El documento explica los pasos para configurar una PBX-IP, incluyendo configurar el dashboard, parámetros de red, usuarios, extensiones y softphones. Describe cada sección de la configuración inicial como el dashboard, configuración de red, creación de usuarios y extensiones. También cubre temas como música en espera, follow me y tipos de extensiones.
This document provides an overview of Ethernet in a presentation for a computer networks class. It begins with an introduction to Ethernet and network topologies. The technology section discusses Ethernet standards, frame formats, and cable types. Devices covered include switches, routers, and the differences between them. Applications like firewalls and IP spoofing are also mentioned. The summary reiterates the key topics discussed, including the introduction of Ethernet, technologies and devices, and applications. It also outlines the future of Ethernet, such as vehicular uses and standardizing software-defined networking.
Microprocessor 8086 instruction descriptionDheeraj Suri
The document discusses assembler programs and emulators for the 8086 microprocessor. It provides the following information:
- An assembler program translates assembly language mnemonics into binary machine codes. It performs two passes through the source code to calculate offsets and produce the final binary output.
- An emulator is a combination of hardware and software that allows programs to run by downloading object code into RAM and simulating the microprocessor. Emulators like EMU8086 allow examining and modifying registers and memory.
- Instructions like AAA, AAS, AAM, and AAD are used to adjust results of numeric operations involving ASCII-encoded digits to produce the proper unpacked Binary Coded Decimal values.
The document contains guidelines for testing various form objects and fields commonly found in applications. It includes test cases to validate text boxes, numeric fields, toolbars, list boxes, radio buttons, text areas, checkboxes, date fields, localization, passwords, emails, parameters, reports, multi-user access, login functionality, calculations and more. The guidelines are intended to ensure proper handling of data entry, formatting and validation for different objects, fields and scenarios.
The document discusses assertion based verification and interfaces in SystemVerilog. It describes immediate assertions which execute in zero simulation time and can be placed within always blocks. Concurrent assertions check properties over time and are evaluated at clock edges. The document also introduces interfaces in SystemVerilog which allow defining communication ports between modules in a single place, reducing repetitive port definitions. Interfaces can include protocol checking and signals can be shared between interface instances.
The Ethernet frame has a standard structure that defines fields like the destination address, source address, and optional Q-Tag for VLAN tagging. It began as defined in the DIX standard and was later modified by IEEE 802.3, with the key change being whether the type/length field defined type or length. The frame structure allows interfaces to read frames by destination address and ignore unwanted traffic. The preamble provides synchronization and the addresses define unicast, multicast, or broadcast traffic with the first bits of each address field.
UVM is a standardized methodology for verifying complex IP and SOC in the semiconductor industry. UVM is an Accellera standard and developed with support from multiple vendors Aldec, Cadence, Mentor, and Synopsys. UVM 1.0 was released on 28 Feb 2011 which is widely accepted by verification Engineer across the world. UVM has evolved and undergone a series of minor releases, which introduced new features.
UVM provides the standard structure for creating test-bench and UVCs. The following features are provided by UVM
• Separation of tests from test bench
• Transaction-level communication (TLM)
• Sequences
• Factory and configuration
• Message reporting
• End-of-test mechanism
• Register layer
Functional verification is one of the key bottlenecks in the rapid design of integrated circuits. It is estimated that verification in its entirety accounts for up to 60% of design resources, including duration, computer resources and total personnel. The three primary tools used in logic and functional verification of commercial integrated circuits are simulation (at various levels), emulation at the chip level, and formal verification.
El documento explica los pasos para configurar una PBX-IP, incluyendo configurar el dashboard, parámetros de red, usuarios, extensiones y softphones. Describe cada sección de la configuración inicial como el dashboard, configuración de red, creación de usuarios y extensiones. También cubre temas como música en espera, follow me y tipos de extensiones.
This document provides an overview of Ethernet in a presentation for a computer networks class. It begins with an introduction to Ethernet and network topologies. The technology section discusses Ethernet standards, frame formats, and cable types. Devices covered include switches, routers, and the differences between them. Applications like firewalls and IP spoofing are also mentioned. The summary reiterates the key topics discussed, including the introduction of Ethernet, technologies and devices, and applications. It also outlines the future of Ethernet, such as vehicular uses and standardizing software-defined networking.
