N.28 di martino-impact-and-non-impact-craters-in-eastern-sahIAPS
The document describes a crater field in the Eastern Sahara that was previously thought to be impact craters but was found through field work and analysis to actually be formed by endogenous processes related to volcanic activity. It also describes two circular structures in Libya called the Arkenu craters that were determined to likely be formed by subvolcanic intrusions and hydrothermal alteration, not meteorite impacts. Additionally, it summarizes the discovery of a new giant impact crater found in Egypt's western desert through satellite image analysis.
1) The 1982 paper by Paolo Farinella established the initial paradigm that collisions were the dominant evolutionary process shaping asteroids, but understanding of asteroid impacts was still limited.
2) New observations and modeling have led to an updated paradigm, showing asteroids are more easily shattered but often reaccumulate, and that non-collisional processes like Yarkovsky and YORP effects are also important.
3) While the new paradigm better explains current data, some questions remain around reaccumulation and the transition between collisionally evolved and primordial asteroids.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
N.28 di martino-impact-and-non-impact-craters-in-eastern-sahIAPS
The document describes a crater field in the Eastern Sahara that was previously thought to be impact craters but was found through field work and analysis to actually be formed by endogenous processes related to volcanic activity. It also describes two circular structures in Libya called the Arkenu craters that were determined to likely be formed by subvolcanic intrusions and hydrothermal alteration, not meteorite impacts. Additionally, it summarizes the discovery of a new giant impact crater found in Egypt's western desert through satellite image analysis.
1) The 1982 paper by Paolo Farinella established the initial paradigm that collisions were the dominant evolutionary process shaping asteroids, but understanding of asteroid impacts was still limited.
2) New observations and modeling have led to an updated paradigm, showing asteroids are more easily shattered but often reaccumulate, and that non-collisional processes like Yarkovsky and YORP effects are also important.
3) While the new paradigm better explains current data, some questions remain around reaccumulation and the transition between collisionally evolved and primordial asteroids.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
1. DETERMINATION OF ASTEROID PROPER
ELEMENTS: CONTRIBUTION OF PAOLO
FARINELLA AND THE CURRENT
STATE-OF-THE-ART
Zoran Kneˇ evi´
z c
Astronomical Observatory, Belgrade
Pisa, June 15, 2010.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
2. Beginnings
´
Zappala, V., P. Farinella, Z. Kneˇ evi´ , and P. Paolicchi: 1984,
z c
Collisional origin of the asteroid families: mass and velocity
distributions. Icarus 59, 261–285.
Mass and velocity distributions of family members ⇒
morphological classification of families: asymmetric, dispersed,
intermediate.
Results that did not fit:
the degree of fragmentation in real families lower than for
laboratory targets
relative velocities asymmetry
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
3. Beginnings
´
Zappala, V., P. Farinella, Z. Kneˇ evi´ , and P. Paolicchi: 1984,
z c
Collisional origin of the asteroid families: mass and velocity
distributions. Icarus 59, 261–285.
Mass and velocity distributions of family members ⇒
morphological classification of families: asymmetric, dispersed,
intermediate.
Results that did not fit:
the degree of fragmentation in real families lower than for
laboratory targets
relative velocities asymmetry
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
4. Beginnings
´
Zappala, V., P. Farinella, Z. Kneˇ evi´ , and P. Paolicchi: 1984,
z c
Collisional origin of the asteroid families: mass and velocity
distributions. Icarus 59, 261–285.
Mass and velocity distributions of family members ⇒
morphological classification of families: asymmetric, dispersed,
intermediate.
Results that did not fit:
the degree of fragmentation in real families lower than for
laboratory targets
relative velocities asymmetry
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
5. Beginnings
√
3∆vT
q=
2 2 2
∆vT + ∆vS + ∆vW
Expected q ∼ 1; obtained q ∼ 0.2!!
Williams’ proper elements for
∼ 1800 asteroids.
Kneˇ evi´ , Z. 1984, in preparation.
z c
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
6. Beginnings
√
3∆vT
q=
2 2 2
∆vT + ∆vS + ∆vW
Expected q ∼ 1; obtained q ∼ 0.2!!
Williams’ proper elements for
∼ 1800 asteroids.
Kneˇ evi´ , Z. 1984, in preparation.
z c
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
7. Development
Hori, 1966
⇓
Kozai, 1979 ⇒ Yuasa, 1973
⇓
Kneˇ evi´ (et al.), 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, ...
z c
⇓
Milani and Kneˇ evi´ , 1990, 1992, 1994, 1999, 2000, ...
z c
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
8. Common papers
`
Kneˇ evi´ , Z., M. Carpino, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschle, Cl.
z c
`
Froeschle, R. Gonczi, B. Jovanovi´ , P. Paolicchi, and V.
c
´
Zappala: 1988, Astron. Astrophys. 192, 360–369.
` `
Farinella, P., M. Carpino, Ch. Froeschle, Cl. Froeschle, R.
´
Gonczi, Z. Kneˇ evi´ , and V. Zappala: 1989, Astron. Astrophys.
z c
217, 298–306.
