonia on uf os, folklore and parallel worlds - by jacques vallePublicLeaker
The document provides a summary of 3 chapters from a book that discusses evidence of contact between ancient humans and intelligent extraterrestrial beings. It describes several archaeological discoveries that suggest interactions, including a sarcophagus carved with an image resembling a space capsule and ancient Japanese statues resembling spacesuits. It also discusses descriptions of flying objects and beings in ancient literature and historical accounts from cultures around the world. The document speculates that these provide evidence that humans had contact with more advanced civilizations in antiquity.
Jacques vallee -_passport-to-magonia_200pVasile Tripon
The document provides an overview of various unexplained phenomena reported throughout history, including:
1) Accounts from ancient Mayan and Japanese cultures that describe strange beings and advanced technologies not otherwise explained, leaving open the possibility of contact with extra-terrestrial visitors.
2) Numerous reports from medieval Japan of unusual lights and objects in the sky that were often linked to social unrest or supernatural events on Earth. This led the Japanese to conduct early investigations into such phenomena.
3) Stories from European history of strange sights in the sky alongside claimed encounters with unusual creatures, paralleling modern reports of UFOs and potential contacts with non-human intelligences.
Passport to magonia on uf os, folklore and parallel worlds - by jacques vallePublicLeaks
The document provides context on discoveries made in the Mayan city of Palenque in Mexico in 1952. Archaeologists exploring the Pyramid of Inscriptions discovered a tomb beneath the pyramid containing an elaborate sarcophagus carved with an image that seemed to depict a man operating advanced machinery, prompting speculation that the Mayans may have encountered extraterrestrial visitors. The document also discusses other ancient sites and artifacts around the world that suggest possible contact with extra-terrestrial beings, including statues from ancient Japan that resemble modern space suits.
Large drawings in the desert in South America. Who drew them? Why? How? What do they represent? Are some ancient landing strips? An ancient mystery explored.
The earliest known maps date back 16,500 BCE and were found on cave walls in France, mapping out parts of the night sky. Ancient Babylonians created clay tablet maps around 700 BCE showing cities and geographic features. Greeks like Hecataeus and Ptolemy greatly advanced cartography, with Ptolemy creating one of the first world atlases in the 2nd century CE. Modern mapping has been driven by exploration, war, science and technology, with innovations like satellite imagery, GIS systems, Google Earth, and mobile GPS mapping.
Cave art, also known as Paleolithic art, includes paintings, engravings, and sculptures created by early humans in prehistoric caves. Some of the most famous examples are paintings found in the caves of France and Spain that depict animals, human figures, and combinations of humans and beasts. These paintings were created using pigments like ochre applied to cave walls by hand or through blown tubes. While the meaning of cave art remains mysterious, it provides insight into the lives and cultures of early humans and the animals that existed at that time.
History & Culture of Astronomy April 10, 2009 acloutier copyrightAnnie C. Cloutier
1) Many ancient cultures developed sophisticated astronomy traditions and systems for tracking celestial events, including African, Chinese, Australian Aboriginal, Mayan, Greek, Inuit, and European cultures dating back as far as 2,000 BC.
2) These traditions incorporated astronomy into cultural storytelling, calendars, rituals, and timekeeping and were used to make sense of the cosmos and understand celestial phenomena.
3) Key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler advanced scientific astronomy in Europe starting in the 15th century by developing heliocentric models and improving observational tools and methods.
Akhriso [iekurt] The Art of NASA: The Illustrations That Sold the MissionsIrlanSaraswati
Formed in 1958, NASA has long maintained a department of visual artists to depict the concepts and technologies created in humankind�s quest to explore the final frontier. Culled from a carefully chosen reserve of approximately 3,000 files deep in the NASA archives, the 200 artworks presented in this large-format edition provide a glimpse of NASA history like no other. From space suits to capsules, from landing modules to the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station, and more recent concepts for space planes, The Art of NASA presents 60 years of American space exploration in an unprecedented fashion. All the landmark early missions are represented in detail�Gemini, Mercury, Apollo�as are post-Space Race accomplishments, like the mission to Mars and other deep-space explorations. The insightful text relates the wonderful stories associated with the art. For instance, the incredibly rare early Apollo illustrations show how Apollo might have looked if the landing module had never been developed. Black-and-white Gemini drawings illustrate how the massive NASA art department did its stuff with ink pen and rubdown Letraset textures. Cross-sections of the Apollo�Soyuz Test Project docking adapter reveal Russian sensitivity about US male probes penetrating their spacecraft, thus the androgynous adapter now used universally in space. International Space Station cutaways show how huge the original plan was, but also what was retained. Every picture in The Art of NASA tells a special story. This collection of the rarest of the rare is not only a unique view of NASA history�it�s a fascinating look at the art of illustration, the development of now-familiar technologies, and a glimpse of what the space program might have looked like. .