Microprocessor 8086 instruction descriptionDheeraj Suri
The document discusses assembler programs and emulators for the 8086 microprocessor. It provides the following information:
- An assembler program translates assembly language mnemonics into binary machine codes. It performs two passes through the source code to calculate offsets and produce the final binary output.
- An emulator is a combination of hardware and software that allows programs to run by downloading object code into RAM and simulating the microprocessor. Emulators like EMU8086 allow examining and modifying registers and memory.
- Instructions like AAA, AAS, AAM, and AAD are used to adjust results of numeric operations involving ASCII-encoded digits to produce the proper unpacked Binary Coded Decimal values.
The document contains guidelines for testing various form objects and fields commonly found in applications. It includes test cases to validate text boxes, numeric fields, toolbars, list boxes, radio buttons, text areas, checkboxes, date fields, localization, passwords, emails, parameters, reports, multi-user access, login functionality, calculations and more. The guidelines are intended to ensure proper handling of data entry, formatting and validation for different objects, fields and scenarios.
The document discusses assertion based verification and interfaces in SystemVerilog. It describes immediate assertions which execute in zero simulation time and can be placed within always blocks. Concurrent assertions check properties over time and are evaluated at clock edges. The document also introduces interfaces in SystemVerilog which allow defining communication ports between modules in a single place, reducing repetitive port definitions. Interfaces can include protocol checking and signals can be shared between interface instances.
The Ethernet frame has a standard structure that defines fields like the destination address, source address, and optional Q-Tag for VLAN tagging. It began as defined in the DIX standard and was later modified by IEEE 802.3, with the key change being whether the type/length field defined type or length. The frame structure allows interfaces to read frames by destination address and ignore unwanted traffic. The preamble provides synchronization and the addresses define unicast, multicast, or broadcast traffic with the first bits of each address field.
UVM is a standardized methodology for verifying complex IP and SOC in the semiconductor industry. UVM is an Accellera standard and developed with support from multiple vendors Aldec, Cadence, Mentor, and Synopsys. UVM 1.0 was released on 28 Feb 2011 which is widely accepted by verification Engineer across the world. UVM has evolved and undergone a series of minor releases, which introduced new features.
UVM provides the standard structure for creating test-bench and UVCs. The following features are provided by UVM
• Separation of tests from test bench
• Transaction-level communication (TLM)
• Sequences
• Factory and configuration
• Message reporting
• End-of-test mechanism
• Register layer
Functional verification is one of the key bottlenecks in the rapid design of integrated circuits. It is estimated that verification in its entirety accounts for up to 60% of design resources, including duration, computer resources and total personnel. The three primary tools used in logic and functional verification of commercial integrated circuits are simulation (at various levels), emulation at the chip level, and formal verification.
This document discusses finite automata and regular languages. It defines a finite automaton as having a finite number of states, with one initial and some final states, a finite input alphabet, and transitions between states based on input letters. Examples of finite automata are given to accept languages of strings of odd length, starting with b, and ending in a. It notes that a language can have multiple accepting finite automata, but an automaton only accepts one language. The relationship between regular expressions and finite automata is also discussed.
The document provides a quotation for network installation, CCTV cameras, and a telephone system for a building. It includes 3 sections that list the items, unit prices, quantities, and total costs for:
1) A local area network (LAN) with equipment like racks, switches, cables, and faceplates for a total of 174,635 SDG.
2) CCTV security cameras including outdoor, indoor, and recording equipment for 66,680 SDG.
3) A Karel telephone system with PBX and handsets for 75,090 SDG.
The total quotation amount is 316,405 SDG.
10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology
Description: This presentation shows the use of 10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second. It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations Ethernet standards[1] so half-duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE.
Contents:
Introduction
History
Evolution of 10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview ( 10GbE )
10 Gigabit Ethernet Standard
10 GbE Architectures
Applications For 10GbE
Using Fiber In 10 GbE
The Future Of 10 GbE
10 GbE Market Overview
Conclusion- Potentially lowest total cost of ownership (infrastructure/operational/human capital) Straight forward migration to higher performance levels, Proven multi-vendor and installed base interoperability (Plug and Play) and Familiar network management feature set.
