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Introduction and CDMA Models
1.1 Multiple Access Techniques
The spectrum available for radio and wired electrical telecommunications is a
limited resource, which calls for optimal allotment to the various services. If we
have a point-to-point link based on digital communication, the maximization
of the throughput (total data rate), given a specified bandwidth and a certain
bit error rate, can be achieved in at least two obvious ways [1]. The first is to
increase the transmission power so that the average energy received per bit over
noise spectral density (Eb=N0) is increased. The second is to use modulation
techniques with high spectral efficiency. In a system whose communication
resource in terms of bandwidth is shared by many users, the best way to achieve
throughput maximization is to deploy an efficient assignment of the transmitting
resource to each user. This task belongs to the area of multiple access in
communications. All multiple access schemes provide each user with a channel,
defined as a portion of the communication resource, using a deterministic law
or according to a random access strategy with possible contention. As the latter
schemes are beyond the scope of this book, we will focus only on the former.
The key to all multiple access schemes is that the various signals share the
communication resource without creating unmanageable interference with
one another in the detection process. The qualitative limit of such interference
is that signals on one channel should not significantly increase the probability
of error on another channel. For example, if signals on different channels are
mutually orthogonal, interference among users is completely avoided.
Signal waveforms siðtÞ ði ¼ 1; 2; . . .Þ are defined as orthogonal in the
time domain if they enjoy the property
Z 1
1
siðtÞsjðtÞdt ¼
K for i ¼ j
0 otherwise
ð1:1Þ
1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/49143-250723061909-e40d651c/75/Multiuser-Detection-in-CDMA-Mobile-Terminals-1st-Edition-Piero-Castoldi-19-2048.jpg)
![where K is a nonzero constant. As an example, time division multiple access
(TDMA) realizes orthogonality by partitioning the time axis into slots, each
of which is assigned to a different incoming digital stream. TDMA requires
that geographically distant users maintain mutual time synchronism.
Similarly, we can conceive signals that are orthogonal in the frequency
domain if they satisfy
Z 1
1
Sið f ÞSjðf Þdf ¼
K for i ¼ j
0 otherwise
ð1:2Þ
where the functions Sið f Þ are the spectra of the signal waveform siðtÞ.
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) realizes orthogonality in the
frequency domain by allocating subbands of frequency to each user. As an
example, each user can be assigned a different carrier frequency so that the
resulting spectra do not overlap. Note that FDMA allows completely unco-
ordinated transmission in the time domain; no time synchronization among
the users is required [2, 3].
1.2 Code Division Multiple Access
So far we have considered multiple access schemes where orthogonality is
realized by considering nonoverlapping channels, either in time domain or
frequency domain. What point is there in considering multiaccess techniques
that do not comply with the principle of dividing the communication re-
source into noninterfering channels? The most important reason is that non-
interfering multiaccess strategies usually waste resources when the number of
potential users is much larger than the number of simultaneous active users.
As a matter of fact, orthogonality can still be realized for signals that
overlap both in time and frequency, as shown in Figure 1.1.
Because it is very often impossible to realize perfect orthogonality
between different signals, the target is to have as little mutual interference
among users as possible, so that the impairment to one user’s signal due to the
interference from another is tolerable. This is the principle of code division
multiple access (CDMA). Users are assigned different signature waveforms,
spreading waveforms (we will see later that a CDMA signal is usually a spread
spectrum signal), or codes. Each transmitter sends its data stream by modu-
lating its own signature waveform as in a single-user digital communication
system. With an adequate design of each signature waveform, we are able
to achieve near-orthogonality. At the receiver side, multiple access signals are
distinguished according to their signature waveform. Digital TDMA and
FDMA systems can be seen as special cases of orthogonal CDMA where
2 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/49143-250723061909-e40d651c/75/Multiuser-Detection-in-CDMA-Mobile-Terminals-1st-Edition-Piero-Castoldi-20-2048.jpg)
![the signature waveforms do not overlap in the time domain and in the fre-
quency domain, respectively. For systems with antenna arrays, a further di-
mension (i.e., the spatial diversity) can be exploited for multiple access (MA),
and the corresponding MA scheme is generally referred to as space division
multiple access (SDMA).
No signals can be both strictly time-limited and strictly band-limited.
But adopting a relaxed definition of bandwidth and/or duration (for example,
based on the energy within a frequency band (B; B) or a time interval
(0; T )), we can evaluate how many orthogonal signals with approximate
duration T and bandwidth B can be constructed. It has been shown that,
unless the product BT is small, we can construct 2BT orthogonal signals [4].
An immediate consequence of this result is that a CDMA system with J
orthogonal users, employing antipodal modulation at the rate of Br ¼ 1
T bits
per second, requires a bandwidth approximately equal to
B ¼
1
2
Br J ð1:3Þ
Hence, to achieve the minimum bandwidth, the ‘‘soft’’ duration-bandwidth
product of each signature waveform in an orthogonal CDMA system must be
J =2. In contrast, achieving (1.3) with TDMA or FDMA requires a pulse with
minimum duration-bandwidth product (which does not grow with the
number of users). It should be noted that, if we limit our attention to practical
orthogonal signals used in CDMA—like those obtained by direct sequence
spread spectrum (DS-SS) or frequency hopping spread spectrum—the
number of orthogonal signals is further reduced and its maximum value
becomes BT [3]. The signals on which TDMA and FDMA are based typically
have BT ’ 1 and are recognized as narrowband systems, while CDMA
s1 (t )
T t T t
s2 (t )
Figure 1.1 Example of orthogonal signals in time domain overlapping both in time and
frequency domain. (Source: [3]. Reprinted with permission.)
Introduction and CDMA Models 3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/49143-250723061909-e40d651c/75/Multiuser-Detection-in-CDMA-Mobile-Terminals-1st-Edition-Piero-Castoldi-21-2048.jpg)
![requires signals with a large BT product, which are usually called spread
spectrum signals. The need for signals with larger duration-bandwidth
products in CDMA, however, involves benefits such as robustness against
unknown channel distortion and antijamming capabilities.
As mentioned at the beginning of this section, the perfect orthogonality
of the signature waveforms is not mandatory for CDMA. Removing this
restriction provides some benefits that make CDMA an attractive multiple
access technique for practical communication systems. Specifically:
The users can be asynchronous (that is, their time epochs need not
be aligned) and yet ‘‘quasi-orthogonality’’ can be maintained by
adequate design of spread spectrum signature waveforms.
The number of simultaneous users is no longer constrained to
twice the duration-bandwidth product of the signature waveform.
