National Parks in Pakistan.pptx

•Download as PPTX, PDF•

0 likes•31 views

This document contains information about 8 national parks in Pakistan, including their location, area, date established, and best time to visit. The parks are: 1) Hingol National Park located in Baluchistan province, established in 1988 and 1997, covering 610,043 hectares. 2) Lal Suhanra National Park located 20 km southwest of Quetta, covering 15,555 hectares and established in 1980. 3) Kirthar National Park located 36 km east of Bahawalpur in Punjab province, covering 87,426 hectares and established in 1972. 4) Margalla Hills National Park located northeast of Islamabad in Punjab, covering 17,386 hectares and established in 1980.

Science

Name: Mubaika Seher
Roll no. bsf1800548
Bs zoology 8th

FACT FILE:
Physical Location: Makran coast, Baluchistan
province.Approximately 190 km west of Karachi
Total Area: 610, 043 hectares
Date Established: 1988 and 1997
BestTime toVisit: Mid-October to November and December to
mid-March

FACT FILE:
Physical Location: 20 south-west of Quetta in the
province of Baluchistan
Total Area: 15,555 hectares
Date Established: 1980
BestTime toVisit: March to September

FACT FILE:
Physical Location: 36 km to the east of Bahawalpur in
the province of Punjab
Total Area: 87,426 hectares
Date Established: 1972
BestTime toVisit: October to March

FACT FILE:
Physical Location: North east of the national capital
Islamabad, in the province of
Punjab
Total Area: 17,386 hectares
Date Established: 1980
BestTime toVisit: Throughout the year

• Chir Pine ,Olive ,Phulai ,Celtis ,Snatha
• Major flowering trees include
Dhak ,Punica ,Pear ,Kachnar ,Amaltas ,Jacarandra ,Woodfordia ,Jasmine ,Holm
skioldia

FACT FILE:
Physical Location: South east of Skardu in the Karakoram
range bordering India
Total Area: 3,58,400 hectares
BestTime toVisit: March to September

FACT FILE:
Physical Location: The south-western part of the
province of Sind, northeast of Karachi
Total Area: 308,733 hectares
Date Established: 1974
BestTime toVisit: Mid-October to November and
December to mid-March

FACT FILE:
Physical Location: Northwest in the KPK province of
Pakistan bordering Afghanistan in the
Hindukush Range
Total Area: 7750 hectares
Date Established: 1984
BestTime toVisit: May to September

Recently uploaded

National Biodiversity protection initiatives and Convention on Biological Di...

PABOLU TEJASREE

Hemoglobin metabolism_pathophysiology.pptx

muralinath2

The ASGCT Annual Meeting was packed with exciting progress in the field advan...

Health Advances

In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx

AlaminAfendy1

BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENT- introduction to blood physiology

NoelManyise1

Normal Cell Metabolism: Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function. Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP. The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process. Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP. The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos). It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation. If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use. IN CANCER CELL: Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA: WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside. Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.

Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway

AADYARAJPANDEY1

insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification

anitaento25

Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe: - 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense - Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman - DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time. - Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes ABSTRACT: Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view. Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.

word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...

Subhajit Sahu

Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC)

abhishekdhamu51

SCHIZOPHRENIA Disorder/ Brain Disorder.pdf

SELF-EXPLANATORY

Introduction: RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression. It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences. dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants. This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes. What are small ncRNAs? micro RNA (miRNA) short interfering RNA (siRNA) Properties of small non-coding RNA: Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts. Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long. Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered). Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA. Discovery of siRNA? The first small RNA: In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the development of the worm C. elegans. Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14. Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions. Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA) MiRNA Length (23-25 nt) Trans acting Binds with target MRNA in mismatch Translation inhibition Si RNA Length 21 nt. Cis acting Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence Piwi-RNA Length ; 25 to 36 nt. Expressed in Germ Cells Regulates trnasposomes activity MECHANISM OF RNAI: First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces. Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands. The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it. THE RISC COMPLEX: RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA. DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III) Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute ARGONAUTE PROTEIN : 1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA 2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity. MiRNA: The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .

RNA INTERFERENCE: UNRAVELING GENETIC SILENCING

AADYARAJPANDEY1

Shuaib Y-basedComprehensive mahmudj.pptx

MdAbuRayhan16

The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March 2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.

Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...

Sérgio Sacani

Citrus Greening Disease and its Management

subedisuryaofficial

Slide 1: Title Slide Extrachromosomal Inheritance Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus. Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids. Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria. Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring. Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy. Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts. Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species. Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA. Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes. Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation. Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering. Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance. Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells. Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression. Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells. Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration. Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells. Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases. Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification. Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases. Slide 10: Conclusion Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology. Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications. Slide 11: Questions and Discussion Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.

extra-chromosomal-inheritance[1].pptx.pdfpdf

DiyaBiswas10

GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids

Areesha Ahmad

GLOBAL AND LOCAL SCENARIO OF FOOD AND NUTRITION.pptx

SultanMuhammadGhauri

Circulatory system_ Laplace law. Ohms law.reynaults law,baro-chemo-receptors-...