Keywords: Qualitia, Technology, Internet, Ethernet, Fiber, Gigabit. Introduction and History of Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview ( 10GbE ), 10 Gigabit Ethernet Standard, 10 GbE Architectures, Applications For 10GbE, Using Fiber In 10 GbE, The Future Of 10 GbE, 10 GbE Market
IPTV is a system for delivering television and video content over IP networks. It allows users to access live or on-demand video content through set-top boxes or mobile devices connected to the internet. IPTV uses internet protocol and multicast technology to efficiently distribute video to multiple users simultaneously. This provides an interactive experience where users can select channels and on-demand content.
The document summarizes the evolution of multiple access techniques used in mobile communications systems over time. Early systems used simplex or half duplex frequency modulation. Cellular concepts and frequency division duplexing were developed in the 1950s-1960s. The first US cellular system was AMPS in 1983, using FDMA. Later, digital cellular and CDMA were introduced, using time division multiple access and code division multiple access respectively. Multiple access techniques allow sharing of bandwidth among users and include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and their variations.
Partner Letter - Installation AuthorisationChris Mathapo
Motseni Engineering Services is licensed by Huawei Technologies Africa as an installation partner. The license allows Motseni Engineering Services to design and install Huawei cab dual radio systems for PRASA rolling stock. Huawei has global standards for partners that require compliance with certification and specialization programs to ensure capable pre-sales and post-sales support.
There are approximately 44 phonemes in englishSri Devi
There are approximately 44 phonemes in English, including vowel phonemes like a, e, i, o, u, ae, ee, ie, oe, ue, oo, ar, ur, or, au, er, ow, oi, air, ear and consonant phonemes like b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, wh, y, z, th, th, ch, sh, zh, ng. The document provides example words to demonstrate each phoneme.
The chapter discusses different networking devices used to connect networks and their functions. It explains that hubs connect multiple network segments but only one device can transmit at a time. Switches improve on hubs by examining address information and reducing collision domains. Routers forward data between networks by maintaining routing tables. WAN devices like switches, modems and CSUs are used to connect networks over long distances.
The document discusses the network layer in the OSI model. It describes the key responsibilities of the network layer, including addressing, routing data between end devices, and allowing communication between different networks. The most common network layer protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP), which uses addresses and best-effort delivery to route packets to their destinations. IP packets contain source and destination addresses, and may be routed through multiple networks using hierarchical addressing schemes, routers, and routing tables maintained by routing protocols. Network testing tools like ping and traceroute allow engineers to diagnose connectivity issues.
The document discusses various Ethernet protocols and standards including:
- IEEE 802.3u and 802.3z which define Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet transmission rates.
- IEEE 802.1D, 802.1s, and 802.1w which relate to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and its variants for avoiding loops.
- IEEE 802.1Q for VLAN tagging to logically separate traffic on a physical LAN infrastructure.
- IEEE 802.3ad for Link Aggregation to combine multiple network links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth and redundancy.
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi and WiMAX wireless technologies. It describes Wi-Fi as a wireless local area network standard based on IEEE 802.11 that provides connectivity within 300 feet of an access point. It also outlines WiMAX as a wireless broadband standard based on IEEE 802.16 that can provide connectivity up to 30 km and mobile broadband up to 3 km from a base station. The document discusses the history, standards, components, strengths and weaknesses of both Wi-Fi and WiMAX networks.
This document describes the design of a 4-bit R-2R ladder digital to analog converter (DAC) using a 90nm CMOS technology process. It first discusses the design of a two-stage CMOS operational amplifier that meets given specifications. The design parameters and SPICE simulation results of the op-amp are then presented. Next, the document explains the principles of an R-2R ladder DAC and provides the specifications for the 4-bit DAC. It shows the SPICE circuit diagram and simulated output waveforms of the DAC. Comparisons are made between the expected and simulated DAC output levels. The document concludes the DAC design is suitable for the 90nm process and future work could enhance the
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
Join us for an introductory webinar on VoIP and learn:
- The fundamental principles of VoIP including RTP and SIP
- What voice metrics to measure and why they matter
- The different methods to monitor and troubleshoot VoIP
The document discusses Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. Fast Ethernet upgrades standard Ethernet to support data rates up to 100 Mbps while keeping the same frame format and addresses. Gigabit Ethernet upgrades the data rate to 1 Gbps. Both support auto-negotiation and can use topologies like star, point-to-point, or hierarchy of stars. They can be implemented using cables like fiber optic or twisted pair cables.
