2. 2
Planning refers to directing and guiding the people
who are involved incertain project.
1.Social planning includes the areas of health,
education, housing, and social welfare.
2. Assessment means to gauge the impact of a community
project on the social development of a community
3. 3
Participatory Planning
It is the process of laying out the courses of action needed
to attain a set of socioeconomic goals. It resolves
community issues or problem by giving concerned
community members the chance to identify problems and
propose solutions.
4. 4
Historical Development of Participatory
Planning
In the 1970s, professional development workers became aware of
the mismatch between the reality they constructed and the reality
others experienced. They were dissatisfied with the short rural
visits of development technocrats, who only drop by the offices of,
or talk to local male leaders, and disillusioned with questionnaire
surveys and their results. They also acknowledged that people
from the provinces knew themselves more about their situations
and communities as compared to those from urban communities
(Chambers, 1997). Thus, these workers developed new methods
and approaches to social planning as an alternative to centralized
top-down planning.
5. 5
Principles of Participatory Planning
1. Development should be seen more as a bottom-up than a top-
down change.
2. The development process should be managed naturally rather
than mechanically.
3. The development process should also strengthen local
organizations and local government bureaucracies.
4. The development process should be supported by local
institutions with the villages, primary cooperative, religious and
youth groups, and community-based and self-help associations
playing a major role.
5. The development process should also be based on confidence-
building and learning, as well as expertise and training.
6. ― Irene M. Pepperberg
6
Levels of Participation
Typology Results
1. Passive • The people are told of what will
happen or what is taking place.
2. Information-based • The people will answer survey
team’s questionaire (without follow
up)
3. Consultation-based • The people will answer a
questionaire that is defined or
designed by “outsiders” (ex. Non
community members)
7. ― Irene M. Pepperberg
7
Levels of Participation
Typology Results
4. Incentives-based • The people will work for cash,
food, or other incentives.
5.Functional • The decision made by
“outsiders” and interest groups
are synthesized to meet the
objectives.
6. Interactive • Joint analyses, decisions and
action plans are made
implemented, and monitored by
interest groups.
8. ― Irene M. Pepperberg
8
Levels of Participation
Typology Results
7. Self-mobilization • Initiatives are taken
independently from official
institutions.
9. 9
A project is described in merriam-webster as a planned
undertaking. The initial step to identify the specific acts that
must be undertaken to meet a set of objectives.
1. Objectives- describes what the project aims to do and what it is for.
2. Boundaries- specifies the scope and limitations of the project.
3. Location - indentifies where the project will be implemented.
4. Target beneficiaries- state who will benefit from the implementation of
the project.
5. Duration - determines the schedule of the project.
6. Budget - itemizes the expected expenses that the project will incur
upon its implementation.
7. Methodology - indicates the approach or manner by which the project
will be implemented.
10. 10
Project Development Cycle
Projects may vary according to their objectives,
boundaries, locations, target beneficiaries, duration, and
methodologies. However, all projects undergo la process
called the project development cycle, which consist of the
following stages:
Identification Preparation Implementation Evaluation
11. 11
Although the phases may appear sequentially separated, they are,
in fact , circular (i.e. , the phases continually interface with each
other).
1. Identification - In this stage, a potential project design is organized
after having adequate consultations with the different stakeholders of the
community.
2. Preparation - Here, the planners determine how and when a chosen
project will be implemented.
3. Implementation- Meanwhile, this is the stage where the project I carried
out by the planners and the local community members based on an agreed-
upon timetable.
4. Evaluation- in this stage, the planners and the community members
determine whether or not the project objectives have been met.
13. 13
Monitoring refers to keeping track of the implementation of a project.
Monitoring involves the study of the progress of an undertaking in relation to the
agreed-upon schedule, resources, and performance indicator. Moreover, it
identifies lagging areas: that require intervention.
Monitoring is also defined as the management function guiding the project
towards its intended direction and checking the performance of workers using
predetermined plans and targets to ensure their timely completion.
Furthermore, monitoring is the implementation of effective internal controls
that are generally built into daily operational activities . Along with other
procedures, monitoring can be in any of the following form.