The sharing of the communication resource is dynamic: The
reception performance of each user depends on the number of
simultaneous active users, rather than on the number of potential
users of the system, which is usually much larger. Thus, unlike
orthogonal multiaccess techniques, the performance gradually
degrades as the number of active users increases. This allows for a
trade-off reception quality for increased capacity.
1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques for CDMA
Spread spectrum techniques were initially developed for military applications
due to their excellent antijamming performance and later found a wide range
of applications in commercial wireless systems [5–7]. The main idea of spread
spectrumis to spread asignal over afrequency band thatis much largerthan the
original signal bandwidth and transmit it with low power per unit bandwidth.
This is the reason why CDMA is also called power division multiple access
(PDMA).
1.3.1 DS-SS
DS-SS realizes the band spreading by amplitude modulation of the
information symbol stream. This modulation is obtained with a higher rate
sequence (chip sequence).
Figure 1.2 illustrates the basic principle of a DS spectrum signal with a
binary information sequence and a binary spreading sequence. As seen, each
symbol of duration T is spread into multiple chips of duration Tc T .
The bandwidth expansion factor, denoted by Q
4 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/49143-250723061909-e40d651c/75/Multiuser-Detection-in-CDMA-Mobile-Terminals-1st-Edition-Piero-Castoldi-22-2048.jpg)
![Q ¼
T
Tc
ð1:4Þ
is often called the spreading factor or processing gain.
A spreading sequence can cover one or more symbol intervals, defined
as short codes and long codes, respectively. For example, so called
pseudorandom or pseudonoise (PN) chip sequences are often employed to
randomize the spread signal as much as possible. These sequences can be
generated by combining the outputs of feedback shift registers, which
typically give the DS-SS signal the properties of a white noise, whose
whiteness increases with the increasing length of the sequence [9]. Another
way to realize spreading is the use of orthogonal spreading sequences, which
enables a simple separation of the users at the receiver side.
We make use of the baseband equivalent notation in order to express the
DS-SS modulated signal. The chip sequence is filtered by a shaping filter
(i.e., a chip pulse) pðtÞ, which determines the bandwidth of the CDMA sys-
tem. Mathematically, the superposition of J DS-SS signals can be expressed as
sðtÞ ¼
X
J
j¼1
X
1
n¼1
aj ðnÞsjðt ðn 1ÞT Þ ð1:5Þ
where
sjðtÞ ¼
X
Q1
l¼0
cj ðlÞpðt lTc Þ j ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; J ð1:6Þ
is the signature waveform.
Figure 1.2 DS-SS modulation principle. (Source: [8]. Reprinted with permission.)
T
Symbol sequence a(n)
1
–1
1 1
–1
1
–1
1 1
–1
Spreading chip sequence c(k)
Tc
Spread sequence b(k)
1 1
–1 –1 –1
1
1
1
Introduction and CDMA Models 5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/49143-250723061909-e40d651c/75/Multiuser-Detection-in-CDMA-Mobile-Terminals-1st-Edition-Piero-Castoldi-23-2048.jpg)
![In (1.6) we have assumed that the spreading factor is Q and the signature
waveform covers exactly one symbol interval. The new signal has an
approximate band of B ¼ 1=Tc . The increase in bandwidth or signal/
dimensionality provides the required interference noise resistance. If a DS-SS
signal has BT Q and Q is a power of two, we can accommodate J ¼ Q
orthogonal distinct spreading waveform sjðtÞ, and each of them lies in 1 out of
Q dimensions [3]. Because of this, the spread spectrum signal is immune to
randomly positioned interfering signals. At the receiver side, a matched filter
captures the desired signal from the one-dimensional subspace defined by the
generic spreading waveform sjðtÞ, and at the same time any (undesired)
interference (narrowband, spread spectrum, impulsive) with nonzero
projection on the subspace. For example, the interference coming from a
narrowbandjammer,which hasequalprojection onallthesystem signatures, is
reduced by a factor Q.
If the spreading sequence is longer than the spreading factor Q (long
codes), the signature waveform (1.6) varies from symbol to symbol, and we
denote it by
sjðn; tÞ ¼
X
Q1
l¼0
cjðn; lÞpðt lTc Þ ð1:7Þ
Expression (1.5) still holds, provided that we substitute sjðtÞ with the new
time-varying signature sjðn; tÞ. Long codes may be periodic if they span a
few symbol intervals and the resulting time-varying signature is periodic as
well. If a very long PN sequence is used, the spreading sequence is aperiodic
(on a typical time observation window) and the spreading waveform sjðn; tÞ
can be regarded as random.
1.4 Short Codes Versus Long Codes: Orthogonal
Versus Random Spreading
In some systems (like IS-95) [6], each data stream is spread with an extremely
long PN sequence with a period of some hours. This CDMA approach is
termed R-CDMA, which stands for (pseudo)-random CDMA [10]. The
spreading sequence in this case is not periodic on a short scale observation and
changes from symbol to symbol. The received signal is not cyclostationary,
and as we will see, this prevents an efficient use of linear interference
mitigation techniques. In fact, linear interference cancelers require that each
data stream occupy a unique dimension (or switch between a small number of
dimensions) in signal space (as will be shown in Chapter 3).
6 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/49143-250723061909-e40d651c/75/Multiuser-Detection-in-CDMA-Mobile-Terminals-1st-Edition-Piero-Castoldi-24-2048.jpg)
![In other systems (like the TD-CDMA), the period of the spreading
codes is short relative to the symbol period, and in many cases the code period
is the same as the symbol duration so that the spreading waveform becomes
periodic. In this case, a specific dimension is assigned to each data stream, and
according to [10] we name this approach deterministic or dimension-limited
CDMA (D-CDMA). The sequences assigned to the different data streams are
designed to be orthogonal or with low cross-correlation.
The difference is not only the period of the PN sequence employed.
Multiaccessinterferenceistreateddifferentlyinthetwoapproaches:R-CDMA
is a more naive design strategy and was conceived earlier; D-CDMA was born
after the development of the multiuser detection theory.
R-CDMA is an approach to system design that is based on the
‘‘minimax’’ risk theory used in statistical signal processing [11]. It is well
known from information theory that, when the variance of an additive
interferer is constrained, the worst case of additive interference for any user is
white Gaussian noise (WGN) [12]. Hence, a robust design methodology
makes multiuser interference look like WGN. This is accomplished by
assigning users extremely long pseudorandom spreading sequences. Powerful
error control coding techniques are used to mitigate this multiaccess noise.
Furthermore, since each user is a white noise source from the perspective of
other users, it is important that the transmission power of the users is
controlled. The conclusion is that in R-CDMA systems the capacity is limited
by the total power of the interference, so that the system is designed for average
interference characteristics, rather than for the worst case [10].
