The most potent threat to Pakistan’s internal security in the late Nineteen Eighties and early Nineties was posed by militia from the Mohajir community. Originally formed as the Mohajir Quomi Movement (MQM), it is now split into two factions. The faction led by the founder Altaf Hussain was renamed Muttahida Quomi Mahaz and is commonly referred to as MQM (A).
Main points: 1) Hindu philosophy is rising in popularity in the west; 2) Independent India is rooted in political Hinduism and the rise of Hindu philosophy in the West is no accident; and 3) Hindu dominion tends towards totalitarianism because the philosophy is, at its core, supremacist.
The document summarizes the origins and goals of terrorist groups like Al Qaeda and the Taliban. It discusses how the Taliban formed in response to civil war in Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal. It also explains that Al Qaeda was founded by Osama Bin Laden and consists mainly of Arab fighters who remained in Afghanistan after the Soviet war. The document then analyzes some major terrorist attacks carried out by Al Qaeda, like 9/11. It concludes by assessing different approaches to dealing with terrorism, including deterrence and the three step solution proposed by Frey.
Whenever a terrorist acts take place, then our mind gets hunch with some pictures behind the act like Pakistan, Taliban, Muslims etc., we assume terrorism as an international concept and basic reasons behind them are Muslims, but no muse over the reasons, circumstances behind the indulgence of those terrorists in that particular act. Today people should understand the strict meaning and the key reasons behind the evolution of terrorism. It is very much important for us to understand the demarcation between “International terrorism” and “Domestic terrorism”. This research article tries to put forward some basic reasons behind the evolution of terrorism majorly in the context of India
A brief timeline of 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. How Punjab insurgency reached its peak and then the tree fell and the earth shook.
The presentation summarizes all the aspects related to the sad incident
secterian violence and banned militant organizations in pakistanm_qasami
Sectarian violence in Pakistan has increased significantly in recent years. Several militant groups are involved in sectarian attacks and targeted killings, including Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Sipah-e-Sahaba, and Tehrik-e-Jafria. The government has banned many of these groups but they continue operations. Recommendations to reduce sectarian violence include promoting inter-faith dialogue, madrassa reforms to de-emphasize sectarianism, and enforcing bans on violent groups.
Shifting Shadow Of Haqqani Network In AfghanistanAnimesh Roul
Over a thousand Taliban fighters led by the Haqqani Network stormed the Janikhel district of Paktia province in late August 2016. Nearly 30 Afghan security forces were killed and the Taliban seized weapons. US airstrikes then killed over 120 Taliban fighters, including 4 Haqqani commanders. However, the Taliban downplayed their losses. The Haqqani Network, based in North Waziristan and Loya Paktia, has long been regarded as the most brutal arm of the Afghan insurgency and is responsible for many attacks in Kabul. It remains a potent force against the Afghan government due to support from the Pakistani ISI and safe havens in Pakistan.
this was made by me before 3 years so it is not based on the latest updates...will make those updates and post it very sonn.....yet this is one of the greatest presentations on terrorism!
Main points: 1) Hindu philosophy is rising in popularity in the west; 2) Independent India is rooted in political Hinduism and the rise of Hindu philosophy in the West is no accident; and 3) Hindu dominion tends towards totalitarianism because the philosophy is, at its core, supremacist.
The document summarizes the origins and goals of terrorist groups like Al Qaeda and the Taliban. It discusses how the Taliban formed in response to civil war in Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal. It also explains that Al Qaeda was founded by Osama Bin Laden and consists mainly of Arab fighters who remained in Afghanistan after the Soviet war. The document then analyzes some major terrorist attacks carried out by Al Qaeda, like 9/11. It concludes by assessing different approaches to dealing with terrorism, including deterrence and the three step solution proposed by Frey.
Whenever a terrorist acts take place, then our mind gets hunch with some pictures behind the act like Pakistan, Taliban, Muslims etc., we assume terrorism as an international concept and basic reasons behind them are Muslims, but no muse over the reasons, circumstances behind the indulgence of those terrorists in that particular act. Today people should understand the strict meaning and the key reasons behind the evolution of terrorism. It is very much important for us to understand the demarcation between “International terrorism” and “Domestic terrorism”. This research article tries to put forward some basic reasons behind the evolution of terrorism majorly in the context of India
A brief timeline of 1984 Anti-Sikh riots. How Punjab insurgency reached its peak and then the tree fell and the earth shook.
The presentation summarizes all the aspects related to the sad incident
secterian violence and banned militant organizations in pakistanm_qasami
Sectarian violence in Pakistan has increased significantly in recent years. Several militant groups are involved in sectarian attacks and targeted killings, including Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Sipah-e-Sahaba, and Tehrik-e-Jafria. The government has banned many of these groups but they continue operations. Recommendations to reduce sectarian violence include promoting inter-faith dialogue, madrassa reforms to de-emphasize sectarianism, and enforcing bans on violent groups.
Shifting Shadow Of Haqqani Network In AfghanistanAnimesh Roul
Over a thousand Taliban fighters led by the Haqqani Network stormed the Janikhel district of Paktia province in late August 2016. Nearly 30 Afghan security forces were killed and the Taliban seized weapons. US airstrikes then killed over 120 Taliban fighters, including 4 Haqqani commanders. However, the Taliban downplayed their losses. The Haqqani Network, based in North Waziristan and Loya Paktia, has long been regarded as the most brutal arm of the Afghan insurgency and is responsible for many attacks in Kabul. It remains a potent force against the Afghan government due to support from the Pakistani ISI and safe havens in Pakistan.
this was made by me before 3 years so it is not based on the latest updates...will make those updates and post it very sonn.....yet this is one of the greatest presentations on terrorism!
The document is a final board of directors report from the Fleur De Lis hotel. It provides an overview of the company, including details about the property, facilities, services, human resources philosophy and strategy. It also includes a SWOT analysis, balance scorecards for each month, criteria for evaluating performance, financial analysis and recommendations for improvement. The report was presented to the board of directors by Haley Vogel, Briana Linville, Hannah Beeson and Maggie Gentry.
The most potent threat to Pakistan’s internal security in the late Nineteen Eighties and early Nineties was posed by militia from the Mohajir community. Originally formed as the Mohajir Quomi Movement (MQM), it is now split into two factions. The faction led by the founder Altaf Hussain was renamed Muttahida Quomi Mahaz and is commonly referred to as MQM (A).
This document is the directors' report for Din Textile Mills Limited for the year ended June 30, 2006. It summarizes the company's financial performance including a profit after taxation of Rs. 19.44 million. It discusses factors affecting the textile industry such as higher cotton prices and fuel costs. The report also outlines plans to install gas generators to reduce costs and a focus on producing premium, value-added yarns to improve profitability going forward.
The document summarizes key provisions relating to the duties and powers of auditors under Section 143 of the Companies Act 2013 in India. It discusses the following in 3 sentences or less:
- Section 143(1) outlines matters auditors must inquire into including loans/advances, personal expenses, asset sales, and share issuances.