1. Assessment of one's daily operational activities.
2. Utilization of internal audit personnel or other similar personnel who
perform a wide range of functions
14. 14
3. Correspondence with third parties
4. Implementation of additional safeguards
Monitoring is a type of process while a project is being implemented. It aims
to develop a project design in real time. The information gathered during
monitoring is used to make important changes in the project. As an internal
activity, it provides constant feedback on the progresses of a project.
Evaluation Is the study of project outcome and the factors that led to such an
outcome with an aim of improving the design of future projects.
Evaluation is therefore, used in selection. Evaluation studies assess the
extent to which a certain project can produce certain results (e.g, increase in
income as betterhousing qualify) and distribute benefits among different
groups. It also include a a review of the overall cost effectiveness of the
project.
15. 15
Monitoring and evaluation are neither expensive nor compliçated.
They do not require specialist or technicians. The complexity of these
studies can be adapted to fit the needs of a program.
According to Luna and Bawagan (2009), monitoring is done during
the implementation of a program to check its progress. The people’s
participation and their candid feedback are important during this
phase. Some guiding questions used for monitoring are as follows:
1. Was the target of training participants achieved on time?
2. How does the actual number of training participants
compare vis-à-vis the target number?
3. Were the required resources available?
16. 16
Meanwhile, evaluation is identifying the effects and outcomes of a
project. Conducting an evaluation at the end of a project (summative
evaluation) or a few years after its implementation. (impact evaluation)
would involve the following questions:
1. What improvements in the health conditions of the people arose
from the health and nutrition project?
2. Did the agricultural project improve the farm yield and income of the
people?
17. 17
Monitoring outputs has been a standard practice for a long
time. However, it is imperative to ask, “In what way is a
project beneficial to its target group?. "What are the
outcomes, results, and impacts of a project?" These
questions are often neglected because they are difficult to
answer. However, comfronting them is essential because
the question whether or not a project is beneficial will
answer the question of whether or not the purpose of the
project is fulfilled.
Monitoring Outcomes
18. 18
Monitoring Accountability
It has been proven that the continuous monitoring and recording of
information regarding the outcome and impact of a project steering
because they fine-tune activities, thereby maximizing results.
Providers are expected to have their projects constantly monitored
and evaluated by the project implementers and outside experts.
Constant monitoring and evaluation provide more immediate feedback
and facilitate learning. Having an external evaluator is considered to
be desirable and very helpful in bringing out insights coming from an
independent and objective perspective.
19. 19
Monitoring Accountability
Evaluation, according to Hall, Ahn, and Greene (2012), is the process of
systematically assessing the design, implementations, programs, policies,
or projects. In the past, the evaluation process employed research
methods used in the social sciences to determine the impact of public
programs and policies. Modern evaluation has its roots in the 1960s,
when government policymakers wanted to know the impact of new public
programs; The evaluation of completed activities is also called ex-post
evaluation, pot hoc evaluation, or summative evaluation. The evaluation
of current or on going activities is called an in-term evaluation.
20. 20
Participatory evaluation
Participatory evaluation involves the active participatory of the stakeholders
in assessing the implication and impact of a project. The people concerned
present their own analyses. Here are some techniques that can be used in
participatory evaluation:
1. Forming a focus group - Focus groups are groups of people who ask
open-ended questions. The members are allowed to say anything and be
heard. The facilitator will summarize the ideas presented in an overall
evaluation.
2. Spreading participatory action research - Participatory action research
involves asking inputs from both the researches and the participants in
determining issues and concerns.
21. 21
Participatory evaluation
3. Drawing metaphors - This method is useful for participants who are
shy, timid, or reluctant to voice out their comments or suggestions. In
this strategy, the participants answer evaluative questions by drawing
metaphors or word descriptions.
4. Constructing tables - In this method, the participants construct a
table or framework that includes the following areas:
objectives/goals, activities, time frames, strategies , and outputs of
the project. They are them asked to, interpret their project table as
an evaluation matrix.
23. 23
Summing Up
Dogs can smell
your feelings.
Successful participatory planning will help identify and
transform community weaknesses into strengths. With
the support of the local government, community
member may contribute in the planning of projects that
can solve the problems that beset them. Because
participatory planning creates a sense of urgency
among the members of the community, it should be
followed by the implementation of the project that is
incorporated with their ideas.