In contrast to the minimax approach seen above, D-CDMA assigns a
unique dimension in the signal space to each user, in a similar way to FDMA
and TDMA. The signature sequences of different users are weakly correlated,
and multiuser receivers are employed to contrast the mutual interference
among users. In linear cancellation schemes, the dimensionality separation of
users is exploited in order to reduce the interference, unlike R-CDMA, where
the coding gain of the error control codes makes the system interference
tolerant. Moreover in D-CDMA, since linear multiuser receivers require that
the waveform assigned to the users is linearly independent, the number of
users must be lower than, or equal to, the number of dimensions. These are
determined by the total bandwidth, the per-user bit rate, the error control
coding redundancy, and the number of bits per modulation symbol of each
user [10]. A disadvantage of D-CDMA is that in the presence of a frequency-
selective multipath channel, interference cancellation is affected because any
particular interferer will appear in multiple dimensions, thereby increasing
the perceived number of users. On the contrary, R-CDMA can handle
multipath energies effectively, resulting in a negligible capacity degradation.
Introduction and CDMA Models 7](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/49143-250723061909-e40d651c/75/Multiuser-Detection-in-CDMA-Mobile-Terminals-1st-Edition-Piero-Castoldi-25-2048.jpg)
Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals 1st Edition Piero Castoldi
- 1. Multiuser Detection inCDMA Mobile Terminals 1st Edition Piero Castoldi - Downloadable PDF 2025 https://ebookfinal.com/download/multiuser-detection-in-cdma-mobile- terminals-1st-edition-piero-castoldi/ Visit ebookfinal.com today to download the complete set of ebooks or textbooks
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- 5. Multiuser Detection inCDMA Mobile Terminals 1st Edition Piero Castoldi Digital Instant Download Author(s): Piero Castoldi ISBN(s): 9781580533300, 1580533302 Edition: 1st File Details: PDF, 2.03 MB Year: 2002 Language: english
- 6. Multiuser Detection inCDMA Mobile Terminals
- 7. For a listingof recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book.
- 8. Multiuser Detection inCDMA Mobile Terminals Piero Castoldi Artech House Boston . London www.artechhouse.com
- 9. Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Castoldi, Piero. Multiuser detection in CDMA mobile terminals / Piero Castoldi. p. cm.—(Artech House mobile communications series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-330-2 (alk. paper) 1. Code division multiple access. 2. Signal detection. I. Title. TK5103.452.C37 2002 621.3845’6—dc21 2002016426 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Castoldi, Piero Multiuser detection in CDMA mobile terminals.—(Artech House mobile communications series) 1. Signal processing 2. Code division multiple access I. Title 621.3’822 ISBN 1-58053-330-2 Cover design by Igor Valdman Ó 2002 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-330-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002016426 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- 10. Contents Preface xiii 1 Introductionand CDMA Models 1 1.1 Multiple Access Techniques 1 1.2 Code Division Multiple Access 2 1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques for CDMA 4 1.3.1 DS-SS 4 1.4 Short Codes Versus Long Codes: Orthogonal Versus Random Spreading 6 1.5 Synchronous CDMA 8 1.5.1 Spreading Sequences for Synchronous Multirate CDMA Systems 8 1.5.2 Synchronous Multirate CDMA Model in the Presence of Multipath Propagation 9 1.5.3 Time-Discrete Model for the Synchronous System 12 1.6 Asynchronous CDMA 17 v
- 11. 1.6.1 Spreading Sequencesfor Asynchronous CDMA Systems 17 1.6.2 Asynchronous CDMA Model in the Presence of Single-Ray Propagation 18 1.6.3 Time-Discrete Model for the Asynchronous System 21 1.7 Dichotomies in CDMA 27 References 27 2 Single-User Detection 29 2.1 Single-User Versus Multiuser Receivers 29 2.2 Performance Measures of CDMA Receivers 30 2.3 The Conventional Receiver 30 2.3.1 Synchronous Multirate CDMA System Without ISI 30 2.3.2 Asynchronous Single-Rate CDMA System 34 2.3.3 Synchronous Multirate CDMA System in the Presence of ISI 35 2.4 The Rake Receiver 37 2.4.1 Observation Model for Rake Detection 37 2.4.2 The Rake Principle 40 2.5 Limits of Single-User Detection 43 References 43 3 Linear Multiuser Detection 45 3.1 Synchronous CDMA, Short Code, Multipath, and Multirate 45 vi Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals
- 12. 3.1.1 The Zero-ForcingDetector for Both MAI and ISI (ZF-MI) 46 3.1.2 The Zero-Forcing Detector for ISI Only (ZF-I) 47 3.1.3 The MMSE Detector for Mitigation of Both MAI and ISI (MMSE-MI) 48 3.1.4 The MMSE Detector for Mitigation of ISI Only (MMSE-I) 50 3.2 Sliding Window Formulation 51 3.2.1 Validation of the Sliding Window Algorithm 55 3.3 MMSE Receivers for CDMA Asynchronous Systems 57 3.4 Sliding Window MMSE Receiver 62 3.5 Considerations on Linear Detection 66 References 66 4 Structured Versus Unstructured Linear Detection and Interference Mitigation 69 4.1 System Model 69 4.1.1 Reduced Complexity Single-Cell Models 73 4.1.2 Multiple-Cell Models 74 4.2 Extended Linear Receivers 76 4.3 Sliding Window Formulation 80 4.4 Typical Operating Modes of the Linear Receivers 81 4.5 Multiuser Detection Versus Interference Mitigation 82 References 82 Contents vii
- 13. Appendix 4A: ExactExpression of the Correlation Matrix Rn(i ) 83 5 Adaptive Linear Multiuser Detection 85 5.1 Adaptive MMSE Receivers 86 5.2 Trained Adaptive MMSE Receiver 86 5.3 Blind Adaptive MMSE Receiver 88 5.4 Blind Adaptive MMSE Receiver with Surplus Energy Constraint 95 5.5 Advantages of Adaptive Linear Detection 101 References 102 6 Performance of Linear Multiuser Detection 103 6.1 Performance of the ZF and MMSE Receivers in Synchronous Systems 103 6.1.1 Features of the Synchronous System 104 6.1.2 Exact Evaluation of BEP 104 6.1.3 Gaussian Approximation for BEP Evaluation 105 6.1.4 BER and BEP Performance in a Single-Cell Scenario 106 6.1.5 BER Performance in a Multiple-Cell Scenario 109 6.2 Performance of the MMSE Receivers in Asynchronous Systems 112 6.2.1 Features of the Asynchronous System 113 6.2.2 Transient Performance: MSE Convergence 114 6.2.3 BER Performance of the MMSE Detectors in the Ideal Case 118 viii Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals
- 14. 6.2.4 BER Performanceof the MMSE Detectors in the Presence of a Timing Error 120 6.2.5 BER Performance of the MMSE Detectors in the Presence of a Phase or Frequency Offset 123 6.2.6 Improving the Performance of Linear Detectors 127 References 128 7 Nonlinear Multiuser Detection 131 7.1 Introduction and System Model 132 7.2 SIC 134 7.3 PIC 136 7.4 Decision Feedback Nonlinear Receivers 139 7.4.1 A Decision Feedback Multiuser Detector 139 7.4.2 Complexity Reduction by Per-Survivor Processing Techniques 143 7.5 Linear Versus Nonlinear Multiuser Detection 143 References 144 8 Synchronization Techniques 145 8.1 Observation Model 145 8.2 Timing Acquisition 149 8.2.1 Coarse Timing Acquisition 149 8.2.2 Fine Timing Acquisition 152 8.3 Performance of the Sliding Correlator 154 8.3.1 Coarse Acquisition 154 Contents ix
- 15. 8.3.2 Fine Acquisition160 8.3.3 Complexity Issues of the Sliding Correlator 162 8.4 Frequency Offset Estimation 164 8.4.1 Front-End Processing of the Observation 165 8.4.2 First-Order Statistics of z(i ) 168 8.4.3 Second-Order Statistics of z(i ) 168 8.4.4 LMS Frequency Estimator 169 8.5 Performance of the Frequency Estimator 169 8.6 Coherent Versus Noncoherent Detection 173 References 174 Appendix 8A: Derivation of Matrix Rz 175 9 Third-Generation Mobile Radio System 179 9.1 General Specifications 179 9.2 The Physical Layer of the TDD-HCR Mode 181 9.2.1 Physical Channels 181 9.2.2 Training Sequences 187 9.2.3 Spreading and Scrambling Sequence 188 9.3 Radio Interface and Transmitted Signal 189 9.4 Cell Search and Synchronization 191 9.5 Novelties of the Third-Generation Radio System 193 References 193 10 The ASI-CNIT Communication System 195 10.1 System Description 196 x Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals
- 16. 10.2 Data FrameFormat 196 10.3 Algorithms for Data Detection and Their Performance 200 10.3.1 Trained Adaptive MMSE Detection 201 10.3.2 Blind Adaptive MMSE Detection 201 10.4 Optimization of the Length of the Training Sequence 202 10.5 Signaling Using the Synchronization Sequence 206 References 208 Glossary 211 About the Author 217 Index 219 Contents xi
- 17. Preface The rapidly increasingdemand for bandwidth in wireless services has stimulated research towards the development of highly flexible radio interfaces. Code division multiple access (CDMA) has emerged as a promising technique for providing services with different signaling rates (from the user point of view) and with efficient statistical multiplexing of the active users (from the network point of view). Both satellite and terrestrial wireless CDMA systems for cellular services, satellite distribution, local loops, and local area networks (LANs) are currently in operation since the technological problems of signal processing at chip rate are no longer an issue. The recent advances in detection schemes for CDMA systems have also allowed network designers to conceive novel radio interface architecture. In particular, enhanced multiuser detection techniques have improved the potential capacity of the system due to their ability to deal with the near-far effect and their interference rejection capability. Moreover, the so-called short-code CDMA design philosophy encourages the use of a multiuser receiver to exploit the dimensional separation of the data streams associated with different codes. The focus of this book is on low-complexity multiuser detection and interference mitigation techniques to be employed in the mobile terminal. It challenges past literature, which suggests that multiuser detection can only be realized in base stations. In fact, most of the research results included in the book are related to the implementation of multiuser detection in a mobile terminal for the synchronous time division duplex (TDD) standards. Other results are related to another mobile receiver prototype with multiuser detection capability for an asynchronous satellite system, developed by the Italian National Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT) within a xiii
- 18. research contract withthe Italian Space Agency (ASI). Although the above- mentioned projects have been the main drive for the research herein, the book contains a very general and comprehensive treatment of linear multiuser detection. The book is organized into 10 chapters. It starts with the basic principles of CDMA transmission and detection and describes the open issues of this type of multiple access. After reviewing single-user detection, the book presents an in-depth description of linear multiuser detectors in terms of underlying philosophy and receiver performance. Both nonadaptive and adaptive versions of these receivers are presented with analytical details and intuitive design motivations. Next is a chapter on nonlinear multiuser detection and another one on synchronization techniques. The last two chapters of the book present the physical layer of two standards: the TDD modes of third-generation mobile radio systems and a satellite asynchronous CDMA system. Design guidelines are given for the receivers to be employed in mobile terminals, highlighting the appropriate algorithms of previous chapters to be used in the commercial systems described in the last chapters. The book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students of electrical engineering who want to gain more insight into the fundamentals of signal processing involved in the practical implementation of low-complexity CDMA multiuser detectors. Also, research and development department staff of companies that manufacture hardware based on a CDMA wireless interface may be interested in this book as well. Most of the material in this book is the result of my cooperation with Professor Hisashi Kobayashi at Princeton University, whom I sincerely thank for hosting me during the 1996–1997 academic year and the summers of 1999 and 2000. I also gratefully acknowledge the efficient collaboration of my students M. Bertinelli, M. Guerra, M. Coccetti, M. Morani, and D. Mainardi, as well as several useful discussions with my colleague, Professor Giulio Colavolpe. Without their help this book would not have been written. I am also grateful to Dr. Anila Scott-Monkhouse who helped me edit the English version of this book. Last but not least, I express my gratitude to Paola for her patience and her encouragement in the realization of this project, to my parents for creating the opportunities for me to reach this goal, and to my dear sister for her special attitude towards life. And finally, a special word of thanks to my friends and colleagues in Parma and Pisa for creating a pleasant work environment. xiv Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals
- 19. 1 Introduction and CDMAModels 1.1 Multiple Access Techniques The spectrum available for radio and wired electrical telecommunications is a limited resource, which calls for optimal allotment to the various services. If we have a point-to-point link based on digital communication, the maximization of the throughput (total data rate), given a specified bandwidth and a certain bit error rate, can be achieved in at least two obvious ways [1]. The first is to increase the transmission power so that the average energy received per bit over noise spectral density (Eb=N0) is increased. The second is to use modulation techniques with high spectral efficiency. In a system whose communication resource in terms of bandwidth is shared by many users, the best way to achieve throughput maximization is to deploy an efficient assignment of the transmitting resource to each user. This task belongs to the area of multiple access in communications. All multiple access schemes provide each user with a channel, defined as a portion of the communication resource, using a deterministic law or according to a random access strategy with possible contention. As the latter schemes are beyond the scope of this book, we will focus only on the former. The key to all multiple access schemes is that the various signals share the communication resource without creating unmanageable interference with one another in the detection process. The qualitative limit of such interference is that signals on one channel should not significantly increase the probability of error on another channel. For example, if signals on different channels are mutually orthogonal, interference among users is completely avoided. Signal waveforms siðtÞ ði ¼ 1; 2; . . .Þ are defined as orthogonal in the time domain if they enjoy the property Z 1 1 siðtÞsjðtÞdt ¼ K for i ¼ j 0 otherwise ð1:1Þ 1
- 20. where K isa nonzero constant. As an example, time division multiple access (TDMA) realizes orthogonality by partitioning the time axis into slots, each of which is assigned to a different incoming digital stream. TDMA requires that geographically distant users maintain mutual time synchronism. Similarly, we can conceive signals that are orthogonal in the frequency domain if they satisfy Z 1 1 Sið f ÞSjðf Þdf ¼ K for i ¼ j 0 otherwise ð1:2Þ where the functions Sið f Þ are the spectra of the signal waveform siðtÞ. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) realizes orthogonality in the frequency domain by allocating subbands of frequency to each user. As an example, each user can be assigned a different carrier frequency so that the resulting spectra do not overlap. Note that FDMA allows completely unco- ordinated transmission in the time domain; no time synchronization among the users is required [2, 3]. 1.2 Code Division Multiple Access So far we have considered multiple access schemes where orthogonality is realized by considering nonoverlapping channels, either in time domain or frequency domain. What point is there in considering multiaccess techniques that do not comply with the principle of dividing the communication re- source into noninterfering channels? The most important reason is that non- interfering multiaccess strategies usually waste resources when the number of potential users is much larger than the number of simultaneous active users. As a matter of fact, orthogonality can still be realized for signals that overlap both in time and frequency, as shown in Figure 1.1. Because it is very often impossible to realize perfect orthogonality between different signals, the target is to have as little mutual interference among users as possible, so that the impairment to one user’s signal due to the interference from another is tolerable. This is the principle of code division multiple access (CDMA). Users are assigned different signature waveforms, spreading waveforms (we will see later that a CDMA signal is usually a spread spectrum signal), or codes. Each transmitter sends its data stream by modu- lating its own signature waveform as in a single-user digital communication system. With an adequate design of each signature waveform, we are able to achieve near-orthogonality. At the receiver side, multiple access signals are distinguished according to their signature waveform. Digital TDMA and FDMA systems can be seen as special cases of orthogonal CDMA where 2 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals
- 21. the signature waveformsdo not overlap in the time domain and in the fre- quency domain, respectively. For systems with antenna arrays, a further di- mension (i.e., the spatial diversity) can be exploited for multiple access (MA), and the corresponding MA scheme is generally referred to as space division multiple access (SDMA). No signals can be both strictly time-limited and strictly band-limited. But adopting a relaxed definition of bandwidth and/or duration (for example, based on the energy within a frequency band (B; B) or a time interval (0; T )), we can evaluate how many orthogonal signals with approximate duration T and bandwidth B can be constructed. It has been shown that, unless the product BT is small, we can construct 2BT orthogonal signals [4]. An immediate consequence of this result is that a CDMA system with J orthogonal users, employing antipodal modulation at the rate of Br ¼ 1 T bits per second, requires a bandwidth approximately equal to B ¼ 1 2 Br J ð1:3Þ Hence, to achieve the minimum bandwidth, the ‘‘soft’’ duration-bandwidth product of each signature waveform in an orthogonal CDMA system must be J =2. In contrast, achieving (1.3) with TDMA or FDMA requires a pulse with minimum duration-bandwidth product (which does not grow with the number of users). It should be noted that, if we limit our attention to practical orthogonal signals used in CDMA—like those obtained by direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) or frequency hopping spread spectrum—the number of orthogonal signals is further reduced and its maximum value becomes BT [3]. The signals on which TDMA and FDMA are based typically have BT ’ 1 and are recognized as narrowband systems, while CDMA s1 (t ) T t T t s2 (t ) Figure 1.1 Example of orthogonal signals in time domain overlapping both in time and frequency domain. (Source: [3]. Reprinted with permission.) Introduction and CDMA Models 3