- Section 143(2) requires auditors to report on accounts examined and compliance with accounting standards in reports to the company.
- Sections 143(3) and 143(4) specify the contents of audit reports, including compliance with laws and standards, transactions, director qualifications, and reasons for qualifications.
This document is an audit report submitted by Md. Moazzem Hossain, a student at Green University of Bangladesh, for his Auditing course. It includes a cover page with his information, a letter of transmittal to his lecturer submitting his assignment, and an audit report on Bata Shoe Company (Bangladesh) Limited that examines the company's compliance with corporate governance guidelines and describes the responsibilities and activities of the company's audit committee.
The document discusses audit reports and the conditions for issuing standard unqualified audit reports. It covers the parts of an audit report, the requirements for issuing an unqualified opinion, and circumstances that may require modifications to the audit report or a non-standard opinion. It also discusses the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on audit reporting requirements and how materiality affects the type of audit opinion issued.
1.)Four Types of Audit Report by Independent Auditors
2.)The Steps to be Done by the Auditors Before They Receive New Engagement With Clients
3.)The Contents Emphasis in the Audit Engagement
The document summarizes the key changes introduced by the Standards on Auditing (SA) 700 (Revised), SA 705, and SA 706 issued by the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India regarding the format and content of audit reports. Specifically, it provides a comparative analysis of the old versus new audit report formats, explains the types of modified audit opinions under SA 705, and the use of emphasis of matter and other matter paragraphs in audit reports as per SA 706. The document aims to explain the implications of the revised standards for auditors in India.
The document discusses the new auditor's report requirements that will take effect for audits ending on or after December 15, 2016. Key changes include adding a new section to communicate key audit matters, revising descriptions of management and auditor responsibilities related to going concern, and enhancing descriptions of the audit performed and auditor responsibilities. The new requirements are aimed at making auditor's reports more informative and relevant to financial statement users. The document provides an overview of the new requirements and compares the format of reports under the revised standards versus the current format. An illustrative example of the new auditor's report is also included.
An audit report summarizes an auditor's examination of a company's financial statements. It assesses whether the statements are fairly presented in accordance with accounting standards. The report includes an introduction stating management and auditor responsibilities. It describes the audit scope and provides an opinion on whether the financial statements achieve a true and fair view. The report is addressed to shareholders and dated and signed by the auditor.
CARO 2016 replaced CARO 2015 and expanded the scope of auditor reporting for certain companies. It requires auditors to include additional details in audit reports regarding fixed assets, inventory, loans, deposits, statutory dues, defaults, fund raising, frauds, managerial remuneration and related party transactions. CARO 2016 aims to increase transparency and ensure compliance with Companies Act 2013 provisions on these matters. It places greater responsibilities on auditors to report any non-compliance or irregularities identified.
The document discusses the role and history of major political parties in Pakistan. It provides background information on each party, including the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N), Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q), Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), and Awami National Party (ANP). It notes that the PPP is the largest party and has been active since 1967, while the PML-N is the second biggest party led by Nawaz Sharif. The PTI was founded by Imran Khan in 1996 and has emerged as a counterweight to the PPP
World Report 2019_ Pakistan _ Human Rights Watch.pdfGulandam Mian
Imran Khan became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2018 following elections, the second consecutive democratic transfer of power. Militant attacks killed hundreds during the year, including targeting elections, though deaths were lower than recent years. Women, religious minorities, and transgender people faced violence and discrimination with little government protection. Journalists faced censorship, intimidation, and attacks for critical reporting on authorities.
India has long struggled with extremist violence stemming from separatist and ideological movements. Since independence, India has faced attacks from separatist groups seeking independence for Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam, resulting in over 2,750 deaths in 2006 alone. There are approximately 177 active insurgent groups operating across India, especially in Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Punjab, and Tripura. Some of the major militant groups behind attacks include Lashkar-e-Taiba, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, and Jaish-e-Mohammed, which have ties to Pakistan and seek independence for Kashmir through violent means.
The document discusses the political situation in Pakistan, focusing on the rivalry between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and opposition leaders Imran Khan and Tahirul Qadri. Khan and Qadri have led large protests in Islamabad demanding Sharif's resignation due to allegations of election rigging. The protests have led to deaths and the arrest of over 100 protesters. The military, led by Army Chief Raheel Sharif, is playing a mediating role and has urged both sides to refrain from violence. However, the political situation remains uncertain.
Ahmadis in Pakistan are seeking government protection after an extremist student group circulated pamphlets labeling Ahmadis as "fit to be killed" and including a hit list of 32 Ahmadi names and addresses. The pamphlets incite violence against Ahmadis, a minority Muslim sect, and justify killing them. Concerned Ahmadis have presented the hit list to police but feel more must be done to protect threatened religious minorities given past killings and the police's release of a would-be suicide bomber due to pressure from hardliners.
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq staged a coup in 1977 against Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia ruled for over 11 years until his death in a plane crash in 1988. During his rule, Zia pursued the Islamization of laws and society in Pakistan, oversaw the Soviet-Afghan War, and engaged in a power struggle with Prime Minister Junejo before dismissing him in 1988. Zia's rule was the longest period of martial law in Pakistan's history.
Zia-ul-Haq's regime from 1977-1988 was the worst period for press freedom in Pakistan's history. The regime tightly controlled and censored media. Journalists who criticized the government faced imprisonment, flogging, and bans on their publications. Over 100 journalists participated in hunger strikes protesting the censorship in 1977-1978. Economically, Pakistan saw little growth under Zia, remaining one of the poorest developing nations. The regime also propagated an extremist Islamic ideology through state media, reviving censorship of radio, TV, and print. This period marked the beginning of women's activism against Zia's repressive laws.
Politics in Pakistan (All about Politics)Seerat Malik
Politics in Pakistan
History - Timeline (History at grace)
Major Parties
Problems of Pakistani Politics
Democracy vs. Dictatorship in Pakistan
Constitutions
Conclusion
The document summarizes the history and activities of Naxalites in India over several decades. It begins with background on the origin of Naxalites from peasant uprisings in West Bengal in the 1960s. It then describes the spread of Naxalite movement to rural parts of eastern and central India led by groups like CPI(Maoist). The document outlines major attacks and operations between Naxalites and security forces from the 1970s to 2019. It notes that while government campaigns have reduced Naxalite presence, their support from tribal communities stems from addressing issues like lack of development and healthcare in impoverished areas.
The 2008 Mumbai attacks were a series of coordinated shootings and bombings carried out by 10 terrorists in Mumbai, India from November 26-29, 2008. Over 170 people were killed and 300 injured. Major targets included the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus train station, hotels like the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower and Oberoi Trident, cafes, and a Jewish community center. The lone surviving gunman revealed that the group was from Lashkar-e-Taiba and had planned the attacks for months in advance. The aftermath led to resignations of government officials and proposals to improve security along the coast and purchase boats and helicopters for patrols.