An Astounding 900+ Piece Collection On Mars is For sale Through The Manhattan...associate14
An exhaustive and curated collection of over 900 works of fiction and non-fiction dedicated to Mars – the mysterious Red Planet – is for sale through Manhattan Rare Book Company. The price is $975,000. The collection traces the history of the centuries-long understanding (and obsession) with Mars, a planet that’s tantalizingly just out of our reach.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938 in China, an expedition discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs telling a story about a crashed spacecraft and its pilots called the Dropa.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938, an expedition in China discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs describing a crash landing of spacecraft carrying beings called Dropa.
The document discusses Thomas Kuhn's perspective on science and technology (S&T), known as the Kuhnian perspective. According to Kuhn, science experiences periods of stable growth and revisionary revolutions. When current theories cannot explain new phenomena, a scientific revolution or paradigm shift occurs with the proposal of a new theory. Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually toward truth, but rather has periods of stability interrupted by revolutionary changes in scientific paradigms.
The document discusses the history of paleontology and robotics, and how recent advances in these fields have led to the creation of robotic dinosaurs. It describes Peter Dilworth's creation of Troody, the first robotic dinosaur in the US, which took 5 years to develop and could walk thanks to spring-like joints and force control sensors. It also discusses how 3D printing is now allowing scientists to create accurate models of dinosaur bones to better understand dinosaur anatomy and movement, with the goal of developing robotic dinosaur limbs. The document concludes by describing a theme park called Field Station: Dinosaurs that houses dozens of life-size robotic dinosaur species in a natural setting.
What are the Nazca Lines? What do they mean?Bob Mayer
Large drawings in the desert in South America. Who drew them? Why? How? What do they represent? Are some ancient landing strips? An ancient mystery explored. Lots of possibilities.
Prehistoric people created rock paintings in caves as one of the earliest forms of artistic expression. These paintings provided insight into how prehistoric humans lived and what they hunted. Archaeologists have discovered prehistoric rock art across India, including paintings depicting humans, animals, and geometric patterns in caves in several states. The earliest Indian paintings date back to the Upper Paleolithic period. Rock shelters in Uttarakhand contain paintings divided into categories of humans, animals, and patterns in various colors.
This document provides information about the Chauvet Cave, one of the earliest known sites containing prehistoric cave art from the Upper Paleolithic period, dated to around 32,000-30,000 years ago. The cave contains some of the best preserved figurative cave paintings in the world, depicting animals such as horses, rhinoceros, lions, and woolly mammoths. While initially met with skepticism, the sophisticated paintings found in the Chauvet Cave have forced experts to re-examine their understanding of early human artistic abilities and cultural evolution. The cave provides a rare glimpse into the artistic achievements of Cro-Magnon humans during the Upper Paleolithic period.
This document summarizes key events and discoveries in astronomy and paleontology from the 17th century to the early 20th century, including:
- Johannes Hevelius advanced astronomy in the 17th century by accurately describing features of the moon.
- In the 18th-19th centuries, astronomers like Halley, Bradley, and Euler made advances in understanding comets and celestial mechanics.
- In the 19th century, astronomers such as Bessel, Adams, Leverrier, and Galle made discoveries relating to asteroids and the planet Neptune.
- Developments like the spectroscope in the 19th century revolutionized astronomy by allowing the chemical analysis of stars and nebulae.
- In pale
This document discusses ancient astronomical instruments and how they were used. It describes sundials, which told time using the sun's position, and star dials, which used stars like the Big Dipper. Astrolabes could determine the movement of celestial bodies. Telescopes later allowed improved star maps. Stonehenge may have been constructed by ancient astronomers to track solar and lunar eclipses and solstices. Quadrant instruments could calculate latitude by measuring the angle of celestial objects.