Hacking cable TV Networks Like Die hard MovieRahul Sasi
All demos are available here: http://vimeo.com/113053663
This is part of my DVB-C research I presented at , Nullcon, Ekoparty, HITB and GOS . In this paper we try to understand the Digital Video broadcasting standard and tries to find security vulnerabilities in design and implementation of dvb-c infrastructure.
The document discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). It provides examples of how each technique works, such as using different carrier frequencies for FDM, assigning time slots to each channel for TDM, and multiplying data values by unique code sequences for CDM. The techniques allow multiple signals to be combined and transmitted over a shared medium then separated again at the receiving end.
CAT 5 cables contain 4 pairs of twisted copper wires that transmit data. There are two common wiring schemes, 568A and 568B, that determine how the wires are arranged in an RJ-45 connector. To make a CAT5 cable, the jacket is stripped, wires are exposed and ordered according to the wiring scheme, inserted into an RJ-45 jack, and crimped into place. CAT5 cables are tested using a cable tester to check for faults like open wires or reversed pairs.
This document discusses finite automata and regular languages. It defines a finite automaton as having a finite number of states, with one initial and some final states, a finite input alphabet, and transitions between states based on input letters. Examples of finite automata are given to accept languages of strings of odd length, starting with b, and ending in a. It notes that a language can have multiple accepting finite automata, but an automaton only accepts one language. The relationship between regular expressions and finite automata is also discussed.
The document provides a quotation for network installation, CCTV cameras, and a telephone system for a building. It includes 3 sections that list the items, unit prices, quantities, and total costs for:
1) A local area network (LAN) with equipment like racks, switches, cables, and faceplates for a total of 174,635 SDG.
2) CCTV security cameras including outdoor, indoor, and recording equipment for 66,680 SDG.
3) A Karel telephone system with PBX and handsets for 75,090 SDG.
The total quotation amount is 316,405 SDG.
10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology
Description: This presentation shows the use of 10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology
10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second. It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations Ethernet standards[1] so half-duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE.
Contents:
Introduction
History
Evolution of 10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview ( 10GbE )
10 Gigabit Ethernet Standard
10 GbE Architectures
Applications For 10GbE
Using Fiber In 10 GbE
The Future Of 10 GbE
10 GbE Market Overview
Conclusion- Potentially lowest total cost of ownership (infrastructure/operational/human capital) Straight forward migration to higher performance levels, Proven multi-vendor and installed base interoperability (Plug and Play) and Familiar network management feature set.
Keywords: Qualitia, Technology, Internet, Ethernet, Fiber, Gigabit. Introduction and History of Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview ( 10GbE ), 10 Gigabit Ethernet Standard, 10 GbE Architectures, Applications For 10GbE, Using Fiber In 10 GbE, The Future Of 10 GbE, 10 GbE Market
IPTV is a system for delivering television and video content over IP networks. It allows users to access live or on-demand video content through set-top boxes or mobile devices connected to the internet. IPTV uses internet protocol and multicast technology to efficiently distribute video to multiple users simultaneously. This provides an interactive experience where users can select channels and on-demand content.
The document summarizes the evolution of multiple access techniques used in mobile communications systems over time. Early systems used simplex or half duplex frequency modulation. Cellular concepts and frequency division duplexing were developed in the 1950s-1960s. The first US cellular system was AMPS in 1983, using FDMA. Later, digital cellular and CDMA were introduced, using time division multiple access and code division multiple access respectively. Multiple access techniques allow sharing of bandwidth among users and include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and their variations.
Partner Letter - Installation AuthorisationChris Mathapo
Motseni Engineering Services is licensed by Huawei Technologies Africa as an installation partner. The license allows Motseni Engineering Services to design and install Huawei cab dual radio systems for PRASA rolling stock. Huawei has global standards for partners that require compliance with certification and specialization programs to ensure capable pre-sales and post-sales support.