The document is a final board of directors report from the Fleur De Lis hotel. It provides an overview of the company, including details about the property, facilities, services, human resources philosophy and strategy. It also includes a SWOT analysis, balance scorecards for each month, criteria for evaluating performance, financial analysis and recommendations for improvement. The report was presented to the board of directors by Haley Vogel, Briana Linville, Hannah Beeson and Maggie Gentry.
The most potent threat to Pakistan’s internal security in the late Nineteen Eighties and early Nineties was posed by militia from the Mohajir community. Originally formed as the Mohajir Quomi Movement (MQM), it is now split into two factions. The faction led by the founder Altaf Hussain was renamed Muttahida Quomi Mahaz and is commonly referred to as MQM (A).
This document is the directors' report for Din Textile Mills Limited for the year ended June 30, 2006. It summarizes the company's financial performance including a profit after taxation of Rs. 19.44 million. It discusses factors affecting the textile industry such as higher cotton prices and fuel costs. The report also outlines plans to install gas generators to reduce costs and a focus on producing premium, value-added yarns to improve profitability going forward.
The document summarizes key provisions relating to the duties and powers of auditors under Section 143 of the Companies Act 2013 in India. It discusses the following in 3 sentences or less:
- Section 143(1) outlines matters auditors must inquire into including loans/advances, personal expenses, asset sales, and share issuances.
- Section 143(2) requires auditors to report on accounts examined and compliance with accounting standards in reports to the company.
- Sections 143(3) and 143(4) specify the contents of audit reports, including compliance with laws and standards, transactions, director qualifications, and reasons for qualifications.
This document is an audit report submitted by Md. Moazzem Hossain, a student at Green University of Bangladesh, for his Auditing course. It includes a cover page with his information, a letter of transmittal to his lecturer submitting his assignment, and an audit report on Bata Shoe Company (Bangladesh) Limited that examines the company's compliance with corporate governance guidelines and describes the responsibilities and activities of the company's audit committee.
The document discusses audit reports and the conditions for issuing standard unqualified audit reports. It covers the parts of an audit report, the requirements for issuing an unqualified opinion, and circumstances that may require modifications to the audit report or a non-standard opinion. It also discusses the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on audit reporting requirements and how materiality affects the type of audit opinion issued.
1.)Four Types of Audit Report by Independent Auditors
2.)The Steps to be Done by the Auditors Before They Receive New Engagement With Clients
3.)The Contents Emphasis in the Audit Engagement
The document summarizes the key changes introduced by the Standards on Auditing (SA) 700 (Revised), SA 705, and SA 706 issued by the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India regarding the format and content of audit reports. Specifically, it provides a comparative analysis of the old versus new audit report formats, explains the types of modified audit opinions under SA 705, and the use of emphasis of matter and other matter paragraphs in audit reports as per SA 706. The document aims to explain the implications of the revised standards for auditors in India.
The document discusses the new auditor's report requirements that will take effect for audits ending on or after December 15, 2016. Key changes include adding a new section to communicate key audit matters, revising descriptions of management and auditor responsibilities related to going concern, and enhancing descriptions of the audit performed and auditor responsibilities. The new requirements are aimed at making auditor's reports more informative and relevant to financial statement users. The document provides an overview of the new requirements and compares the format of reports under the revised standards versus the current format. An illustrative example of the new auditor's report is also included.
An audit report summarizes an auditor's examination of a company's financial statements. It assesses whether the statements are fairly presented in accordance with accounting standards. The report includes an introduction stating management and auditor responsibilities. It describes the audit scope and provides an opinion on whether the financial statements achieve a true and fair view. The report is addressed to shareholders and dated and signed by the auditor.
CARO 2016 replaced CARO 2015 and expanded the scope of auditor reporting for certain companies. It requires auditors to include additional details in audit reports regarding fixed assets, inventory, loans, deposits, statutory dues, defaults, fund raising, frauds, managerial remuneration and related party transactions. CARO 2016 aims to increase transparency and ensure compliance with Companies Act 2013 provisions on these matters. It places greater responsibilities on auditors to report any non-compliance or irregularities identified.
The document discusses the role and history of major political parties in Pakistan. It provides background information on each party, including the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N), Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q), Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), and Awami National Party (ANP). It notes that the PPP is the largest party and has been active since 1967, while the PML-N is the second biggest party led by Nawaz Sharif. The PTI was founded by Imran Khan in 1996 and has emerged as a counterweight to the PPP
World Report 2019_ Pakistan _ Human Rights Watch.pdfGulandam Mian
Imran Khan became Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2018 following elections, the second consecutive democratic transfer of power. Militant attacks killed hundreds during the year, including targeting elections, though deaths were lower than recent years. Women, religious minorities, and transgender people faced violence and discrimination with little government protection. Journalists faced censorship, intimidation, and attacks for critical reporting on authorities.
India has long struggled with extremist violence stemming from separatist and ideological movements. Since independence, India has faced attacks from separatist groups seeking independence for Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam, resulting in over 2,750 deaths in 2006 alone. There are approximately 177 active insurgent groups operating across India, especially in Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Punjab, and Tripura. Some of the major militant groups behind attacks include Lashkar-e-Taiba, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, and Jaish-e-Mohammed, which have ties to Pakistan and seek independence for Kashmir through violent means.
The document discusses the political situation in Pakistan, focusing on the rivalry between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and opposition leaders Imran Khan and Tahirul Qadri. Khan and Qadri have led large protests in Islamabad demanding Sharif's resignation due to allegations of election rigging. The protests have led to deaths and the arrest of over 100 protesters. The military, led by Army Chief Raheel Sharif, is playing a mediating role and has urged both sides to refrain from violence. However, the political situation remains uncertain.
Ahmadis in Pakistan are seeking government protection after an extremist student group circulated pamphlets labeling Ahmadis as "fit to be killed" and including a hit list of 32 Ahmadi names and addresses. The pamphlets incite violence against Ahmadis, a minority Muslim sect, and justify killing them. Concerned Ahmadis have presented the hit list to police but feel more must be done to protect threatened religious minorities given past killings and the police's release of a would-be suicide bomber due to pressure from hardliners.
General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq staged a coup in 1977 against Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. He suspended the constitution and imposed martial law. Zia ruled for over 11 years until his death in a plane crash in 1988. During his rule, Zia pursued the Islamization of laws and society in Pakistan, oversaw the Soviet-Afghan War, and engaged in a power struggle with Prime Minister Junejo before dismissing him in 1988. Zia's rule was the longest period of martial law in Pakistan's history.
Zia-ul-Haq's regime from 1977-1988 was the worst period for press freedom in Pakistan's history. The regime tightly controlled and censored media. Journalists who criticized the government faced imprisonment, flogging, and bans on their publications. Over 100 journalists participated in hunger strikes protesting the censorship in 1977-1978. Economically, Pakistan saw little growth under Zia, remaining one of the poorest developing nations. The regime also propagated an extremist Islamic ideology through state media, reviving censorship of radio, TV, and print. This period marked the beginning of women's activism against Zia's repressive laws.