The document traces the history and development of maps from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses early maps created by Greek cartographers like Hecataeus, who depicted the world as a flat disc centered on Greece. Later maps showed the spherical earth concept accepted by Aristotle. Claudius Ptolemy created the first map to project the spherical earth onto a flat surface. During the medieval period, maps were dominated by religious views and placed Jerusalem at the center. Modern cartography advanced with explorers like Columbus and new mapmaking technologies. The first modern atlas was produced in the early 16th century.
This document discusses four artifacts and cave paintings that provide insights into early humans. Artifact 1 consists of engraved stones found in Peru depicting ancient animals, galaxies, continents and catastrophes. Artifact 2 is an ancient battery from Iraq dating to the 3rd century BC. Artifact 3 is a metal ball from South Africa that is over 2.8 billion years old. Artifact 4 is a large granite ball found in Costa Rica that required strong tools to carve. Cave paintings discussed include a 17,300 year old painting of bulls found in Lascaux, France and a 3,000 year old painting from South Africa depicting humans and animals representing religious beliefs.
The document provides an overview of prehistoric art from the prehistoric era to ancient Egypt. It describes how Cro-Magnon peoples from 30,000 BCE were the first known artists, creating cave paintings of animals, human figures, and abstract signs. These paintings may have been created for purposes like hunting magic, spiritual beliefs, or memory. It also summarizes how ancient Egyptian art was dedicated to providing comfort for the "ka" or spirit after death through tomb and sarcophagus paintings depicting the deceased's journey to the afterworld. Mummification helped preserve bodies so the soul could return to its physical form.
The document summarizes the history and development of the concept of "ley lines" from its origins in the 1920s to modern New Age beliefs. It describes how in 1921, Alfred Watkins observed alignments of ancient sites across the British landscape and proposed they were remnants of old paths or tracks. This sparked interest in searching for such alignments. Over subsequent decades, various writers linked the alignments to ideas like mystical energies, UFO activity, and occult or New Age concepts, despite Watkins intending them as archaeological features. The term "ley line" evolved from its original meaning of cleared strips of land to take on pseudoscientific significance not supported by evidence.
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The earliest known maps date back 16,500 BCE and were found on cave walls in France, mapping out parts of the night sky. Ancient Babylonians created clay tablet maps around 700 BCE showing cities and geographic features. Greeks like Hecataeus and Ptolemy greatly advanced cartography, with Ptolemy creating one of the first world atlases in the 2nd century CE. Modern mapping has been driven by exploration, war, science and technology, with innovations like satellite imagery, GIS systems, Google Earth, and mobile GPS mapping.
Cave art, also known as Paleolithic art, includes paintings, engravings, and sculptures created by early humans in prehistoric caves. Some of the most famous examples are paintings found in the caves of France and Spain that depict animals, human figures, and combinations of humans and beasts. These paintings were created using pigments like ochre applied to cave walls by hand or through blown tubes. While the meaning of cave art remains mysterious, it provides insight into the lives and cultures of early humans and the animals that existed at that time.
History & Culture of Astronomy April 10, 2009 acloutier copyrightAnnie C. Cloutier
1) Many ancient cultures developed sophisticated astronomy traditions and systems for tracking celestial events, including African, Chinese, Australian Aboriginal, Mayan, Greek, Inuit, and European cultures dating back as far as 2,000 BC.
2) These traditions incorporated astronomy into cultural storytelling, calendars, rituals, and timekeeping and were used to make sense of the cosmos and understand celestial phenomena.
3) Key figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler advanced scientific astronomy in Europe starting in the 15th century by developing heliocentric models and improving observational tools and methods.
Akhriso [iekurt] The Art of NASA: The Illustrations That Sold the MissionsIrlanSaraswati
Formed in 1958, NASA has long maintained a department of visual artists to depict the concepts and technologies created in humankind�s quest to explore the final frontier. Culled from a carefully chosen reserve of approximately 3,000 files deep in the NASA archives, the 200 artworks presented in this large-format edition provide a glimpse of NASA history like no other. From space suits to capsules, from landing modules to the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station, and more recent concepts for space planes, The Art of NASA presents 60 years of American space exploration in an unprecedented fashion. All the landmark early missions are represented in detail�Gemini, Mercury, Apollo�as are post-Space Race accomplishments, like the mission to Mars and other deep-space explorations. The insightful text relates the wonderful stories associated with the art. For instance, the incredibly rare early Apollo illustrations show how Apollo might have looked if the landing module had never been developed. Black-and-white Gemini drawings illustrate how the massive NASA art department did its stuff with ink pen and rubdown Letraset textures. Cross-sections of the Apollo�Soyuz Test Project docking adapter reveal Russian sensitivity about US male probes penetrating their spacecraft, thus the androgynous adapter now used universally in space. International Space Station cutaways show how huge the original plan was, but also what was retained. Every picture in The Art of NASA tells a special story. This collection of the rarest of the rare is not only a unique view of NASA history�it�s a fascinating look at the art of illustration, the development of now-familiar technologies, and a glimpse of what the space program might have looked like. .