muralinath2

Within the uncertainties of involved astronomical and biological parameters, the Drake Equation typically predicts that there should be many exoplanets in our galaxy hosting active, communicative civilizations (ACCs). These optimistic calculations are however not supported by evidence, which is often referred to as the Fermi Paradox. Here, we elaborate on this long-standing enigma by showing the importance of planetary tectonic style for biological evolution. We summarize growing evidence that a prolonged transition from Mesoproterozoic active single lid tectonics (1.6 to 1.0 Ga) to modern plate tectonics occurred in the Neoproterozoic Era (1.0 to 0.541 Ga), which dramatically accelerated emergence and evolution of complex species. We further suggest that both continents and oceans are required for ACCs because early evolution of simple life must happen in water but late evolution of advanced life capable of creating technology must happen on land. We resolve the Fermi Paradox (1) by adding two additional terms to the Drake Equation: foc (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans) and fpt (the fraction of habitable exoplanets with significant continents and oceans that have had plate tectonics operating for at least 0.5 Ga); and (2) by demonstrating that the product of foc and fpt is very small (< 0.00003–0.002). We propose that the lack of evidence for ACCs reflects the scarcity of long-lived plate tectonics and/or continents and oceans on exoplanets with primitive life.

The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...

Sérgio Sacani

PESTS OF GREEN MANURE CROPS AND FORAGE CROPS SESBANIA BORERS 1. Sesbania stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris, Cossidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of sesbania plants. Nature of damage: Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole. Egg: Laid in masses attached to the leaflets. Larva: Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head. Pupa: Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem. Adult: Sluggish yellowish brown moth. 2. Stem weevil, Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of the terminal branches or whole plant, lodging of the plants during monsoon seasons; affected stem with numerous bore holes and swelling symptoms. Presence of apodous grub inside the stem. Nature of damage: Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent. Egg: Laid on the stem. Grub : Apodous whitish grub. Adult: Reddish brown weevil with white transverse markings on the elytra. LEAF FEEDERS 3. Green semilooper, Pericyma glaucinans, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves. Larva : Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes. Adult: Dark brown with black lines 4. Green looper, Semiothisa pervelgata, Semiothisa emersaria, Geometridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves. Egg: Oval greenish eggs laid singly on leaves. Larva : Pale green looper with white lines and when full grown becomes pink with horizontal bands of violet patches dorsally on the abdominal segments. Pupa: Pupates in the soil. Adult: White colour with three dark lines and spots on the wings.

Pests of Green Manures_Bionomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf

PirithiRaju

Recently uploaded (20)

National Biodiversity protection initiatives and Convention on Biological Di...

Hemoglobin metabolism_pathophysiology.pptx

The ASGCT Annual Meeting was packed with exciting progress in the field advan...

In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx

BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENT- introduction to blood physiology

Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway

insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification

word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...

Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC)

SCHIZOPHRENIA Disorder/ Brain Disorder.pdf

RNA INTERFERENCE: UNRAVELING GENETIC SILENCING

Shuaib Y-basedComprehensive mahmudj.pptx

Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...

Citrus Greening Disease and its Management

extra-chromosomal-inheritance[1].pptx.pdfpdf

GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 5) Chemistry of Lipids

GLOBAL AND LOCAL SCENARIO OF FOOD AND NUTRITION.pptx

Circulatory system_ Laplace law. Ohms law.reynaults law,baro-chemo-receptors-...

The importance of continents, oceans and plate tectonics for the evolution of...

Pests of Green Manures_Bionomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf

National Parks in Pakistan.pptx

1. Name: Mubaika Seher Roll no. bsf1800548 Bs zoology 8th

5. FACT FILE: Physical Location: Makran coast, Baluchistan province.Approximately 190 km west of Karachi Total Area: 610, 043 hectares Date Established: 1988 and 1997 BestTime toVisit: Mid-October to November and December to mid-March

7. Mammals

9. FACT FILE: Physical Location: 20 south-west of Quetta in the province of Baluchistan Total Area: 15,555 hectares Date Established: 1980 BestTime toVisit: March to September

10.

11.

12. FACT FILE: Physical Location: 36 km to the east of Bahawalpur in the province of Punjab Total Area: 87,426 hectares Date Established: 1972 BestTime toVisit: October to March

13.

14.

15. FACT FILE: Physical Location: North east of the national capital Islamabad, in the province of Punjab Total Area: 17,386 hectares Date Established: 1980 BestTime toVisit: Throughout the year

16. • Chir Pine ,Olive ,Phulai ,Celtis ,Snatha • Major flowering trees include Dhak ,Punica ,Pear ,Kachnar ,Amaltas ,Jacarandra ,Woodfordia ,Jasmine ,Holm skioldia

17.

18. FACT FILE: Physical Location: South east of Skardu in the Karakoram range bordering India Total Area: 3,58,400 hectares BestTime toVisit: March to September

19.

20.

21.

22.

23. FACT FILE: Physical Location: The south-western part of the province of Sind, northeast of Karachi Total Area: 308,733 hectares Date Established: 1974 BestTime toVisit: Mid-October to November and December to mid-March

24.

25.

26. FACT FILE: Physical Location: Northwest in the KPK province of Pakistan bordering Afghanistan in the Hindukush Range Total Area: 7750 hectares Date Established: 1984 BestTime toVisit: May to September

National Parks in Pakistan.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from MubaikaSeher

More from MubaikaSeher (6)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

National Parks in Pakistan.pptx