nanomaterials are defined as materials where at least one of their dimensions is in the nanoscale

1. NANOMATERIALS
AYEBALE CHARITY
20/U/0412
2000700412

2. Contents
01 Definition of nano materials
02 Classification
03 Preparation of nano materials
04
Characteristics
07
06
05 Their relevance in advanced bioprocessing
Applications
synthesis

3. What are nano
materials?
• Nanomaterials are defined
as materials where at least
one of their dimensions is in
the nanoscale, i.e. smaller
than 100 nm

4. Classification of nano materials
Nano materials can be classified basing on
their:
• origin
• dimensions
• composition

5. 01
Based on their dimensionalities
• Zero-dimensional nanomaterials (0-D): the nanomaterials in this class have all
their three dimensions in the nanoscale range.
• One-dimensional nanomaterials (1-D): the nanomaterials in this class have one
dimension outside the nanoscale.
• Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2-D): the nanomaterials in this class have two
dimensions outside the nanoscale.
• Tree-dimensional nanomaterials (3-D) or bulk nanomaterials: in this class the
materials are not confined to the nanoscale in any dimension.

6. 02 Based on their composition
• Organic nanoparticles
This class comprises NPs that are made of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polymers,
or any other organic compounds.
• Inorganic nanoparticles
This class comprises NPs that are not made of carbon or organic materials
• Carbon-based nanoparticles
This class comprises NPs that are made solely from carbon atoms

7. 03 Based on origin
• Natural NPs
These occur naturally in the environment.
• Synthetic NPs
These are intentionally engineered and produced by humans through various
manufacturing processes.

8. Preparation of nano materials

9. Top-Down Methods
The top-down, or destructive, approach involves breaking a material down to its atomic
building blocks.
Nanolithography, which scientists are currently studying, is used to produce structures
on the nanometric scale, often with at least one dimension in the 1 to 100 nm range.
Nanoparticles can be synthesized using a variety of solvents and laser ablation synthesis in
solution. Laser irradiation of a metal immersed in a liquid solution forms nanoparticles by
condensing a plasma plume.
Sputtering is the process by which atoms are ejected from the surface of a substance (the
target) via the bombardment of energetic particles . Atoms on a cathode/target are
sputtered when they are accelerated away from the cathode/target by the impact of
bombarding ions, which is a momentum transfer process.
Mechanical attrition, in which the kinetic energy of the grinding medium is transferred to
the material being reduced, is the mechanism by which nanomaterials are synthesized in
a ball mill.

10. Nanoparticles that are safe for humans and the environment can be synthesized using
biosynthesis. The synthesis of nanoparticles using biological systems is fast, practical, and
environmentally beneficial.
Pyrolysis Method: One type of thermochemical process in which the substance is broken
down into smaller components involves heating the material to very high temperatures in the
absence of oxygen. This technique is the standard method used for mass producing
nanoparticles in the industry.
A chemical process, chemical vapor deposition, involves the reaction of volatile precursors in
the gas phase to generate a solid molecule that is deposited on surfaces.
A spinning disc reactor is the equipment that is used to carry out the spinning method of
nanoparticle synthesis (SDR). A disc rotates inside a chamber/reactor whose physical
properties, such as temperature, can be adjusted.
The sol–gel technique is a highly adaptable soft chemical process that is extensively utilized
in the synthesis of metal oxides, ceramics, and glasses
Bottom-Up Method
The bottom-up, or self-assembly, method of nanofabrication involves the utilization of
chemical or physical forces acting at the nanoscale to combine building blocks into functional
structures.

11. Characteristics
• Electronic and optical properties such as linear absorption,
photoluminescence emission, and nonlinear optical properties due to the
quantum confinement and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)
effect
• Large surface to volume
ratio
• High percentage of atoms
on the surface
• exhibit enhanced chemical stability or reactivity compared to bulk
materials.
• unique optical properties such as enhanced light absorption and
scattering
• nano materials exhibit unique thermal properties such as high thermal
conductivity.
• mechanical properties such as enhanced strength, increased hardness and
improved toughness
• exhibit a wide range of magnetic properties such as superparamagetism

12. Why are nanomaterials relevant in advanced bioprocessing ?
• drug delivery systems
• biosensors and diagnostics
• biocatalysis and enzyme immobilization

13. Applications
• Cancer diagnosis and
therapy
• Cellular imaging or in
biosensors for DNA,
carbohydrates, proteins,
and heavy metal ions
• Determination of blood
glucose levels
• Medical diagnostics to
detect bacteria nd viruses
• Targeted drug delivery
• Tumor growth inhibition
Medicine
• Food processing for
example smart
delivery
• Food preservation
due to antimicrobial
activity
• Food packaging for
example nano films
• Supplement like
nano additives
Food
• Nano fertilizers
• Nano pesticides
Agriculture
• Magnetic separation and
detection
• Biosensors
• NPs improve the imaging
quality and the contrast agent
administration dose of
magnetic resonance imaging
• used in batteries to prevent
the physical contact of anode
and cathode, and to provide
channels for the transport of
ions.
Biotechnology

14. How they can be
synthesized from natural
materials?

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