An Astounding 900+ Piece Collection On Mars is For sale Through The Manhattan...associate14
An exhaustive and curated collection of over 900 works of fiction and non-fiction dedicated to Mars – the mysterious Red Planet – is for sale through Manhattan Rare Book Company. The price is $975,000. The collection traces the history of the centuries-long understanding (and obsession) with Mars, a planet that’s tantalizingly just out of our reach.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938 in China, an expedition discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs telling a story about a crashed spacecraft and its pilots called the Dropa.
Mysterious metal spheres measuring about an inch in diameter have been found in South Africa in rock dated to 2.8 billion years old, and some are etched with three parallel grooves. Fossils that seem out of place have also been found, including a human handprint in limestone estimated at 110 million years old and a possible human footprint from 300-600 million years ago. In 1938, an expedition in China discovered a cave containing hundreds of stone disks approximately nine inches in diameter with a central circle and spiral groove etched with tiny hieroglyphs describing a crash landing of spacecraft carrying beings called Dropa.
The document discusses Thomas Kuhn's perspective on science and technology (S&T), known as the Kuhnian perspective. According to Kuhn, science experiences periods of stable growth and revisionary revolutions. When current theories cannot explain new phenomena, a scientific revolution or paradigm shift occurs with the proposal of a new theory. Kuhn argued that science does not evolve gradually toward truth, but rather has periods of stability interrupted by revolutionary changes in scientific paradigms.
The document discusses the history of paleontology and robotics, and how recent advances in these fields have led to the creation of robotic dinosaurs. It describes Peter Dilworth's creation of Troody, the first robotic dinosaur in the US, which took 5 years to develop and could walk thanks to spring-like joints and force control sensors. It also discusses how 3D printing is now allowing scientists to create accurate models of dinosaur bones to better understand dinosaur anatomy and movement, with the goal of developing robotic dinosaur limbs. The document concludes by describing a theme park called Field Station: Dinosaurs that houses dozens of life-size robotic dinosaur species in a natural setting.
What are the Nazca Lines? What do they mean?Bob Mayer
Large drawings in the desert in South America. Who drew them? Why? How? What do they represent? Are some ancient landing strips? An ancient mystery explored. Lots of possibilities.
Prehistoric people created rock paintings in caves as one of the earliest forms of artistic expression. These paintings provided insight into how prehistoric humans lived and what they hunted. Archaeologists have discovered prehistoric rock art across India, including paintings depicting humans, animals, and geometric patterns in caves in several states. The earliest Indian paintings date back to the Upper Paleolithic period. Rock shelters in Uttarakhand contain paintings divided into categories of humans, animals, and patterns in various colors.
This document provides information about the Chauvet Cave, one of the earliest known sites containing prehistoric cave art from the Upper Paleolithic period, dated to around 32,000-30,000 years ago. The cave contains some of the best preserved figurative cave paintings in the world, depicting animals such as horses, rhinoceros, lions, and woolly mammoths. While initially met with skepticism, the sophisticated paintings found in the Chauvet Cave have forced experts to re-examine their understanding of early human artistic abilities and cultural evolution. The cave provides a rare glimpse into the artistic achievements of Cro-Magnon humans during the Upper Paleolithic period.
This document summarizes key events and discoveries in astronomy and paleontology from the 17th century to the early 20th century, including:
- Johannes Hevelius advanced astronomy in the 17th century by accurately describing features of the moon.
- In the 18th-19th centuries, astronomers like Halley, Bradley, and Euler made advances in understanding comets and celestial mechanics.
- In the 19th century, astronomers such as Bessel, Adams, Leverrier, and Galle made discoveries relating to asteroids and the planet Neptune.
- Developments like the spectroscope in the 19th century revolutionized astronomy by allowing the chemical analysis of stars and nebulae.
