Muscular dystrophy

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Muscular Dystrophy Will Aikins Mr. Holley Human Interaction 7 April 2011

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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy is serious and the most common form of muscular dystrophy. It is invariably fatal. Until recently, there was little hope that the widespread muscle degeneration that accompanies this disease could be combated. Ayurvedic Rasayana treatment now offers that hope. Ayurvedic Rasayana molecules viz. Curcumin, Mamsagni, and Sukumar Guggul Rasayana are efficient to stop further deterioration of muscles due DMD. The medicines blocks nuclear k-factor and will help delay the muscle degeneration. Rasayana medicines do not alter the patient’s genetic code or introduce genetic materials into the body. These safe and natural medicines are developed and being clinically used by AMDS India for Care through Ayurveda research project since 1995. Questions & comments to Dr Mukesh D Jain mjainbhilai@gmail.com

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Osteopenia refers to decreased bone mass. Osteoporosis refers to osteopenia (reduced bone strength/mass) that is severe enough to increase the risk of fracture. According to WHO, osteoporosis is defined as bone mineral density that falls 2.5 standard deviation below mean for young healthy adult of same sex and race. Osteoporosis associated fractures : These are adulthood fractures of any bones (chiefly hip and vertebral fractures) in the setting of trauma less than or equal to fall from standing height with exception of fingers, toes, face and skull. Drugs associated with osteoporosis Alcohol Glucocorticoids Anticoagulants Anticonvulsants Chemotherapy Excess thyroxine Endocrine disorders Cushing syndrome Hyperparathyroidism Thyrotoxicosis Diabetes mellitus (both type I and II) Acromegaly CATEGORIZATION OF OSTEOPOROSIS A.Primary Idiopathic Postmenopausal Senile/age related B. Secondary (Diseases) Hypogonadal state, endocrine disorders, nutritional and gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatologic disorders, hematological disorders/malignancy, inherited disorders and others. Usually asymptomatic until fracture occurs Vertebral and hip fracture common by simple fall Loss of height due to multiple vertebral fracture and other deformities like lordoisis, kyphoscoliosis. Fracture of femur neck, pelvis or spine causes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, pneumonia. INVESTIGATIONS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS DXA (Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) Quantitative CT Ultrasound Urea, creatinine and electrolytes Liver function test and albumin Renal function test Full blood count, ESR Serum calcium and phosphate Serum vitamin D and alkaline phosphate Serum PTH Thyroid function test Testosterone, estrogen and gonadotropins Serum cortisol Bone biopsy Plain radiography not diagnostic Following non pharmacological approaches are taken: Exercise Appropriate calcium and vitamin D intake (Calcium 1000mg/day and vitamin D 800 IU/daily) Cessation of smoking Limit/ Quit alcohol intake Get up and go exercise Hip protectors to reduce the risk of fracture. Pharmacological agents Bisphosphonates ( decrease osteoclast activity) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy Denusumab (anti- RANKL antibody) Anti- sclerostin antibodies Cathepsin k antibodies

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Arthritis affects one out of every five Americans – an estimated 52.5 million people – and is the leading cause of disability in the nation. The condition itself can make it difficult and painful to conduct even the most mundane daily tasks such as walking, climbing stairs, using a computer, or brushing your teeth. The term “arthritis” encompasses over 100 rheumatic conditions that impact the body’s joints, causing pain and inflammation to those who suffer with it.

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Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System C H A P T E R Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to ■ Understand the normal structure and function of bones, joints, and muscle ■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment of infectious diseases of bone ■ Explain how vitamin and mineral deficiencies lead to bone disease ■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment of bone cancer ■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment of the common types of arthritis, gout, and bursitis ■ Identify the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment of dislocations, sprains, strains, and carpal tunnel syndrome ■ Describe the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment of muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis ■ Understand age-related changes and diseases of the musculoskeletal system 15 Rest is best for rheumatoid arthritis. Fiction:Unless pain is too severe, daily low-impact exercise maintains mobility and range of motion. Fact or Fiction? Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy. Cross section of gastroc- nemius muscle shows exten- sive replacement of muscle fibers by adipose cells. (Courtesy of the CDC/Dr. Edwin P. Ewing, Jr., 1972) IS B N 0-558-59446-8 Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition, by Mark Zelman, Ph.D., Elaine Tompary, PharmD, Jill Raymond, Ph.D., Paul Holdaway, MA, and Mary Lou Mulvihill, Ph.D. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. 415 Arthritis Arthritis in its various forms has long plagued humans. Lackof understanding of medical science, coupled with a desper-ate search for relief, produced unusual prescriptions inAmerican traditional and folk medicine. One folk healer sug- gested that relief from gout could be obtained by cutting a hole in a tree, holding the affected body part to it, and sealing the hole with sand, trapping the disease. Another nineteenth-century prescription required the sufferer to carry a potato in the hip pocket. Treating “like with like” was the basis for treating gout with an earthworm, whose curled shapes resemble gnarled gout-afflicted appendages. How the earthworm was administered is not clear. A home remedy from Texas called for ingestion of wintergreen oil. These ineffective treatments were benign compared to some prescriptions. Citing bad blood as the culprit, some people were subjected to regular bleed- ings. Cashing in on the public’s misunderstanding of uranium’s pow- ers in the 1950s, predatory entrepreneurs recommended baths in uranium pools or ingestion of uranium-laced water. Our understanding and treatment of arthritis has progressed significantly. Still, un- scrupulous individuals and companies espouse ineffective and expen- sive treatments that prey upon vulnerable people. Disease Chronicle IS B N 0- 55 8- 59 44 6- 8 Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh Edition, by ...

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