- 22. requires signals witha large BT product, which are usually called spread spectrum signals. The need for signals with larger duration-bandwidth products in CDMA, however, involves benefits such as robustness against unknown channel distortion and antijamming capabilities. As mentioned at the beginning of this section, the perfect orthogonality of the signature waveforms is not mandatory for CDMA. Removing this restriction provides some benefits that make CDMA an attractive multiple access technique for practical communication systems. Specifically: The users can be asynchronous (that is, their time epochs need not be aligned) and yet ‘‘quasi-orthogonality’’ can be maintained by adequate design of spread spectrum signature waveforms. The number of simultaneous users is no longer constrained to twice the duration-bandwidth product of the signature waveform. The sharing of the communication resource is dynamic: The reception performance of each user depends on the number of simultaneous active users, rather than on the number of potential users of the system, which is usually much larger. Thus, unlike orthogonal multiaccess techniques, the performance gradually degrades as the number of active users increases. This allows for a trade-off reception quality for increased capacity. 1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques for CDMA Spread spectrum techniques were initially developed for military applications due to their excellent antijamming performance and later found a wide range of applications in commercial wireless systems [5–7]. The main idea of spread spectrumis to spread asignal over afrequency band thatis much largerthan the original signal bandwidth and transmit it with low power per unit bandwidth. This is the reason why CDMA is also called power division multiple access (PDMA). 1.3.1 DS-SS DS-SS realizes the band spreading by amplitude modulation of the information symbol stream. This modulation is obtained with a higher rate sequence (chip sequence). Figure 1.2 illustrates the basic principle of a DS spectrum signal with a binary information sequence and a binary spreading sequence. As seen, each symbol of duration T is spread into multiple chips of duration Tc T . The bandwidth expansion factor, denoted by Q 4 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals
- 23. Q ¼ T Tc ð1:4Þ is oftencalled the spreading factor or processing gain. A spreading sequence can cover one or more symbol intervals, defined as short codes and long codes, respectively. For example, so called pseudorandom or pseudonoise (PN) chip sequences are often employed to randomize the spread signal as much as possible. These sequences can be generated by combining the outputs of feedback shift registers, which typically give the DS-SS signal the properties of a white noise, whose whiteness increases with the increasing length of the sequence [9]. Another way to realize spreading is the use of orthogonal spreading sequences, which enables a simple separation of the users at the receiver side. We make use of the baseband equivalent notation in order to express the DS-SS modulated signal. The chip sequence is filtered by a shaping filter (i.e., a chip pulse) pðtÞ, which determines the bandwidth of the CDMA sys- tem. Mathematically, the superposition of J DS-SS signals can be expressed as sðtÞ ¼ X J j¼1 X 1 n¼1 aj ðnÞsjðt ðn 1ÞT Þ ð1:5Þ where sjðtÞ ¼ X Q1 l¼0 cj ðlÞpðt lTc Þ j ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; J ð1:6Þ is the signature waveform. Figure 1.2 DS-SS modulation principle. (Source: [8]. Reprinted with permission.) T Symbol sequence a(n) 1 –1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1 –1 Spreading chip sequence c(k) Tc Spread sequence b(k) 1 1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 1 Introduction and CDMA Models 5
- 24. In (1.6) wehave assumed that the spreading factor is Q and the signature waveform covers exactly one symbol interval. The new signal has an approximate band of B ¼ 1=Tc . The increase in bandwidth or signal/ dimensionality provides the required interference noise resistance. If a DS-SS signal has BT Q and Q is a power of two, we can accommodate J ¼ Q orthogonal distinct spreading waveform sjðtÞ, and each of them lies in 1 out of Q dimensions [3]. Because of this, the spread spectrum signal is immune to randomly positioned interfering signals. At the receiver side, a matched filter captures the desired signal from the one-dimensional subspace defined by the generic spreading waveform sjðtÞ, and at the same time any (undesired) interference (narrowband, spread spectrum, impulsive) with nonzero projection on the subspace. For example, the interference coming from a narrowbandjammer,which hasequalprojection onallthesystem signatures, is reduced by a factor Q. If the spreading sequence is longer than the spreading factor Q (long codes), the signature waveform (1.6) varies from symbol to symbol, and we denote it by sjðn; tÞ ¼ X Q1 l¼0 cjðn; lÞpðt lTc Þ ð1:7Þ Expression (1.5) still holds, provided that we substitute sjðtÞ with the new time-varying signature sjðn; tÞ. Long codes may be periodic if they span a few symbol intervals and the resulting time-varying signature is periodic as well. If a very long PN sequence is used, the spreading sequence is aperiodic (on a typical time observation window) and the spreading waveform sjðn; tÞ can be regarded as random. 1.4 Short Codes Versus Long Codes: Orthogonal Versus Random Spreading In some systems (like IS-95) [6], each data stream is spread with an extremely long PN sequence with a period of some hours. This CDMA approach is termed R-CDMA, which stands for (pseudo)-random CDMA [10]. The spreading sequence in this case is not periodic on a short scale observation and changes from symbol to symbol. The received signal is not cyclostationary, and as we will see, this prevents an efficient use of linear interference mitigation techniques. In fact, linear interference cancelers require that each data stream occupy a unique dimension (or switch between a small number of dimensions) in signal space (as will be shown in Chapter 3). 6 Multiuser Detection in CDMA Mobile Terminals