- In pale
This document discusses ancient astronomical instruments and how they were used. It describes sundials, which told time using the sun's position, and star dials, which used stars like the Big Dipper. Astrolabes could determine the movement of celestial bodies. Telescopes later allowed improved star maps. Stonehenge may have been constructed by ancient astronomers to track solar and lunar eclipses and solstices. Quadrant instruments could calculate latitude by measuring the angle of celestial objects.
The document traces the history and development of maps from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses early maps created by Greek cartographers like Hecataeus, who depicted the world as a flat disc centered on Greece. Later maps showed the spherical earth concept accepted by Aristotle. Claudius Ptolemy created the first map to project the spherical earth onto a flat surface. During the medieval period, maps were dominated by religious views and placed Jerusalem at the center. Modern cartography advanced with explorers like Columbus and new mapmaking technologies. The first modern atlas was produced in the early 16th century.
This document discusses four artifacts and cave paintings that provide insights into early humans. Artifact 1 consists of engraved stones found in Peru depicting ancient animals, galaxies, continents and catastrophes. Artifact 2 is an ancient battery from Iraq dating to the 3rd century BC. Artifact 3 is a metal ball from South Africa that is over 2.8 billion years old. Artifact 4 is a large granite ball found in Costa Rica that required strong tools to carve. Cave paintings discussed include a 17,300 year old painting of bulls found in Lascaux, France and a 3,000 year old painting from South Africa depicting humans and animals representing religious beliefs.
The document provides an overview of prehistoric art from the prehistoric era to ancient Egypt. It describes how Cro-Magnon peoples from 30,000 BCE were the first known artists, creating cave paintings of animals, human figures, and abstract signs. These paintings may have been created for purposes like hunting magic, spiritual beliefs, or memory. It also summarizes how ancient Egyptian art was dedicated to providing comfort for the "ka" or spirit after death through tomb and sarcophagus paintings depicting the deceased's journey to the afterworld. Mummification helped preserve bodies so the soul could return to its physical form.
The document summarizes the history and development of the concept of "ley lines" from its origins in the 1920s to modern New Age beliefs. It describes how in 1921, Alfred Watkins observed alignments of ancient sites across the British landscape and proposed they were remnants of old paths or tracks. This sparked interest in searching for such alignments. Over subsequent decades, various writers linked the alignments to ideas like mystical energies, UFO activity, and occult or New Age concepts, despite Watkins intending them as archaeological features. The term "ley line" evolved from its original meaning of cleared strips of land to take on pseudoscientific significance not supported by evidence.
Ancient cultures like the Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians began recording the motions of celestial objects like the sun, moon, and planets over 5,000 years ago to track seasons and plan activities. The Golden Age of astronomy from 600 BC to AD 150 centered in Greece, where scientists like Aristotle and Eratosthenes made early attempts to measure the size and distances of astronomical bodies using geometry and trigonometry. Later, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed the heliocentric model of the solar system and laws of planetary motion through observations and mathematical analysis, overturning the geocentric Ptolemaic model that had dominated for over 1,000 years. Their work established modern astronomy and understanding of
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
2. NAZCA LINES
The Nazca Lines are a group of very large geoglyphs formed by depressions or shallow incisions made in the
soil of the Nazca Desert in southern Peru. The high, arid plateau stretches more than 80 km (50 mi) between
the towns of Nazca and Palpa on the Pampas de Jumana, approximately 400 km (250 mi) south of Lima. Some
scholars believe the Nazca Lines were created by the Nazca culture.
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3. HISTORY
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The first published mention of the Nazca Lines was by Pedro Cieza de León in his book of
1553, and he mistook them for trail markers.
In 1586, Luis Monzón reported having seen ancient ruins in Peru, including the remains
of "roads". Although the lines were partially visible from the nearby hills, the first to
report them were Peruvian military and civilian pilots.
In 1927 the Peruvian archaeologist Toribio Mejía Xesspe spotted them while he was
hiking through the foothills. He discussed them at a conference in Lima in 1939.
Wooden stakes have been found in the ground at the end of some lines, so Nazca
people probably used simple tools and surveying equipment to construct the lines.
The discovery of two new small figures was announced in early 2011 by a Japanese
team from Yamagata University.
The discovery of 143 new geoglyphs was announced in 2019 by Yamagata University and
IBM Japan, using machine learning based methods.