There are approximately 44 phonemes in englishSri Devi
There are approximately 44 phonemes in English, including vowel phonemes like a, e, i, o, u, ae, ee, ie, oe, ue, oo, ar, ur, or, au, er, ow, oi, air, ear and consonant phonemes like b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, wh, y, z, th, th, ch, sh, zh, ng. The document provides example words to demonstrate each phoneme.
The chapter discusses different networking devices used to connect networks and their functions. It explains that hubs connect multiple network segments but only one device can transmit at a time. Switches improve on hubs by examining address information and reducing collision domains. Routers forward data between networks by maintaining routing tables. WAN devices like switches, modems and CSUs are used to connect networks over long distances.
The document discusses the network layer in the OSI model. It describes the key responsibilities of the network layer, including addressing, routing data between end devices, and allowing communication between different networks. The most common network layer protocol is the Internet Protocol (IP), which uses addresses and best-effort delivery to route packets to their destinations. IP packets contain source and destination addresses, and may be routed through multiple networks using hierarchical addressing schemes, routers, and routing tables maintained by routing protocols. Network testing tools like ping and traceroute allow engineers to diagnose connectivity issues.
The document discusses various Ethernet protocols and standards including:
- IEEE 802.3u and 802.3z which define Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet transmission rates.
- IEEE 802.1D, 802.1s, and 802.1w which relate to Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and its variants for avoiding loops.
- IEEE 802.1Q for VLAN tagging to logically separate traffic on a physical LAN infrastructure.
- IEEE 802.3ad for Link Aggregation to combine multiple network links into a single logical trunk to increase bandwidth and redundancy.
This document provides an overview of Wi-Fi and WiMAX wireless technologies. It describes Wi-Fi as a wireless local area network standard based on IEEE 802.11 that provides connectivity within 300 feet of an access point. It also outlines WiMAX as a wireless broadband standard based on IEEE 802.16 that can provide connectivity up to 30 km and mobile broadband up to 3 km from a base station. The document discusses the history, standards, components, strengths and weaknesses of both Wi-Fi and WiMAX networks.
This document describes the design of a 4-bit R-2R ladder digital to analog converter (DAC) using a 90nm CMOS technology process. It first discusses the design of a two-stage CMOS operational amplifier that meets given specifications. The design parameters and SPICE simulation results of the op-amp are then presented. Next, the document explains the principles of an R-2R ladder DAC and provides the specifications for the 4-bit DAC. It shows the SPICE circuit diagram and simulated output waveforms of the DAC. Comparisons are made between the expected and simulated DAC output levels. The document concludes the DAC design is suitable for the 90nm process and future work could enhance the
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
Join us for an introductory webinar on VoIP and learn:
- The fundamental principles of VoIP including RTP and SIP
- What voice metrics to measure and why they matter
- The different methods to monitor and troubleshoot VoIP
The document discusses Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. Fast Ethernet upgrades standard Ethernet to support data rates up to 100 Mbps while keeping the same frame format and addresses. Gigabit Ethernet upgrades the data rate to 1 Gbps. Both support auto-negotiation and can use topologies like star, point-to-point, or hierarchy of stars. They can be implemented using cables like fiber optic or twisted pair cables.
Hacking cable TV Networks Like Die hard MovieRahul Sasi
All demos are available here: http://vimeo.com/113053663
This is part of my DVB-C research I presented at , Nullcon, Ekoparty, HITB and GOS . In this paper we try to understand the Digital Video broadcasting standard and tries to find security vulnerabilities in design and implementation of dvb-c infrastructure.
The document discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). It provides examples of how each technique works, such as using different carrier frequencies for FDM, assigning time slots to each channel for TDM, and multiplying data values by unique code sequences for CDM. The techniques allow multiple signals to be combined and transmitted over a shared medium then separated again at the receiving end.
CAT 5 cables contain 4 pairs of twisted copper wires that transmit data. There are two common wiring schemes, 568A and 568B, that determine how the wires are arranged in an RJ-45 connector. To make a CAT5 cable, the jacket is stripped, wires are exposed and ordered according to the wiring scheme, inserted into an RJ-45 jack, and crimped into place. CAT5 cables are tested using a cable tester to check for faults like open wires or reversed pairs.