The document provides an overview of Napa Valley, America's most iconic wine region. While only accounting for 4% of California's wine production, Napa Valley has cemented its image as a world-class producer, especially of Cabernet Sauvignon. The region has 16 sub-appellations that provide diversity in soil, climate and grape varieties beyond just Cabernet. Key facts include Napa Valley being framed by the Mayacamas and Vaca Mountain ranges and having Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc as the most planted white grape varieties.
65 slides on Spanish wines covering
Introduction
Factsheet
10 important Spanish grapes
Area under cultivation
Regions and sub regions
Reading the wine label
Famous Red Wines
Famous White Wines
Famous Rose Wine
Food and wine pairing
Hope it helps :)
65 slides on Spanish wines covering
Introduction
Factsheet
10 important Spanish grapes
Area under cultivation
Regions and sub regions
Reading the wine label
Famous Red Wines
Famous White Wines
Famous Rose Wine
Food and wine pairing
Hope it helps :)
Burgundy is one of the more Romantic of all wine regions. They have mastered the growing of the finicky Piont Noir grape, and created the creamiest of Chardonnay's. Enjoy walking the dusty vineyards of the famous region of Burgundy France.
This presentation was prepared for educational purposes and you can also use it freely,just don't forget to mention me and give credits.it was created with lots of effort.
An intense training on knowing Key French and Italian Wine growing regions. Master the skills of knowing the right grape varietals from wines of different regions of France and Italy
Burgundy is one of the more Romantic of all wine regions. They have mastered the growing of the finicky Piont Noir grape, and created the creamiest of Chardonnay's. Enjoy walking the dusty vineyards of the famous region of Burgundy France.
This presentation was prepared for educational purposes and you can also use it freely,just don't forget to mention me and give credits.it was created with lots of effort.
An intense training on knowing Key French and Italian Wine growing regions. Master the skills of knowing the right grape varietals from wines of different regions of France and Italy
In this slideshow you will learn how grapes go from being in a vineyard to becoming that seductive beverage love all over the world. We will also share the secret, how the bubbly gets its bubbles in the process of making Champagne.
Napa Valley is one of the most famous vintner locations worldwide, despite producing only 4 percent of wine in California and 0.4 percent of the world’s supply. The favorable soil and weather conditions that mimic the Italian Mediterranean climate are advantageous for winemaking and have given the region widespread acclaim.
In the earlier days of winemaking, the effect of soil and climate differences weren't well understood, with wineries growing different grape sorts side by side. However, the industry has advanced, with expanding knowledge and technological advancements in recent decades. The various soil types and climate conditions around Napa Valley have allowed local vineyards to showcase the particular benefits of specific locations within the valley for certain grape varieties.
Napa Valley is considered an AVA (American Viticultural Area), gaining that status in 1981, but has 16 smaller AVAs nestled inside. The number of AVAs is evocative of the enormous potential this region has in delivering some of the best wines in the world.
The southernmost AVA, Los Carneros, has primarily clay-based soil and is highly affected by the winds blowing inward from San Pablo Bay. With a cool temperature year-round, it specializes in Pinot Noir and Merlot wines.
Coombsville and Wild Horse Valley are the furthest southeastern AVAs, with relatively low temperatures year-round. Both AVAs have primarily volcanic soil, which is incredibly fertile. Coombsville wineries specialize in Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Syrah wines. Wild Horse Valley’s altitude and lack of water retention make it more demanding to grow grapes in, with Pinot Noir and Chardonnay specialties of this AVA.
Wine Countries Across the World
Aegean Islands, Greece
The Aegean Islands in Greece are a one stop destination to a variety of vineyards of white and red grapes. The island of Santorini is a large grape farm, with about 1,200 hectares under wine. The perfect time to enjoy this beautiful vineyard is during the August grape harvest. The famous wine of the area comes from the Assyritko grape, which produces an acidic, crisp, and delightful wine. Other varieties include Voudomato and Mavrotragano, an earthy wine, and Aidani, a floral white win.
Valle de Guadalupe/Baja California, Mexico
Even though Mexico seems like the last wine country destination, in the last decades the quality of the wineries have improved significantly. Along Route 3 in the Guadalupe Valley, there is the Ruta del Vino (wine route). Baja wine country is perfect to visit all year long. Some of the perfect wine-tasting locations are Alximia and the Hacienda La Lomita. The wines tend to be high in alcohol with a black-fruit flavor. The saltiness of the wines comes from the water used for irrigation. Pick wins such Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Malbec for an immersive experience.