4. 4
There are three basic types of Nazca Lines: straight lines, geometric designs and pictorial representations.
There are more than 800 straight lines on the coastal plain, some of which are 30 miles (48 km) long. Additionally, there
are over 300 geometric designs, which include basic shapes such as triangles, rectangles, and trapezoids, as well as
spirals, arrows, zig-zags and wavy lines.
The Nazca Lines are perhaps best known for the representations of about 70 animals and plants, some of which measure
up to 1,200 feet (370 meters) long. Examples include a spider, hummingbird, cactus plant, monkey, whale, llama, duck,
flower, tree, lizard and dog. The Nazca people also created other forms, such as a humanoid figure (nick named “The
Astronaut”), hands and some unidentifiable depictions.
In 2018, Peruvian archaeologists announced they had discovered more than 50 new geoglyphs in the region, using drone
technology to map the landmarks in unprecedented detail.
Despite being studied for over 80 years, the geoglyphs—which were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994—
are still a mystery to researchers.
What Are the Nazca Lines?
5. The Spider The Tree The Hummingbird The Whale
The Condor The Giant Hands The Flower The Monkey
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Anthropologists believe the Nazca culture, which began around 100 B.C. and flourished from A.D. 1 to 700, created the
majority of the Nazca Lines. The Chavin and Paracas cultures, which predate the Nazca, may have also created some of
the geoglyphs.
The Nazca Lines are located in the desert plains of the Rio Grande de Nasca river basin, an archaeological site that spans
more than 75,000 hectares and is one of the driest places on Earth.
The desert floor is covered in a layer of iron oxide-coated pebbles of a deep rust color. The ancient peoples created their
designs by removing the top 12 to 15 inches of rock, revealing the lighter-colored sand below. They likely began with
small-scale models and carefully increased the models’ proportions to create the large designs.
Most of the known geoglyphs were formed by removing rocks from only the border of the figures (creating a kind of
outline), while others were formed by removing rocks from the interior.
Given the low amount of rain, wind and erosion in the desert, the geoglyphs have remained largely unscathed
throughout the centuries.
How the Nazca Lines Were Created?
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Anthropologists, ethnologists, and archaeologists have studied the ancient Nazca culture to try to determine the
purpose of the lines and figures. One hypothesis is that the Nazca people created them to be seen by deities in the sky.
Paul Kosok and Maria Reiche advanced a purpose related to astronomy and cosmology, the lines were intended to act
as a kind of observatory, to point to the places on the distant horizon where the sun and other celestial bodies rose or
set in the solstices.
In 1985, archaeologist Johan Reinhard theorized that the lines and figures were part of religious practices involving the
worship of deities associated with the availability of water, which directly related to the success and productivity of
crops. He interpreted the lines sacred paths leading to places where these deities could be worshiped.
Henri Stierlin, a Swiss art historian specializing in Egypt and the Middle East contended that the people may have used
the lines and trapezes as giant, primitive looms to fabricate the extremely long strings and wide pieces of textile that
are typical of the area. By his theory, the figurative patterns (smaller and less common) were meant only for ritualistic
purposes.
Purpose of the Nazca Lines
8. NAZCA LINES AND ALIENS?
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Toribio Mejia Xesspe, a Peruvian archaeologist, began a systematic study of the
lines in 1927, but the geoglyphs only gained widespread attention when pilots
flew over them in the 1930s.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, American historian Paul Kosok studied the
geoglyphs from the ground and air. Based on the relative position of one of the
lines he studied to the sun around the winter solstice, he concluded that the
geoglyphs had an astronomy-related purpose.
Soon after, María Reiche, a German archaeologist and translator, also concluded
that the designs had an astronomical and calendrical purpose.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, other researchers, including American
astronomer Gerald Hawkins, examined the Nazca Lines and disagreed with the
astronomical explanation for the geoglyphs. They also poked holes in other far-out
explanations, such as those relating to aliens or ancient astronauts.
9. Accidents over Nazca Lines
Air Nazca Cessna came down close to the ancient Nazca Lines ground
markings, about 240 miles (385km) south-east of Lima.
All four passengers killed in aircraft crash near one of Perus leading tourist
attractions have been confirmed as British. The planes Peruvian pilots also
died.
A Cessna 206 carrying three Chileans and four Peruvians crashed in
February, killing everyone on board.
Another crash in April 2008 killed five French tourists, although their pilot
survived.
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