Politics in Pakistan (All about Politics)Seerat Malik
Politics in Pakistan
History - Timeline (History at grace)
Major Parties
Problems of Pakistani Politics
Democracy vs. Dictatorship in Pakistan
Constitutions
Conclusion
The document summarizes the history and activities of Naxalites in India over several decades. It begins with background on the origin of Naxalites from peasant uprisings in West Bengal in the 1960s. It then describes the spread of Naxalite movement to rural parts of eastern and central India led by groups like CPI(Maoist). The document outlines major attacks and operations between Naxalites and security forces from the 1970s to 2019. It notes that while government campaigns have reduced Naxalite presence, their support from tribal communities stems from addressing issues like lack of development and healthcare in impoverished areas.
The 2008 Mumbai attacks were a series of coordinated shootings and bombings carried out by 10 terrorists in Mumbai, India from November 26-29, 2008. Over 170 people were killed and 300 injured. Major targets included the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus train station, hotels like the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower and Oberoi Trident, cafes, and a Jewish community center. The lone surviving gunman revealed that the group was from Lashkar-e-Taiba and had planned the attacks for months in advance. The aftermath led to resignations of government officials and proposals to improve security along the coast and purchase boats and helicopters for patrols.
DetailsA foundation of operations in both manufacturing and ser.docxsimonithomas47935
Details:
A foundation of operations in both manufacturing and service environments is vital in order to drive inefficiencies and examine ways to achieve greater supply chain integration with suppliers and customers. In this assignment, you will compare one manufacturing and one service driven company through creating visual representations of how the product or service is created and delivered, accompanied by a written summary.
Select two companies of interest, one manufacturing company (e.g., a shoe company) and one Service Company (e.g., a technical support company). Provide a brief summary of each company including compelling evidence illustrating the company is either a manufacturing or a service company. Avoid selecting a company that could be arguably both.
Manufacturing
Research the manufacturing process for the selected company. Create a manufacturing process map. Explain the elements of infrastructure for the manufacturing company using flow charts and be sure to provide a key. Cite three to five sources to support your process map.
Service
Research the service process for the selected company. Create a service process map. Explain the elements of infrastructure for the service company using flow charts and be sure to provide a key. Cite three to five sources to support your process map.
Summary
Provide a 750-1,000-word summary describing the differences and similarities between manufacturing and service environments. For each company, identify if customer-introduced variability is available. If not, how would you implement flexibility for customer-introduced variability? How will a deep understanding of both manufacturing and service environments help you in your future or current career? Provide an example.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide
The Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB)
Student name
Institution
The Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade(IIPB).
The Islamic International peacemaking brigade also was known as the Islamic peacekeeping army. It was commemorated after an Islamism terrorist system which was founded in 1998.
It includes militants of between 400 to 1500 personnel, who are avars and darginians. There are also Arabs, Turks, and foreign fighters. Its leaders were Chechen Basayev and Al-Khattab.In this group Al-Khattab was active, but they were killed by Russian armies (“Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB)”2016)
The IIPB was one of some three groups which were part of Chechen guerillas that had attacked and sieged Moscow Dubrovkat theater and abducted 800 hostages in October 2002.Since then the Chechnya now falls under the command of Abu-al –Urduni who took leadership in 2014 when Khattab died. It was written under EO 13224 in February and part of Taliban associations.
The IIPM’S membership has Chenchen fighters. Their main objective is to establish an independent state that has religious ide.
The Failure of the Muslim League in Post-Colonial Pakistan: A Critical Apprai...AJHSSR Journal
Objectives: The main objective of this research paper is to highlight the causes of the failures of Muslim
League in Pakistan, of which it was the founding party. It examines the role played by the politicians and
bureaucracy which became the dominant actor in national power politics.
Methodology: This is a qualitative research entirely based on literature survey from library data collected from
books and articles.
Significance: Nations states in developing societies were a legacy of colonial rule. The catastrophic world wars
of the European metropolis had spillover effects in developing countries, where colonialism was replaced by
communism and nationalism among post-colonial peoples. The political parties who led anticolonial nationalist
movements employed demonstrations, agitation, and mobilization at broader level for their intentions, but
without the existential enemy of the colonial oppressor they were prone to division and faced numerous
incidentals, natural and hostile challenges, particularly in the case of Pakistan, whose birth was deliberately
sabotaged by British imperialism as well as Indian nationalism. Nevertheless, the Muslim League was
essentially successful in its fundamental aim of creating a Muslim state in South Asia and began to administer it
after independence. This study explores the character and role played by the post-colonial political parties,
especially the Muslim League, whose consequences left the effects on dictatorship generally and on politics
particularly that have shaped the development of South and Central Asia ever since.
Conclusion: Throughout the history of Pakistan, democratic forces have not been permitted to enhance their
political power due to the continual interventions by bureaucrats and military dictators. When the military took
over the political and democratic institutions of Pakistan, the elected representatives in power could not actually
wield their influence. On the other hand, in alliance with the military, the bureaucracy has repeatedly reaffirmed
its stranglehold on state affairs, thereby subjugating those who ostensibly wield political power, and effectively
controlling them.
The document discusses the evolution of politics and freedom of speech in India over time. It traces the development from being dominated by foreign powers to gaining independence and adopting a constitution. It also notes the emergence of political ideologies and granting of rights to citizens like adult franchise and fundamental rights. However, it states that in recent times the culture of controversial remarks and misunderstanding of freedom of speech has led to issues like riots, scams and unethical politics in the country.
1. Muttahida Quomi Mahaz, Terrorist Group of Pakistan
(Previously known as Mohajir Quomi Movement)
The most potent threat to Pakistan’s internal security in the late Nineteen Eighties and early Nineties was
posed by militia from the Mohajir community. Originally formed as the Mohajir Quomi Movement (MQM), it
is now split into two factions. The faction led by the founder Altaf Hussain was renamed Muttahida Quomi
Mahaz and is commonly referred to as MQM (A). A breakaway faction, created in 1992, retains the
original name Mohajir Quomi Movement - with the suffix Haqiqi which means real - and is commonly
referred to as MQM (H). The two factions have been responsible for several incidents of urban terrorism
even as the MQM (A) participates in Pakistan’s electoral process. After a series of strong measures taken
by the State in 1998, the MQM (A) has largely reoriented itself into an exclusively political outfit. In its
latest display of clout in Mohajir dominated areas, it called for a boycott of local body elections held in July
2001 and ensured a low turnout in areas dominated by its cadre.
The MQM sought to portray itself, in its initial years as an organisation of Mohajirs. This ethnic term refers
to refugees from India who settled in Karachi and other urban centres of Sindh province. They now
constitute the largest segment in Sindh’s urban population. Largely natives of India’s Bihar and Uttar
Pradesh provinces, this community maintains a distinct identity for itself. In the immediate post-partition
period, the community formed one of the most influential lobbies in Pakistan having been closely
associated with the movement for the country and its founder Mohammad Ali Jinnah. With the increasing
power of the military over the State apparatus, the community found its pre-eminent position being
increasingly usurped by the Punjabi dominated military-bureaucratic formation that effectively ruled
Pakistan since Gen. Ayub’s coup in 1958.