Texas Hill Country, USA
Texas Hill Country is the fifth wine-producing state in the United States. Their grapes are bursting with flavor and are greatly focused on the red wines. The area is a reminiscence of the Old West. The best place to taste the Texan wine is at places like Lewis Wines, a 27-year old company, and Flat Creek Estate, which is 20 acre vineyard. Be sure to try the their famous red wines such as the 2011 Tempranillo and the Petite Sirah.
Mendoza, Argentina
The Mendoza Province is perhaps one of the most important wine locations, with 2/3 of the country’s wine being produced there. Malbec is the most prominent wine of the area, but Criolla Grande and Cereza are pink-skinned grapes that have been the backbone of the Mendoza Province. Visit Atamisque or Bodegas Salentein to taste some of the best wines in the area.
Sonoma, USA
Sonoma is one of California’s largest producers of wine, even exceeding Napa Valley. Traced back to 1812, Sonoma County was the premier location of vineyards. By the 1920s, there were 256 wineries established. The soil is so diverse that Sonoma is home to a variety of grapes, included Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Some places to try wine are Arista and the Dry Creek Vineyard.
Baden, Germany
Baden is located in southwestern Germany and has around 39,300 acres under vine as of 2008. Pinot variety grapes account for 55% of the vineyards in Baden. Gutedel is also grown here, making it the only place in Germany that grows them. Taste wine at Schloss Staufenberg and at Franz Keller’s.
California luxury travel holiday destinations & tour packagesWelgrow Travels
Wine connoisseurs listen up, this trip is perfect for you! The Napa Valley is famed throughout the world for producing some of the most delicious wines. The perfect way to enjoy a glass of wine is to look at its color, take in the aroma, and then, only then, do you tip a little bit of the wine in your mouth and let it glide over your tongue.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
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Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Reimagining Classics - What Makes a Remake a Success
Napa Valley - Guild of Sommeliers
1. Napa Valley
1
STAFF TRAINING MODULE
Napa Valley, America’s most iconic wine region, appears saturated with the vine, yet it
only accounts for a mere 4% of California wine. 45,000 acres of vineyards carpet the
valley floor and dot surrounding hillsides and mountains. With an emphasis on luxury
wines, this small region on California’s North Coast has cemented its image as a
destination for wine tourists from around the globe, and as a world-class producer of
Cabernet Sauvignon. Every third vine in Napa is Cabernet, yet the valley’s complex soil
patterns, coupled with changing degrees of altitude, sunlight, and temperature,
provide a diversity of source material for the winemaker to sculpt into wine. Nor is
Cabernet the whole story; hundreds of varieties, from Sauvignon Blanc to Charbono to
Zinfandel, thrive somewhere in the valley’s gentle, Mediterranean climate.
2. History
2
As the second region nationally designated as an
“American Viticultural Area”, Napa Valley AVA dates to
1981, but the valley’s rich history of viticulture began in
the late 1830s. Spurred along by the booming days of the
1849 California Gold Rush, Napa wines achieved
occasional international notice in the latter half of the
19th century, and some of today’s houses, such as Charles
Krug, Schramsberg, and Beringer, date to the 1860s and
‘70s. In 1880 Scottish poet Robert Louis Stevenson
famously pronounced Napa’s wines as “bottled poetry”
during a honeymoon sojourn in the valley.
The specter of temperance and Prohibition loomed large,
and the valley’s industry was crippled with passage of the
18th Amendment. Repeal in 1933 led to a renewal;
visionaries like André Tchelistcheff (legendary winemaker
at Beaulieu Vineyard), Robert Mondavi, and Joe Heitz
forged ahead in the midcentury, raising winemaking
acumen, improving technology, and looking toward the
wines of France—then the undisputed king—as a model.
The modern Napa Valley is built on the successes of
Mondavi and his contemporaries, and through fanatical
attention to quality and winemaking the valley has earned
its spot as one of the world’s top areas for the grape.
Robert Mondavi
The end of Prohibition
3. The Region
3
Climate
Napa’s climate is classified as
Mediterranean, characterized by
warm, dry summers and cool, rainy
winters. In the summertime,
afternoon temperatures in the
warmest central parts of the valley
may reach the mid-90s, whereas they
remain in the mid- to high-70s nearer
to the San Pablo Bay. Aided by the
onset of fog and cool maritime air,
nighttime temperatures on the valley
floor may plummet by as much as 40
degrees, preserving acidity in
ripening grapes. Above a certain
elevation—the fog line—sunshine
hours are greater and temperatures
remain more constant from day to
night. Overall, Napa’s climate is not
dissimilar from that of Tuscany, Sicily,
or parts of Southern Spain.