- 25. In other systems(like the TD-CDMA), the period of the spreading codes is short relative to the symbol period, and in many cases the code period is the same as the symbol duration so that the spreading waveform becomes periodic. In this case, a specific dimension is assigned to each data stream, and according to [10] we name this approach deterministic or dimension-limited CDMA (D-CDMA). The sequences assigned to the different data streams are designed to be orthogonal or with low cross-correlation. The difference is not only the period of the PN sequence employed. Multiaccessinterferenceistreateddifferentlyinthetwoapproaches:R-CDMA is a more naive design strategy and was conceived earlier; D-CDMA was born after the development of the multiuser detection theory. R-CDMA is an approach to system design that is based on the ‘‘minimax’’ risk theory used in statistical signal processing [11]. It is well known from information theory that, when the variance of an additive interferer is constrained, the worst case of additive interference for any user is white Gaussian noise (WGN) [12]. Hence, a robust design methodology makes multiuser interference look like WGN. This is accomplished by assigning users extremely long pseudorandom spreading sequences. Powerful error control coding techniques are used to mitigate this multiaccess noise. Furthermore, since each user is a white noise source from the perspective of other users, it is important that the transmission power of the users is controlled. The conclusion is that in R-CDMA systems the capacity is limited by the total power of the interference, so that the system is designed for average interference characteristics, rather than for the worst case [10]. In contrast to the minimax approach seen above, D-CDMA assigns a unique dimension in the signal space to each user, in a similar way to FDMA and TDMA. The signature sequences of different users are weakly correlated, and multiuser receivers are employed to contrast the mutual interference among users. In linear cancellation schemes, the dimensionality separation of users is exploited in order to reduce the interference, unlike R-CDMA, where the coding gain of the error control codes makes the system interference tolerant. Moreover in D-CDMA, since linear multiuser receivers require that the waveform assigned to the users is linearly independent, the number of users must be lower than, or equal to, the number of dimensions. These are determined by the total bandwidth, the per-user bit rate, the error control coding redundancy, and the number of bits per modulation symbol of each user [10]. A disadvantage of D-CDMA is that in the presence of a frequency- selective multipath channel, interference cancellation is affected because any particular interferer will appear in multiple dimensions, thereby increasing the perceived number of users. On the contrary, R-CDMA can handle multipath energies effectively, resulting in a negligible capacity degradation. Introduction and CDMA Models 7
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- 30. EP371850..-.-.ccccees 1686 EP371856....-..-..--- 1686 MEV AR Sach sosseooee US EPS7 187 2encciem owcens =) 1697 BPS sod Seleletel alata) latent 1687 Glaeser, Joannah Ruth. EU825493....2ceeeee-- 2386 Glagow, Lealer. SEE Glasgow, Lealer. Glamorous life. BUS832646.... cc ccecces 2521 Glamorous Music, Inc. EBUB2754 2. ccccecceeee 2425 E£0827543. EU 829257... EU829258..... £0829259.. EU829260.. E0U829262..--..cc cece 2458 Glantz, Phyllis. E£U833502..... Ssoon ZeEh EU85 2356 .c-cscccecees 2893 Glantz, Fhyllis Ann. EU8218285-..-..---05- 2317 Gianzberg, Norbert. R66657 5. ca ce cc ccacene R666576. ccc cceccee es 3069 3069 Giarum, Betty M. R681273. .- cc cccecceee 3205 Giarum, Jan Frederick. R681273....- eee eee ee 3205 Giarum, L. Stanley. R666031....2 2. eee eeee R681273. 2... 3064 3205 Gias, Donna. EU822534....--------- 2330 463 Glascoe, Thomas, 3rd. EU809784.......-----EU809786....----- -205 Glasco Music. EP373821.. ccccccccces EU 832749.....EU837452.....-EU845376...--.------Glaser, Gerald Frank. EU856077.. wccccccccce Glaser, Jin. EBUSO4894.. cee ce ccc ee Glaser, Martha. BUS805997~. ccc cc ccene Glaser, Mitch. EU808555....-..--- see EBU808556.....ccceceee EU808557......EU822040........----Glaser, Neal. EU819096......-..- -2Glaser, Neal I. BU819094.. -. cece eee EU819095....... 2091 2091 2091 1733 2418 2523 2523 2613 2613 2761 2965 1999 2020 2068 2068 2068 2321 2265 2265 2265 Glaser, Victoria Merrylees. R670890.......-- seeee R675646. R680 169.......------3105 3155 3198 Glasgow, James Walter, Jr. EU808692......--2----EU808693..... Glasgow, Lealer. EU800246.........---Glasper, B. EP377045.. cece ceeenee Glasper, Betty Burnette. EP374735 2 cccucccccce Glass, P. SEE Glass, Philip. Glass, Paul. EP 378312... --2-ee-200EU842432. £U842433. EU854263...-----Glass, Ronnie. EU819707......------Glass, Sandra Ferrell. EU 806769....-..-----Glass, Tommy. EU815856...------
- 31. GLE - GLOGleason, James. (con.-) EU844474.....-------- 2745 Gleason, Willian. EP377217..-ece-e----- 1810 Gleave, Charles Willian. EU799992 02 ce eee 1907 Gleave, Chuck. SEE Gleave, Charles Willian. Gleeson, Horace Atwood. R669 140.....- opoogdon SOO Gleinert, Renata. EFO- 19 2008. ......--- 6 O31) Glen (Sheri) Publications, Inc. EP371496....--------- 1078 Glen Island Music. EU825631.. 2388 E£U825632.....- 2388 Glenn, Alison Irene. EU 82 682 8.-.---------- 2411 EU826829.. 2411 £08268 30... 2411 £U826832.. 2411 £U826833.....-------- 2411 Glenn, Beverly. EP375426..--..- 900000 1769 EP 37 EW 27 . cca= weece= glenn= carroll.= eu852493....2.-22----= eoceccee= gary.= eu820179....----22---= gary= dewayne.= bu826208.....-------- = e0840030......-.------= henry.= eu828177....222222---= e0828178..= eu853764.....--= lloyd= c.= r673465.-------2----- = m.= gwendolyn.= eu814855....--2e------= sarah= enice.= ep374575..----= ep374576.....-= terrell= gene.= eu824473....---------= thomas= john.= e0815143.....= elelefele= glenns= r-= music= company.= eu818789.....--.- ----= song.= eeceee= to= publishing.= bu859152...--25---- --= glen= jingle.= eu855367..2.-cceceee-= glenville= d.- = ww.= b677497.= seen= eens= shaun.= ro7m2z71= cc= ccc= cee= r674256.= r677497...= glenwood= corporation.= eu801067......-.= po9500= uelad= eu820304.......-.2-.-= index= eu820306...= eu= e= eu820309....= eu852980.....-.-----.= glick= david= e.= harry.= r680646.......-------= jane= barbara.= do00d00= zeima= jeremy.= eu813148.....-..-2----= giick= mike.= ep376838....-...-= e---= eu842227....-= eu842228......--= so00a= buna= ruth= fridman.= eu804824....-.-------= eu854427..-.-22------= stan.= see= stanley.= eu852860.......-.--= glickman= cheryl.= eeeeeee-= fred.= r677847....r679682.....--------glickman= susie.= burn= tss= co= s055006= glidden= sylvia= guggisberg= pseud.= wilma= l.= glide= on.= bu799273= ..ccccccccees= glider.= eu798949..= cece= ee= eu825682..=