The first assertions of a distinct ethnic identity were made by the All Pakistan Mohajir Students
Organisation" (APMSO) founded by Altaf Hussain in Karachi in 1978. Altaf Hussain went on, in 1984, to
2. form the MQM. For two years, the outfit maintained a low profile reportedly concentrating on building its
cadre base in Karachi and Hyderabad. It came on the national stage with a massive rally in Karachi on
August 8. Ever since it has been a major actor in Pakistan’s politics even as it maintains an armed cadre
that has repeatedly indulged in urban terrorism. In 1992, going against the civilian political executive, the
army reportedly encouraged a split in the outfit helping create the MQM (H) under the leadership of Afaq
Ahmed and Aamir Khan, who were earlier top members of MQM’s armed wing. To disguise itself as a
broad social formation, the outfit dropped the term Mohajir from its title and renamed itself the Muttahida
Quomi Mahaz (United National Front)
Violence has always accompanied the outfit’s political activities. It began with the first public meeting on
August 8, 1986, which was accompanied by aerial firing, street violence and damage to public property by
participants. Two months later, on October 31, rioting in Karachi and Hyderabad, another MQM (A)
stronghold, left 12 persons dead. Altaf Hussain and ten other leaders of the outfit were arrested on
November 2 that year which only increased the street violence in Mohajir dominated cities. On December
14, the outfit’s secretary general Dr Imran Farooq claimed that the situation can come under control only
if Altaf Hussain is released. Almost on cue, violence flared up that night and the next day leaving 120
persons dead in Karachi.
Violence continued, allegedly perpetrated by MQM, despite the outfit entering into an alliance with the
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) in 1988 and participating in a coalition government at the Federal level.
The two parties had signed a 54 point agreement commonly known as the Karachi Accord just before the
elections held in December that year. News reports suggested that most violence was between
supporters of the MQM and the Jiye Sindh Movement, an organisation purpotedly fighting the cause of
native Sindhis. Another rival with which the MQM frequently indulged in violent clashes was the Punjabi-
Pukhtoon Ittehad (PPI), an outfit comprising of armed extremists from the Pukhtoon and Punjabi
communities. Random attacks by armed activists of the warring groups on unarmed civilians were the
major cause for casualties. In May 1989, the MQM walked out of the PPP led coalition in Sindh and five
months later, from the federal government, accusing the PPP of failing to honour its promises outlined in
the Karachi Accord.
The press to was a victim of the MQM’s terror strategies. Several newspapers, including the Dawn, Jang,
identified by the outfit as non-symphathetic to the ‘movement’ were targeted for enforced boycotts.
Following reports of an imminent army crackdown on the outfit, Altaf Hussain left for UK on January 1,
1992 and has been in exile since. Despite the flight of its leader, the outfit’s terrorist arm continued to
operate until 1998. Its political arm too faded into insignificance after the October 1999 coup in Pakistan.
The mid nineties in urban Sindh was marked by consistent strike calls from the MQM which included an
announcement in July 1995 that weekly strikes on Fridays and Saturdays would be observed. Most MQM
strikes were accompanied by violence leaving scores dead in their wake.
The outfit’s leadership, particularly Altaf Hussain, has been described by most analysts, as opportunists.
The political platforms adopted by the outfit have been forwarded as evidence. After striking a deal,
termed as the Karachi Accord, with Benazir Bhutto’s PPP, the outfit switched alliances and teamed up
with Nawaz Sharief’s, Pakistan Muslim League (PML) in 1992. In Pakistan’s predominantly two party set-
up, MQM which has time and again proved itself as the third largest political force, has swung between
the two dominant parties and joined several ruling coalitions at the federal level and in Sindh. The elected
local bodies in Karachi and Hyderabad have been overwhelmingly dominated by the MQM (A).
3. Major Incidents
2002
May 15: An Anti-terrorism court in Karachi sentences two MQM-A activists to life for killing a
police personnel on July 21, 1998 in Liaquatabad.
May 2: 300 MQM-A workers are arrested from various locations in Karachi, Hyderabad and other
cities throughout Sindh province.
April 26: Two top leaders of the MQM-A are killed by unidentified assailants in Karachi.
April 22: A Sindh court exonerates 11 MQM-A activists, including former Sindh Governor and two
former Members of the Sindh Provincial Assembly (MPAs), of all charges in the April 24, 1995-Mir
Garden case. Three persons were killed and two police personnel injured in that incident.
April 19: MQM-A chief Altaf Hussain demands a new Constitution for Pakistan.
April 13: MQM-A chief Altaf Hussain urges President Pervez Musharraf to grant ‘complete’
autonomy to smaller provinces, including Sindh.
April 9: An MQM-A activist is killed by unidentified gunmen in North Nazimabad, Karachi.
January 7: Two unidentified assailants kill an activist of the MQM-A in Karachi.
2001
December 28: An MQM-A activist is killed in Shah Faisal Colony, Karachi.
December 9: Altaf Hussain claims that missing party workers reportedly arrested by law
enforcement agencies have finally been killed.
November 22: The brothers of a former MQM-A cadre, in a revenge attack kill, two MQM-A
activists. They attack the MQM-A cadres after they find the bullet-riddled body of their abducted
brother in Baldia Town, Karachi.
November 11: Unidentified gunmen kill a former sector ‘commander’ of the MQM-A in
Jauharabad, Karachi.
October 10: MQM-A chief Altaf Hussain says his party condemns all forms of terrorism and
killings of innocent people, whether it is in the USA or in any other part of the world.
October 2: An MQM-A cadre is killed in an encounter with Karachi Police.
September 28: An MQM-A activist is killed and another injured in an armed attack on Jamshed
Quarters in Karachi.
September 26: Nine MQM-A activists are injured in two bomb blasts in Karachi.
September 17: MQM-A Chief Altaf Hussain, in a statement from his London headquarters, says
people of Pakistan in general, and Sindh in particular, must not "get distracted on the propaganda
by the so-called religious and Jihadi organisations."
September 5: A leader and 14 activists of the MQM-A are acquitted in different cases by the
courts in Karachi.
August 23: MQM-A deputy convener Shaikh Liaquat Hussain claims in Karachi that the party’s
workers are being arrested and tortured.
August 22: Three MQM-A cadres are arrested in Karachi in separate cases.
June 6: MQM-A convenor Imran Farooq appeals to the Supreme Court to take suo motto action
on a threat levelled by the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) to assassinate MQM-A chief Altaf Hussain.
June 3: MQM-A members of the suspended Sindh Assembly oppose the Federal government’s
on-going arms recovery drive.