30 miles long, the Napa Valley runs parallel to the California coastline, narrowing as it trails
northward from a wide base near the San Pablo Bay. The Mayacamas Mountains and the drier
Vaca Mountains frame its western and eastern boundaries, respectively. Napa Valley AVA includes
both the valley itself and the mountainsides surrounding it, encompassing nearly half of the total
land in Napa County. Sonoma County divides Napa from the ocean, yet cool Pacific breezes and
fog funnel into the valley from the San Pablo Bay in the south and breaks in the mountains near
Calistoga in the north. The fog, which settles on the valley floor in the late evening and may not
burn off until mid-morning, impacts nighttime temperatures and sunshine hours on the valley floor.
Photo courtesy of Jason Tinacci
4. Within the Napa Valley AVA, there are 16 separate sub-AVAs. Each smaller appellation offers
unique characteristics of soil, elevation, and/or temperature that create distinctive
grape-growing conditions and styles of wine. Some producers choose to produce wines from a
single sub-AVA, whereas others compose blends from fruit harvested throughout the valley.
The sub-, or “nested”, AVAs of Napa Valley may be broadly divided into mountain, valley floor,
and outlying appellations. The range of elevation for mountain AVAs typically spans from 600
feet above sea level to 2000 feet and more, whereas the lowest valley floor vineyards are near
sea level, and they rarely climb higher than 500 feet above it. The outlying AVAs are separated
from the main growing regions by Napa Valley’s foothills, and two span into neighboring
counties.
In the valley floor AVAs, the best sites for winegrowing are usually on the alluvial fans, or
“benchlands”—deep, fertile, sloping soil deposits composed of run-off from mountain
streams. In these alluvial fans, vines can develop deep root systems. On the other hand,
mountain growers cherish their shallow, low-nutrient soils, which promote the vines’ struggle
and produce a small yield of concentrated fruit. Berry size tends to be smaller on the
mountains, influencing color and tannin. In the mountains, daytime temperatures are cooler
than on the valley floor, but nights are warmer.
4
TheAppellations
Photo courtesy of Jason Tinacci
5. 45
Valley FloorAVAs
Coombsville: The newest AVA in Napa Valley, Coombsville debuted in late 2011.
Oak Knoll of Napa Valley: Cooler than the upper valley, Oak Knoll can produce a wide
variety of red and white wines. The Dry Creek alluvial fan, the valley’s largest, dominates
Oak Knoll’s soil composition.
Yountville
Rutherford: André Tchelistcheff once
proclaimed that it takes “Rutherford Dust” to
make great Cabernet in Napa. The Rutherford
Bench—which actually extends through both
the Rutherford and Oakville AVAs—is a prized
series of alluvial soils (loam, sand, gravel) and
home to some of the priciest land in the valley.
Tasters suggest dusty, spicy, brambly aromas
arise from those Cabernets produced along
the Rutherford Bench.
St. Helena: St. Helena is one of narrowest
parts of the Napa Valley, and a warmer
appellation. In 1861, Charles Krug opened his
eponymous winery here.
Calistoga: After a lengthy legal and political
battle over potential misuse of its name,
Calistoga became Napa’s 15th AVA in 2009.
Calistoga is Napa’s northernmost town, and its
vineyards are almost entirely planted with red
grapes.
Yountville: Perhaps better known as Napa’s dining capital, Yountville is named after George
Yount, who planted the valley’s first vines in the late 1830s.
Stags Leap District: Located directly east of Yountville in the foothills of the Vaca Mountains,
this is one of the warmest AVAs in the valley. 80% of the district is planted to Cabernet
Sauvignon and Merlot.
Oakville: Home to famous sites like To-Kalon and Screaming Eagle’s vineyards, Oakville AVA is
one of the valley’s top areas for winegrowing.
Oakville
Photos courtesy of Jason Tinacci
6. 6
MountainAVAs
Mount Veeder (Mayacamas): Mount Veeder, adjacent to Carneros, is the coolest
mountain AVA, with Napa’s longest growing season. Unlike Diamond Mountain and
the AVAs of the Vaca Mountains, Mount Veeder is composed entirely of
sedimentary, rather than volcanic, soils.
Spring Mountain District (Mayacamas): “Spring Mountain” does not refer to an
actual peak, but rather an entire mountainous area characterized by several springs
and crisscrossed by streams. Its western boundary is the Sonoma County border.
Diamond Mountain District (Mayacamas): In this warmer mountain AVA, red wines
develop a more approachable tannic structure. In the late 1970s, Diamond Creek,
one of the appellation’s most famous names, became the first producer in Napa
Valley to release single vineyard wines, and crack the $100 mark.
