This document provides an overview of the parathyroid gland and its role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels. It discusses three key learning objectives: 1) the anatomy and physiology of the parathyroid gland, 2) complications of thyroid disorders and appropriate treatment, and 3) hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, and their management. The parathyroid gland, located in the neck, produces parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium balance. Issues like hyperparathyroidism can cause high calcium levels, potentially damaging organs. The summary discusses causes, symptoms, and treatments for hyperparathyroidism and hypothyroidism.

1. Anis Ashraf
Senior Nursing Faculty

2. At the end of this lecture the learners will be able to:
1. Review anatomy and physiology of parathyroid
gland.
2. Identify potential complications of thyroid
disorders and describe appropriate measures in
this regard.
3. Explain hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism and
its management.

3. Parathyroid hormones is the most important
Endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus
concentration in extra cellular fluid.

4. The parathyroid gland is located in the neck.
There are four parathyroid glands, the exact
locations of these glands are near or attached to
the back of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid
produces a hormone called PTH.

5. Location

6. Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium,
phosphorous, magnesium balance within
the blood and bone.

7. Excess parathormone can result in
markedly increased levels of serum
calcium, which is a potentially life
threatening situation. When the product
of serum calcium and serum phosphorus
rises may precipitate in various organs of
the body e.g kidney and cause tissue
calcification

8. se
Calcium is important to the body because
 Good Teeth
 Strong Bones
 Function of Nerves
 Muscles
 Kidneys
 Heart

9. Not having enough calcium in the diet is one of many
factors associated with an increased risk of
osteoporosis, a disease that speeds up the process of
the natural loss of calcium in the bones.

10. Phosphorus is involved with the creation
of bones and teeth. In fact, thiamin, or
Vitamin B1, cannot be used by the body
without phosphorus, which means that
this mineral also has a role in the
digestive system, as well as the nervous
system. So without the parathyroid
multiple systems would fail.

11. Parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to over activity
of one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands.
Two types of hyperparathyroidism exist.
In primary hyperparathyroidism an enlargement of one or
more of the parathyroid glands causes overproduction of the
hormone resulting in high levels of calcium in the blood
(hypercalcemia) which can cause a variety of health problems.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs as a result of
another disease that initially causes low levels of calcium in
the body and over time increased parathyroid hormone levels
occur.

14. Etiology
• Overproduction of the cells secreting PTH
• Parathyroid develops a tumer
Pathogenesis
• Bone Pain
• Depression
• Frequent urination
• Kidney stones
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite

16. Surgery
◦Remove the tumor surgically
◦Hydration Therapy
◦Mobility
◦Diet and medications

18. Hypo parathyroidism is an uncommon condition in
which body secretes abnormally low levels of
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
The low production of PTH in hypoparathyroidism
leads to abnormally low ionized calcium levels in
blood and bones and to an increase of serum
phosphorus.

19. Etiology
• Family History
• Autoimmune Disorder
• Excessive radiation
• Low levels of Mg in blood

20. Pathogenesis:
• Heavier periods in females
• Cataracts
• Tingling sensations
• Muscles spasms
• Dry hair and skin brittle nails
• Weakened tooth enamel in kids

23. Treatment
• Restore the Ca and mineral balance in
the body
• Take vitamins with Calcium and
Vitamin D

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