June 1: A former MQM-A activist is killed by unidentified gunmen in Liaquatabad, Karachi
May 31: Sindh High Court acquits nine MQM-A activists in former Governor Hakim Saeed
assassination case following an appeal against their conviction pronounced earlier by an Anti-
Terrorism Court.
May 22: MQM-A co-ordination committee convenor Imran Farooq claims in Karachi that the Inter
Services Intelligence (ISI) is indulging in ‘baseless propaganda’ against Altaf Hussain, and
implicating him in the May 18-killing of Sunni Tehreek chief Salim Qadri.
4. May 8: MQM-A deputy cnvenor Khalid Maqbool Siddiqi claims in Karachi that state agencies
were responsible for the May 7-Karachi bomb blast in which one person was killed and nine
others injured.
March 24: Karachi anti-terrorism court acquits a former Provincial Legislator of the MQM-A and
nine other party activists in a case on which a police personnel was killed on July 28, 1999 in the
city.
February 28: MQM-H chief Afaq Ahmad claims in Karachi that Interior Minister Moinuddin Haider
is "patronising the London-based ‘terrorist group’.
February 23: MQM-A chief Altaf Hussain offers to hold a dialogue with the Federal government.
February 20: An MQM-A leader is acquitted in two cases by two different additional district and
sessions courts in Karachi.
February 17: Two MQM-A activists arrested earlier on October 9, 2000, in Gulistan-i-Jauhar, are
sentenced to death by an ant-terrorism court in Karachi for anti-national activities.
January 3: Senior MQM-A activist of Ranchor Lines, Karachi, Mohammad Shoaib, is arrested.
January 2: MQM-A chief Altaf Hussain and 13 associates declared 'absconders' by Karachi court.
2000
December 22: An additional district and sessions court in Karachi declares MQM-A chief Altaf
Hussain and three other activists absconders in a case pertaining to the killing of two persons
during an MQM-A sponsored strike in Karachi in June 1995.
December 20: A former MQM-A member and his brother were killed by two armed assailants in
Liaquatabad, Karachi.
December 15: Five MQM-A activists acquitted by a Karachi court in a case regarding an attack on
police personnel during a shootout in Liaquatabad in 1998.
December 8: Two MQM-A activists are killed by unidentified gunmen in Karachi.
November 11: Six MQM-A activists are arrested from Sukkur for their alleged involvement in the
November 6-bomb blast.
November 6: Bomb explodes at the Karachi marketing office of the Jang group of newspapers.
MQM-A cadre Iqbal Macha is prime suspect for the attack.
October 29: MQM-A demands amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.
October 25: An MQM-A activist is killed by unidentified gunmen in Karachi.
October 2: News report says 1,105 activists and supporters of MQM-A are in official custody and
a committee would review all the cases.
Government calls for a report from the High Commission in India on the visit of an MQM- A
delegation to that country.
September 21: An MQM-A worker is killed at a Karachi playground.
July 9: An MQM-A activist in police custody, in Karachi, states that the top-leadership of the party
has directed him to kill 28 fellow cadres for their suspected involvement in various crimes.
July 4: A Karachi court issues arrest warrants against an MQM-A woman leader, Nasreen Jalil,
and some other activists on charges of rioting and obstructing police in performing their duties.
March 30: MQM-A convenor Imran Farooq alleges that a Pakistan Army officer had formed
groups in connivance with Karachi police to kill MQM-A cadres.
February 28: Widespread violence is reported in Karachi following a strike call given by Jeay
Sindh Quami Mahaz and the MQM-A outfit to protest sacking of staff from the state-run Pakistan
Steel as well as for the police ill-treating party supporters.
January 17: Nine persons are killed and 25 others injured in a bomb explosion in Karachi. Police
blame the MQM-A for the act and claim that 16 terrorists linked to the outfit have been arrested.
MQM (A) denies the charge.
5. 1999
November 26: Senior MQM-A leader Farooq Sattar is arrested after surrendering to the Military
Intelligence.
September 9: MQM-A secretary general Imran Farooq surfaces in London after being in hiding for
seven years and claims his life is in danger in Pakistan.
August 1: Seven MQM-A office-bearers, including a Member of the National Assembly, and two
Members of the Sindh Provincial Assembly, resign from the "basic membership" of the party
owing to "fundamental differences with MQM chief Altaf Hussain over policy matters".
July 18: MQM-A announces international hunger strike and protests inside and outside Pakistan
to protest the "extra-judicial killings" of its cadres.
January 30: Three Urdu newspapers, Jang, Amn, and Parcham, are charged with sedition for
carrying an MQM-A advertisement seeking donations for "victims of police excesses" and to
compensate those "killed, tortured or victimised by the police and other security agencies during
their crackdown against the party".
January 24: UK grants political asylum and residency to MQM-A chairman Altaf Hussain.
Pakistan lodges protest.
1998
October 31: Following the MQM-A’s refusal to meet the Prime Minister’s deadline, Federal rule is
imposed in Sindh and a massive crackdown is launched by security agencies.
October 28: Prime Minister Nawaz Sharief accuses an MQM-A Member of the Sindh Provincial
Assembly (MPA) and seven other activists of involvement in the murder of Hakim Saeed. Sharief
sets a three-day deadline on the outfit to hand-over the assassins, failing which he threatens to
call -off the alliance.
October 17: Former Sindh Governor Hakim Mohd Saeed is assassinated by alleged MQM-A
terrorists.
September 20: MQM-A decides to resume support to Pakistan Muslim League at Federal level
and in Sindh without joining the Ministry.
August 26: MQM-A resigns from the ruling coalition in Sindh province.
August 14: MQM-A Ministers in the Federal Cabinet resign protesting the government’s failure to
protect the outfit’s activists.
August 12: 10 MQM-A activists are killed by unidentified gunmen.
June : 140 persons are killed during various instances of ethnic violence.
April 30: Sindh Chief Minister Liaquat Jatoi withdraws all cases filed against MQM-A Legislators.
April 18: MQM-A announces the continuation of the alliance with Pakistan Muslim League in
Sindh.
March 21: Six persons, including MQM-H leader Imtiaz Ahmed Khan and two relatives, are killed
by unidentified gunmen in Karachi.
Federal government asks Sindh government to furnish details on steps being taken to counter
MQM-H imposed ‘no-go’ areas.
March 19: MQM-A extends ultimatum to one month.
March 17: MQM-A serves a 48-hour ultimatum on the Sindh Chief Minister to ensure the removal
of ‘no-go areas’ in Karachi––areas that are the strongholds of the MQM-H.
February 28: 100 MQM-H members are arrested in crackdown launched after the February 22-
Korangi-attack.
February 22: Eight civilians are killed outside a mosque at Korangi, Karachi, in MQM factional
rivalry.
February 1: Sindh High Court acquits Altaf Hussain and 18 co-accused in the case of the
abduction of an Army officer.
January 10: Three persons, including a woman, are killed and five more injured in indiscriminate
firing during MQM factions’ clash.