Atlas Peak (Vaca Mountains): At 2,663 feet, Atlas Peak is the tallest point in the
Vaca Mountains.
Howell Mountain (Vaca Mountains): The oldest of Napa’s sub-AVAs and the first to
be truly defined by elevation, Howell Mountain Cabernets are among the valley’s
most regal, tannic, powerful, and ageworthy. The mountain receives warm
afternoon sun, leading to ripe flavors, but it stays cooler overall than valley floor
vineyards, preserving good acidity and herbal notes. Historically, Howell Mountain
focused on Zinfandel, but this is Cabernet country today.
Atlas Peak
Photo courtesy of Jason Tinacci
7. Chiles Valley District: Named after Joseph Ballinger Chiles, an early pioneer from
Missouri, this is the valley's most isolated growing region.
Wild Horse Valley: Divided between Napa and Solano Counties, Wild Horse Valley is
Napa's most sparsely planted AVA.
Los Carneros (Carneros): Due to its close proximity to the San Pablo Bay, Carneros is
Napa's coolest growing region. It is equally suitable for the production of Pinot Noir and
Chardonnay, Syrah and Merlot. The AVA extends into Sonoma County.
OtherAVAs
7
Los Carneros
8. 8
Sauvignon Blanc: As in Bordeaux, Cabernet’s genetic
parent Sauvignon Blanc shares the vineyard with its
offspring in Napa Valley. Napa Sauvignon Blanc is typically
aromatic, yet it may lean in style toward Bordeaux and
incorporate oak in the winemaking process, or it may be
produced in a fresher, cleaner style. Napa Sauvignon Blanc
exhibits bright, tart acidity, translating as citrus flavors on
the palate. Grassy and melon notes are frequently found.
Major Grape Varieties
White Varieties
Other White Grapes: In Napa Valley, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc account for more than 90% of the
total white grape plantings. Here and there, however, one can spot a few acres of Viognier, Pinot Gris,
Riesling, Muscat, Chenin Blanc, and many others.
Chardonnay: Chardonnay is Napa’s most important
white grape. The classic style of the wine is full-bodied
and lush, with generous flavors of oak and cream, but
winemaking styles are diversifying and one can find
regularly find leaner, citrusy examples today. Producers
today approach techniques like malolactic fermenta-
tion, new oak aging, and bâtonnage with new sophisti-
cation, and some opt to avoid them all together.
9. 9
Cabernet Sauvignon: Napa’s most important grape
and its signature contribution to the world of fine
wines, Cabernet Sauvignon thrives in Napa’s Mediter-
ranean climate. It provides nearly 40% of the annual
harvest. On the valley floor, it produces a more
elegant and supple style of wine, with more approach-
able tannins; on the mountainsides the wines are
typically fuller in body, rich in color and tannin, and
driven by powerful black fruit. Sophisticated yet promi-
nent new oak is a nearly universal feature during aging,
and many winemakers in Napa Valley try to curtail
Major Grape Varieties
Merlot: Merlot is often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon to soften and plump its gritty, austere
frame, but it produces a high quality varietal wine in its own right. Napa Merlot is more generous and
less tannic than Cabernet Sauvignon on the palate, and shows a range of flavors from chocolate to red
plums to mint.
Pinot Noir: Pinot Noir is actually Napa’s third most planted red variety, behind Cabernet Sauvignon
and Merlot. It produces sparkling and still wines in the cool Carneros AVA, and grows elsewhere in the
cooler mesoclimates of the valley. Carneros and Napa Pinot Noir styles often showcase red fruits and
jam, framed by sweet spices and oak.
Zinfandel: Zinfandel is especially popular in the warmer northern sections of the valley, such as Howell
Mountain, Calistoga and St. Helena. Napa styles are usually fuller in body, with high levels of alcohol
and spice.
Syrah: Napa Syrah is generally big and bold, evoking dark berry fruits and smoke. Unlike Cabernet,
Syrah tends to exhibit savory undertones of grilled meat and black pepper.
Red Varieties
Cabernet’s inherent vegetative notes, preferring aromas of cocoa, fruit, violets and cedar to those
of green bell pepper and herb. At its best, Napa Valley Cabernet is dense, mouth-coating, and
opulent, yet it remains firmly structured and long-lived.
10. 1. Which two mountain ranges frame the Napa Valley?
2. What is the most planted white grape in Napa Valley?
3. Which AVA is located in both Napa and Sonoma Counties?
4. Name three “mountain” AVAs in Napa Valley.
5. Define the term “benchlands”.
6. In which AVA is the To-Kalon vineyard located?
Review Questions
10 Photo courtesy of Jason Tinacci