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This document provides an overview of some influential cultural anthropologists and their contributions, including Lewis Henry Morgan who developed the evolutionary approach to culture, Sir Edward Tylor who provided a classic definition of culture, and Bronislaw Malinowski who pioneered participant observation fieldwork. It also mentions Ruth Benedict's work on cultural patterns, Franz Boas' influence developing ideas of cultural relativity, and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown's structural functionalist approach analyzing how aspects of society contribute to its maintenance.
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This document discusses cultural studies and defines some key aspects of culture. It introduces cultural studies as an emerging field that analyzes everyday activities like films, media, communities, and education that shape people's lives. It then provides exercises for students to define culture based on listing words and meanings. Finally, the document defines characteristics of culture, stating that culture is learned, shared, cumulative, changes over time, ideational, and diverse.
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I have compiled these notes from different resources during my. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
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Names
- 1. Cultural Anthropology: some big names Credit Given to: Howard Culbertson at Southern Nazarene University
- 2. Lewis Henry Morgan 1818-1881 • A 19th century scholar who developed the evolutionary approach • Pioneered the comparative study of culture
- 3. Sir Edward B. Tylor 1832-1917 • Provided a classic definition of culture that is still valid • Key theorist in the anthropology of religion
- 4. Bronislaw Malinowski 1884-1942 • Outlined the biological and psychological needs of people fulfilled by culture • Pioneered the participant observation method
- 5. Ruth Fulton Benedict 1887-1948 • Wrote “Patterns of Culture” • Viewed cultures as coherent patterns
- 6. Franz Boas 1858-1942 • Set high standard for excellence in fieldwork • Developed the idea of cultural relativity • Discredited then- dominant theories of racial superiority
- 7. A.R. Radcliff-Brown 1881-1955 Developed the structural- functional approach to look at how each aspect of society contributes to the maintenance of the whole
- 9. Ralph Linton, 1893–1953 • Insights into process of acculturation • Influenced development of the culture- and-personality school of anthropology • Introduced terms "status" and "role" • The Tree of Culture (1955)
- 10. Julian H. Steward 1902-1972 Founder of the cultural ecology approach that focuses on the interactions of cultures with their environments
- 11. Leslie White 1900-1975 Developed the cultural materialist approach with focus on how the techno- economic aspects of culture determine the social and ideological spheres
- 12. George Murdoch 1897-1985 • Empiricist • Came up 70 or so “cultural universals”
- 13. Margaret Mead 1901-1978 • A “founding mother” of anthropology • Pioneered the cross- cultural study of personality