6. 1997
October 2: Three persons are killed in factional rivalry in Karachi.
September 27: MQM-H asks the British government to deport Altaf Hussain from London.
August 14: MQM-A opposes legislation on terrorism.
July 26: MQM-A renames itself as Muttahida Qaumi Mahaz.
July 9: Three MQM-A workers are arrested on Pakistan-Afghanistan border.
July 6: Four persons are killed in MQM-A violence in Karachi.
June 18 : Government invites MQM-A for talks.
June 17: Four persons are killed in factional rivalry in Karachi.
Altaf Hussain asks workers to close down all the liaison offices of the party.
June 10: 12 persons are killed in wave of violence in Karachi, allegedly perpetrated by MQM-A
activists.
May 4: 70 MQM-H activists are arrested in Karachi
May 2: 500 MQM-H activists are arrested in Karachi
April 16: Two MQM-H activists are killed by MQM-A in Karachi.
April 12: Three MQM-H workers are killed and another injured in separate attacks by activistrs of
the rival MQM-A in Karachi.
April 1: Sindh government announces formation of a Compensation Committee to review cases of
compensation for persons and families and their legal heirs affected during the period October
1993 to November 1997.
February : MQM-A concludes an accord with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharief and joins the coalition
government at the Federal-level and in Sindh. In the accord, Sharief agrees to institute a judicial
probe into the allegedly deaths of MQM-A supporters in police custody or encounters or attacks
by terrorists; he also agrees to grant compensation to the families of the deceased.
January 20: MQM-A National Assembly candidate from Rahim Yar Khan Javed Mazari is arrested
along with another cadre.
January 18: Sindh government grants parole and releases MQM-A senators Aftab Ahmed Sheikh
and Nasreen Jalil.
1996
October 10: United States Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) refuses to grant asylum
to three senior MQM-A leaders, including senior vice chairman Saleem Shahzad.
October 5: Over two dozen MQM activists are arrested following a series of different encounters
in different places in Karachi.
August 21: Hafiz Osama Qadri, MQM-A leader and former member of the Sindh Provincial
Assembly, is arrested.
June 16: Karachi police arrest MQM-A cadres Azhar Sayyan––wanted in more than 50 cases––
and Naseem Pajama, wanted in 27 cases.
June 1: Two MQM-A terrorists are arrested in Karachi.
April 12: MQM-A delegation goes to Geneva for United Nations Human Rights Commission
(UNHRC) session.
April 10: MQM-A cadre Nadeem Chita, carrying reward of Rs one million, is arrested from
Azizabad, Karachi.
April 9: Four MQM-A cadres, allegedly involved in 13 cases of murder, six cases of abduction and
several other crimes, are arrested in Multan.
April 2: Shamim Ahmed, MQM-A leader and Minister in the Sindh government announces the
formation of another MQM faction.
March 5: Two abducted persons are rescued from MQM-A cadres in Karachi.
February 28: Three MQM-A workers reportedly confess of a plot to kill religious leaders with the
assistance of a sectarian group.
February 1: MQM-A leader, Ajmal Dehlvi warns government that the outfit would disrupt World
Cup cricket matches to be held in Pakistan.
7. Four MQM activists are arrested in Saudi Arabia.
January 29: MQM-A demands reconstitution of the government team conducting negotiations
with the outfit.
January 17: Federal government grants Rs. 500 thousand for a proposed library being built by
the MQM-A.
Rockets are fired at MQM-H headquarters in Landhi. MQM-H chief Afaq Khan accuses the rival
MQM-A for this attack.
January 4: MQM team meets US Ambassador to Pakistan Johan Rolzeman.
January 3: Three civilians are killed during an MQM-organised strike in Karachi.
MQM-A lays down new conditions for talks with the Federal government.
1995
September 8: Five MQM-A activists are arrested in Karachi.
August 15: Top MQM-A activist Tariq ‘Commando’ is arrested in Karachi.
August 6: Top MQM-A activist Fahim ‘Commando’ and three of his associates are arrested in
Karachi.
August 3: In retaliation to the August 2-killing of top MQM-A cadres, 24 persons, including a Sub-
divisional Magistrate, are killed in Karachi.
August 2: Top MQM-A terrorist Farooq ‘Dada’ and three of his associates are killed in Karachi.
July 17: Federal government and MQM-A agree to refrain from making provocative statements.
July 11: Talks begin between the Federal government and MQM-A.
July 5, 6, 13 & 24: 10 MQM-A activists are killed and six more arrested in a series of raids on
MQM-A bases in Karachi. A large cache of arms and ammunition is seized.
July: MQM-A announces weekly strikes on Friday and Saturday until its demands for more rights
are met. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto responds and says MQM-A’s violence is aimed at carving
out a separate Province for more than eight million Mohajirs living in Karachi and Hyderabad
June: 10 Sindhi-speaking officials are killed by alleged MQM-A activists in Karachi.
MQM-A activists attack police and civilian targets employing guns, rocket and bombs in Karachi.
June 24: A train carrying arms for SFs is looted and burnt down by MQM-A activists.
June 15: 24 persons, including 10 Sindhis, are killed in Karachi.
June 4: 10 persons are killed by MQM-A activists.
May 22: MQM-A observes Mourning Day.
May 18: 15 persons are killed in terrorist attacks in several parts of Karachi.
May 5: US Embassy announces that issuing visas from Karachi would be stopped because of the
prevalence of terrorist violence in the city.
1994
November 11: Indiscriminate firing by suspected MQM-A gunmen kills eight persons, including an
Air Force officer in Karachi.
September 26: Three MQM-A activists are arrested and a large cache of weapons is seized in
several raids on their hideouts in Karachi.
September 17: Eight persons are killed in indiscriminate firing allegedly by MQM-A gunmen.
August 8: Altaf loyalists in Karachi allegedly kill a top-MQM-H leader.
July 13: Six persons are killed in an attack on a bus in Karachi.
8. June: Altaf Hussain and 19 other MQM members sentenced in absentia by a Karachi court to 27
years imprisonment for abducting and torturing an Army intelligence officer, Major Kaleem, and
his four associates in June 1991.
June 28: Suspected MQM-A activists kill seven police personnel, including an officer who had
arrested several MQM-A gunmen.
June 20: A court in Karachi issues non-bailable warrants against Altaf Hussain in connection with
the murder of a Senator in May 1990.
June 4: MQM-A releases Charter of Demands.
March 6: Suspected MQM-A activists kill five security force (SF) personnel, including an Army
Captain, in Karachi.
1993
May 1: Azim Tariq is killed allegedly by MQM-A cadres.
February 10: 13 persons are killed in a bomb attack in Karachi.
1992
November 27: MQM-A Chairman Azim Tariq comes over-ground and disowns Altaf Hussain.
July 19: Sindh Chief Minister disassociates himself from MQM-A.
June 29: MQM-A members resign their seats in the Federal and Sindh assemblies.