´
Zappala, V., A. Cellino, P. Farinella, and Z. Kneˇ evi´ : 1990,
z c
Astron. J. 100, 2030–2046.
`
Kneˇ evi´ , Z., A. Milani, P. Farinella, Ch. Froeschle, and Cl.
z c
`
Froeschle: 1991, Icarus 93, 316–330.
Kneˇ evi´ Z., A. Milani, and P. Farinella: 1997. TPlanet. Space
z c
Sci. 45, 1581–1585.
Vokrouhlick´ D., M. Broˇ , P. Farinella and Z. Kneˇ evi´ Z.: 2001.
y z z c
Icarus 150, 78–93.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
9. Asteroid proper elements
Definition:
Proper elements are quasi-integrals of the full N-body
equations of motion.
In practice:
Proper elements are true integrals of the simplified problem.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
10. Asteroid proper elements
Definition:
Proper elements are quasi-integrals of the full N-body
equations of motion.
In practice:
Proper elements are true integrals of the simplified problem.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
11. Elements:
⇓
Osculating → Mean
Elimination of the short-periodic perturbations
Mean → Proper
Elimination of the long-periodic perturbations
⇓
Averaging
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
12. Canonical elements
Delaunay’s variables:
( , ω, Ω, L, G, J). Actions (L, G, J) define canonical system:
√
L = K a
G = K a(1 − e2 )
J = K a(1 − e2 ) cos I
where K is Gauss’ constant.
Hamiltonian:
µ˜
H= −K +R.
2L2
R is the perturbing function and K is the moment conjugated to
time t(= k). 4 degrees of freedom.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
13. Canonical elements
´
Poincare’s variables:
(λ, x, u, Λ, y, v), are a canonical analogue of the coordinate
transformation to eliminate singularities e = 0 and I = 0:
x = 2(L − G) cos(ω + Ω) y = − 2(L − G) sin(ω + Ω)
u = 2(G − J) cos(Ω) v = − 2(G − J) sin(Ω)
λ = +ω+Ω Λ = L
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
14. Equations of motion
Hamilton function H(X,Y) of the vectorial coordinates X and moments Y:
dX ∂H
=
dt ∂Y
dY ∂H
= −
dt ∂X
Solving by canonical transformations keeps the same general
form of the equations and enables use of general rules for
subsequent transformations;
transformed system in new variables (X , Y ) simpler;
the goal is to end up with an integrable system H = H (Y ).
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
15. Hamiltonian of the asteroid problem
Hamiltonian expanded up to degree 4 in e, I in the first order
with respect to the perturbing mass, and degree 2 in the
second order + several resonant terms of degree 6.
Generic term for the direct part:
h1 I Ij
K2 εj · (h3 )(i) (−1)h4 i h5 eh6 ejh7 sinh8 I sinh9 Ij sinh10 sinh11 ·
h2 2 2
· cos[(i + k1 )λj − (i + k2 )λ + k3 j + k4 + k5 Ωj + k6 Ω] ,
where(h3 )(i) are LeVerrier’s coefficients depending on a/a . ∀i
189 ˇerms up to degree 4 in e, I.
t
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
16. Lie series
Lie transform of the function H with determining function W is
defined by an expansion in formal power series:
1
H = TW H = H − {H, W } + 2 {{H, W }, W } + . . .
where {., .} is Poisson bracket:
∂H ∂W ∂H ∂W
{H, W } = −
∂X ∂Y ∂Y ∂X
and W is given as an expansion in some small parameter ε:
W = εW1 + ε2 W2 + . . .
so that transformation is close to identity.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
17. Lie series
Expansion of Lie series in powers of ε:
H = H − ε{H, W1 } + ε2 [−{H, W2 } + 1 {{H, W1 }, W1 }] + . . .
2
Asteroid Haniltonian is given as sum of the keplerian term and
the perturbation:
H = H0 + εH1
Substituting and expressing again in powers of ε:
H = TW H = H0 + ε[H1 − {H0 , W1 }] +
+ ε2 [−{H0 , W2 } − {H1 , W1 } + 1 {{H0 , W1 }, W1 }] + . . .
2
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
18. Method of canonical transformations
In asteroid problem H0 is integrable (depends only on
momenta):
H = H0 (Y ) + εH1 (X , Y )
Equaling terms of the transformed and initial Hamiltonian of the
same degree in ε:
H0 (X , Y ) = H0 (Y )
H1 (X , Y ) = H1 (X , Y ) − {H0 , W1 }(X , Y )
H2 (X , Y ) = −{H0 , W2 } − {H1 , W1 } + 1 {{H0 , W1 }, W1 }
2
the problem reduces to finding W1 i W2 such that one gets
simpler Hamiltonian.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
19. Method of canonical transformations
We define the linear operator L acting on any function F as
Poisson bracket with the zero order Hamiltonian:
LF = {H0 , F }
It defines decomposition of the function space into a direct sum
of the kernel (null space) and the image of the operator L:
˜
F =F +F ˜
F ∈ Im L ; F ∈ Ker L
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
20. Method of canonical transformations
˜
Decomposition of Hamiltonian H1 = H1 + H1 :
˜
H1 = H1 + H1 − LW1
gives an obvious solution:
˜
W1 ∈ Im L = H1
and thus defines the transformed Hamiltonian of the first order:
H1 = H1
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
21. Method of canonical transformations
The second order equation:
H2 = − 1 {H1 + H1 , W1 } − LW2
2
in the same way gives the definitin of H2 :
1 ˜
H2 = − 2 {H1 , W1 }
and the equation for W2 :
˜ ˜
LW2 = −{H1 , W1 } − 1 {H1 , W1 } + 1 {H1 , W1 }.