June: MQM dissidents led by Afaq Ahmed and Aamir Khan formally launch the Haqiqi (real)
MQM, subsequently known by its sobriquet MQM (H).
June 27: MQM-A breaks away from the ruling alliance at the Federal level.
June 22: Cases are filed against 13 MQM-A leaders, including Altaf Hussain.
June 19: Army is deployed in Karachi and curfew is declared to prevent factional clashes within
MQM.
May 28: Federal government launches military operation against "dacoits and terrorists" in Sindh.
May 19: The Altaf Hussain faction of MQM clashes with rebels in the party and a series of killings
and abductions follow.
January 1: Altaf Hussain leaves for London on a self-imposed exile.
1991
October 1: Prominent journalist Mohammad Salahuddin’s house is bombed allegedly by MQM
activists in Karachi
March 3: MQM leader Badar Iqbal is expelled from the party for financial embezzlement
February 21: Federal government postpones indefinitely the process of collecting population
census.
April 30: Two Japanese students allegedly abducted by MQM activists for ransom are released
after 45 days in captivity.
February : 14 persons are killed and 26 more inured in separate incidents of violence.
January 3: The Jam Sadiq-led MQM government in Sindh decides to set up four special courts.
1990
August 22: 27 persons are killed and 55 more injured in firing on MQM camps in Karachi.
July 13: 45 persons are killed in a bomb blast in Hyderabad.
June 6: President Ishaq Khan proposes all-party conference on Sindh situation. MQM refuses to
participate.
May 9-10: 16 persons are killed in Karachi violence.
April 17-30: 11 persons are killed in Hyderabad violence
9. April 12: MQM rejects government’s offer for peace talks.
April 7: Altaf Hussain commences fast-unto-death.
March 31: Karachi University reopens.
February 6-9: 64 persons are killed during an MQM-organised anti-government demonstration in
Karachi.
January 30 –February 3: 18 persons are killed in anti-government demonstrations in Hyderabad.
1989
December 12-25: 21 persons are killed in Hyderabad violence and nine others in Karachi.
October 23: MQM unilaterally pulls out of the Karachi Accord and quits the ruling coalition at the
Federal level.
October 13: Two police officers are killed, even as Altaf Hussain meets President Ghulam Ishaq
Khan in Karachi.
September 22: Sindh Deputy Inspector General (DIG) of Police says MQM is a terrorist outfit and
not a political organisation.
September 17-19: Nine persons are killed and 24 others injured during riots in Hyderabad
August 19: 11 persons, including a police personnel, are killed by alleged MQM gunmen in
Karachi
August 13: Seven persons are killed by suspected MQM gunmen in Karachi.
July 16-23: 10 persons are killed in violence in Hyderabad.
June 1: Three Federal Ministers meet MQM leaders in a bid to save Karachi Accord.
May 30: Talks are held between the then Punjab Chief Minister, Nawaz Sharief and Altaf Hussain
for political co-operation.
May 1: Three MQM Ministers resign from the Sindh provincial government.
April 6: 10 persons are killed and 40 others wounded in incidents of firing in Hyderabad.
March 18: 10 persons are killed and 15 others injured by unidentified gunmen in Karachi.
February 23: Karachi University vice-chancellor’s office is burnt down by suspected MQM cadres.
1988
December: Benazir Bhutto is elected Prime Minister with support from the MQM. MQM joins the
coalition government at the Federal level and in Sindh.
November: General Elections held in Pakistan following Gen. Zia’s death. Benazir Bhutto’s
Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) concludes a political accord with the MQM, known popularly as the
Karachi Accord, to contest jointly.
October 1: Suspected MQM activists kill 90 Sindhis in separate attacks in Karachi.
August 30: MQM activists kill a Karachi University student.
July 21: Women MQM activists storm a Karachi police station and free 18 arrested persons.
July 17: Karachi Mayor Aftab Sheikh is attacked. Eight persons are killed in riots that followed.
June 18: Six persons are killed in violence in Hyderabad
April 30- May 9: 31 persons are killed in Karachi street violence.
March 1: Four persons are killed and several others injured during violence in Karachi.
February 4: Six persons are killed in violence in Karachi
January 18: Four persons are killed in clashes between MQM and PPI activists.
January 10: Five persons are killed in stabbing and other incidents of violence; several others are
injured in Karachi. The Army is called in.
10. 1987
November: MQM wins a majority of seats at the local-level elections in Karachi and Hyderabad,
and emerges successful in other urban areas of Sindh.
October 31: Two persons are killed and 85 others injured in violence during an MQM-strike in
Karachi. Senior police officials are injured in violence in Hyderabad.
September 29: MQM spokesperson says party regards Khan Abdul Wali Khan and Abdul Ghaffar
Khan as the true representatives of Pukhtoons.
August 30: Altaf Hussain courts arrest in Karachi.
August 28: Sindh government orders arrest of August 26-rioteers. 160 persons, including leaders
of the PPI, are arrested but Altaf Hussain escapes.
August 26: Nine persons are killed and 80 others injured in Karachi riots.
July 22 - August 30: 22 persons killed and 300 others injured in clashes between MQM and a
rival group, Punjabi-Pukhtoon Ittehad (PPI). Besides, five police personnel are killed and 38
others injured during riots in this period.
June 21: MQM Chairman calls for boycott of Jang for its "anti-Mohajir policy". The newspaper’s
office in Hyderabad is burnt down.
May 21: One person killed in riots over the arrest of MQM workers in Karachi.
February 20-21: 16 persons injured in street violence in Karachi.
January 31: Altaf Hussain says in Liaquatabad that Mohajirs "will have to arrange for their own
security"
1986
December 20: MQM Chairman Azim Ahmad Tariq demands justice for Mohajirs and advises
Pakistan President Zia-ul Haq to issue arms licenses.
December 14: 50 persons killed in Karachi; The Army is called-in and curfew declared.
December 9: One person killed and 40 injured during clashes following MQM’s call for strike in
Karachi.
November 21: 30 persons injured in firing in Karachi.
November 18: MQM cadres fire in the air and disrupt a cricket match at Hyderabad’s Niaz
Stadium.
November 3: 10 persons killed in hand-grenade attacks and six others in street violence in
Karachi.
November 2: Altaf Hussain and 10 other leaders are arrested on charges of attempt to murder
and rioting. 72 other activists arrested with arms and explosives in different areas of Karachi.
October 31: 12 persons killed during riots in Karachi. Riots spread to Hyderabad where seven
persons are killed.
October 25: Altaf Hussain says in Hyderabad, Sindh, that Mohajir youth should "collect arms. If
our rights are not given to us, we will use every kind of force".
August 8: MQM’s first public meeting at Karachi's Nishtar park is marked by aerial firing, street
violence and damage of public property.
1984
March 18: Mohajir Quomi Movement (MQM) is launched.
1978
Altaf Hussain founds the All Pakistan Mohajir Students Organisation (APMSO) in Karachi.
http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/MQM.htm