2 2
H and W are thus defined to order 2:
W ∈ Im L ; H ∈ Ker L
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
22. Method of canonical transformations
To compute the second order H , it is enough to know W to
order 1;
Computation of the map FW to order 2 requires knowledge of
W2 . For the transformation of variables:
∂W1 ∂W2 1 2 ∂W1
Y = Y +ε + ε2 + 2 ε {− , W1 } + . . .
∂X ∂X ∂X
˜
There are 378 terms in H1 in the asteroid problem, thus also in
W1 , as the latter is obtained by term by term integration.
Iterative procedure accounts for the ”wrong” direction of the
map (from osculating to proper). Typical accuracy ∼ 10−4 in
proper semimajor axis, 0.003 in proper eccentricity and 0.001
in proper (sine of) inclination; based on selected test cases.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
23. Synthetic theory
1 numerical integration of asteroid orbits in the framework of
a realistic dynamical model;
2 online digital filtering of the short periodic perturbations ⇒
mean (filtered) elements (proper semimajor axis as a
simple average of the filtered data);
3 Fourier analysis of the output to remove the main forced
terms and extract proper eccentricity, proper inclination,
and the corresponding fundamental frequencies;
4 check of the accuracy of the results by means of running
box tests.
Kneˇ evi´ Z. and A. Milani: 2000. Synthetic proper elements for
z c
outer main belt asteroids. CMDA 78, 17–46.
More than 220.000 asteroids (MB,Trojan,TNO,Hungaria).
Accuracy by a factor of 3 better than the analytical proper
elements.
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
24. 158 Koronis: osculating, mean and proper elements
Eccentricity Inclination
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
25. Stable vs. chaotic motion
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
26. Resonances in the Trans-Neptunian region
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
31. Monte-Carlo simulations: age 8.7 ± 1.2 million years
-4 -4
n=2000, δJ1(0)=1.25 x 10 , δJ2(0)=5.6 x 10
11
10
9
τ [Myr]
8
7
6
5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
dt [yr]
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
32. Monte-Carlo simulations: age 8.7 ± 1.2 million years
n=2000, δJ1(0)=1.25 x 10-4, δJ2(0)=5.6 x 10-4 dt=2000, δJ1(0)=1.25 x 10-4, δJ2(0)=5.6 x 10-4
11 11
10 10
9 9
τ [Myr]
τ [Myr]
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
dt [yr] n
n=2000, dt=2000 yr, δJ1(0)=2.30 x 10-4
n=2000, δJ1(0)=2.3 x 10-4, δJ2(0)=11.3 x 10-4
11 11
10
10
9
τ [Myr]
9
τ [Myr]
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
2 4 6 8 10 12 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
δJ2(0) x 104 dt [yr]
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
33. A few of Paolo’s valuable contributions:
Continuous friendly support and encouragement;
Highly competent assistance and advice in problems solving;
Suggestion to measure the accuracy of analytical elements by
using their deviation from constancy;
He put me in contact with Andrea Milani.
Paolo Farinella, thank you!
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
34. A few of Paolo’s valuable contributions:
Continuous friendly support and encouragement;
Highly competent assistance and advice in problems solving;
Suggestion to measure the accuracy of analytical elements by
using their deviation from constancy;
He put me in contact with Andrea Milani.
Paolo Farinella, thank you!
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
35. A few of Paolo’s valuable contributions:
Continuous friendly support and encouragement;
Highly competent assistance and advice in problems solving;
Suggestion to measure the accuracy of analytical elements by
using their deviation from constancy;
He put me in contact with Andrea Milani.
Paolo Farinella, thank you!
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
36. A few of Paolo’s valuable contributions:
Continuous friendly support and encouragement;
Highly competent assistance and advice in problems solving;
Suggestion to measure the accuracy of analytical elements by
using their deviation from constancy;
He put me in contact with Andrea Milani.
Paolo Farinella, thank you!
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
37. A few of Paolo’s valuable contributions:
Continuous friendly support and encouragement;
Highly competent assistance and advice in problems solving;
Suggestion to measure the accuracy of analytical elements by
using their deviation from constancy;
He put me in contact with Andrea Milani.
Paolo Farinella, thank you!
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA
38. A few of Paolo’s valuable contributions:
Continuous friendly support and encouragement;
Highly competent assistance and advice in problems solving;
Suggestion to measure the accuracy of analytical elements by
using their deviation from constancy;
He put me in contact with Andrea Milani.
Paolo Farinella, thank you!
z ´
Kneˇ evic ASTEROID PROPER ELEMENTS: PAOLO FARINELLA