- 32. eu844897..-.= along.= r679674.=ween= oe= gliding.= eu855617...-.-------giiding= aloft.= eu810975.....-------2113= gliere= reinhold.= r677359.= wee= we= eee= glimmerglow.= glimme= ring.= eu829688...----------= glimmer= of= your= love.= ebu800615...2---------= glimp= rexanne.= eu825346...2--2-= a= glimpse= jesus.= r668557...---22------= glimpses= from= the= past.= eu842487....---------= glindeman= feter.= eu805386...----------= glinski= david.= eu807458..222---2e-2- = matteo.= r666612= r668613..2--222-22----= glinsky= chad.= d.= charles= jr.= eu803442....-= elelelewreee= u9i2= glissade.= ep379725---2-= glissees.= be= g21= c= glitter= ef41956..2= morning= .pseud.= arnold= theodore= j.= glixon= kenneth= eu850214....22eee222-= globe= flotteur.= efo-189502.----ee-----= globo= de= ouro.= efo-189667....------= globokar= al.= alan= r.= eu817934...2-2222-22-= glock= binker.= hughes= elizabeth= hm.= glock.= hu.= s.= eu824587....-.-.22- -2369= eu847576....--eu858821....2.------glock= fred= v.= ji.= eu829367....-2------e= eu847576...---eu858821..----e-2- ee2460= milton= f.= ve= sr.= eu829367....--eu836018..= eu847576...----04= glocken.= efo-189294.......---efo-= glocken= verlag= g.m.b.h.= ef41716...= eeeees= ltd.= eu8s44741..= es= jul.= dec.= glodich= mabel.= eu821052.-.----------= glogowski= marek= martin= jerzy= wojoiech.= glo-jay= eu832678....22e-22ee2-= bu83= cce= gloomy= day.= eu806598...-...-------= gloosecap= music.= eu830426..-22-ce--0--= eu830427...2----02= eu830428.....2-2---- --= eu830429....------= eu830430....-.-------= eu830431....- ccceeeeee= eu830432....-22------= eu830443...-.---2----= gloria.= efo-= efo-192412.....---= ep370970.....= eccececes= ep373122....-222-e---= eu804087..= eu807= eu816205....---------= eu816329...----2ee---= eu822402.= eu839537..--2-ee-eee-= gloria= .can= you= waddle= eu846131...--2---2---= coleman= suite= number= eu821967...2ceceeeees= souza= maria= da.= da= de.=
- 33. in= excelsis.= ep375303...-..-------=ep376783...--= eeceeee- = mia.= ep379254...ceccecene=1857 patri.= ep= polka.= r667411.--22-2-2e-ee--= ep370397..2-cceee-2--= theme.= eu855157= tibi= domine.= glorify= his= name.= scccceee= these= entries= alone= may= not= reflect= complete= copyright= office= record= pertaining= particular= work.= contact= u.s.= for= information= about= any= additional= records= that= exist.=/
- 34. GLO — GLUGlorify the Lord. EP378080.....-------- 1829 Glorify your Son. BUSS0178...c.ncccceee 2852 Glorinha. SEE Souza, Maria Da Gloria De. SEE Souza, Maria De Gloria De. Glorious and greatly to be praised. EP371260.cccccccceees 1672 Glorious day. EUS01868.-.. cece 1935 Glorious God. EU807514.....-.22---- 2048 Glorious is Thy church, 0 Lord. EP371903 ..-cccccnceee 1688 The Glorious path of Jesus. BU805177. .cccesccccce 2004 The Glorious path of Jesus, book 9, song 2. RUS ?263-ccceece cece.) 2234 Glorious seeds. EU812626....--------- 2144 Glory. BR37S556. 2. cceccewee 1772 Glory and honor are in Tay presence. EBU852525...- -neeeeeee 2896 Glory and honor to Jesus. EPS 316 tasancnncccncs 1717 Glory and honour are in Tay presence. BU652525- 2 ee cee 2896 Glory and praise. EU8592 93 ....-22--2--- 3028 R674581....---- The Glory and the dreanw E0U828844......-.----- 2450 The Glory belongs to the Lord. EP 378857..2.c2-- een es 1847 Glory te to Christ, the Lord. EPS 05 oenielamelel=iiiele 2 Glory te to Jesus. £0 798933...---------- 1887 Glory bones. BU799746.... 22-2 -e2-- 1903 Glory bound. EU800498.....2------- 1917 Glory Bound Special. EU81425 2... ccccceees 2174 Glory dayEU848824... 222222 eee 2827 Glory, glory. EBU857727 ...sccccccees 2996 Glory, glory, glory. E£U858443.......- cocee 3011 Glory hallelujah. £0845122... EU856676..-.---- +20 2756 2976 Glory, hallelujah, praise His name! BU8224 15... ccccceeee 2528 INDEX — MUSIC Glory in this. EU837092......------- 2605 Glory is waiting somewhere. R681068.....-- ------- 3204 Glory Mountain. R672584. .ccccccccee= 3123 Glory Music. EP374061....-----2--- 1739 EP374065... 1739 EP3THOTO ccm ecccncec= 1739 The Glory of music. EU812218....-----220- 2136 The Glory of rock ‘n* roll. EBU818535.ccceeeeeeees 2255 The Glory of the God of Israel. EP374122..ccscceccee= 1740 The Glory of you. EU814918.....2.------- 2186 Glory over there. EU811223....2----e-2- 2118 Giory Road. EU815657....----- eons 2200 The Glory song. EP373628....ceeceeee- 1729 Giory to God. EP374408....--------- 1747 1902 2279 2662 EU859060.......------ 3023 Giory to God in the highest. OTE Eh ASeScoccecone: Si Glory to God on high. EP379091...ccc ce cece 1853 Giory to His name. E0805539.. ccc we
- 35. eee ee 2011Giory to the Father. EP379607.ccceeeeeee ee 1865 Giory to the Maker. EU811129 -ccncccccces 2116 Glory victorious. BU811999......------- 2132 Giosa a lluchmayor. BRAGTGncemcicecccccece 1539) Glossen. EP 42290. ....-2----2-- 1552 Glosses. E0832517....---2------ 2518 Glossolalia. EP 37 1646.....- --2---- 1681 The Glove. BUSI 2262056 cece ccece 2137 Glove of straw. BU836231..ccceeeeeees 2589 Glover, Charles. BU841172.. 22- 2 -ece ne 2682 Glover, Charles J., Jr. EUBS TITS. acco cen e- 2682 Glover, Charles W. ROPS 7 Oba feeiaisie wea cfeeie) Sta, Glover, David. FUGSS9S2ecmmiceecees ce) 2153 465 Glover, David Carr. EP373359..... Soca, Ue EP373361eccccccceeee= 1722 Glover, David Carr, Jr. R681622.....-. sececee 3209 Glover, Eddie B. R679617.-.. 5 -- -ccene 3194 Glover, Eddie V. SEE Glover, Eddie B. Glover, Elien J. B668794. 2. ccc ccc en es 3086 Glover, Frank. EU806876.....--------- 2036 EU806877....--..----. 2036 Glover, Gerturdue. EU820307....--2-2- --- 2401 Glover, Harold. EU841042......-.-+--- 2680 EU841043.. EU841044........- seine) e2OG0 Glover, Henry. R678559 oc ece ccc emcees 3185 R680882... 3203 R681377......-- 3206 R6B1378 2 nc elecewa 3206 Glover, Henry B. ROG200 25 oceania ead B667476 wccccccccenane 3075 Glover, Henry Bernard. R665578......-- R667319........ R667324 2.22222 222-2 -- 3072 R667331......---- R667332.....R667336......- 3073 R667339.....-- 3073 R667517......- - 3075 R667921... - 3078 R668704.. - 3086 R668705.. 3086 B669669.. 3095 R669670.. 3095 R669884.. 3097 R671014.. 3107 R671016.... 3107 R671597...- 3113 R671770.. R671771.. R671772.. R672085.. R672087.. R672089.. R673759.. R673760.. R673763.. R674378.. R674381.. R678574.. R678575.. R678581.. R678582.. R678586.. R678587.. R679621.. R682727.-------eee22- 3223 Glover, Henry G. R681374.....-- swccees 3206 Glover, Jack Donus. EU8360023...---2--2-22- 2585 EU836024. E£U836025. EU836026. EU836027. EU836028. £U836029. E£U836030. EU836031. JUL. - DEC. 1977 BU836033......------- 2585 EU836034.. - 2585 EU836035.. £U836036.. seeee- 2585 Glover, Jeff. SEE Glover, Jeffery Scott. Glover, Jeffery Scott. BU836873.....--.----- 2601 EU836874......2-2--- - 2601 Glover, John. EP 37 1205... eeceecnce 1671 Glover, Judith. EU841769.....Glover, Leroy, Jr. EU858589.... eee 3014 BU858590..-
- 36. ccceceeee- 3014 Glover,Mae. B673452. ccccceceeeee= 3130 Glover, Martha S. EBU837869..ccccccccnse 2620 Glover, Pana. BU85 16 16...cccceccees 2879 Glover, Roger. EP370742....-.------- 1660 Glover, Rose Mary. R669072.......-- eeeee- 3089 B6 70539. 2.22 -20------ 3103 Glover, Roy. SEE Glover, Leroy, JrGlover, Stephen L. SEE Brass Music, Ltd. SEE The Brass Press. Glover, Willie. EP376178....ccccccews 1786 Glow, Dean. EU802821....----22--- 1960 Glowacki, Juliusz. EFO- 1893 16.--ccceeee- 1564 Glowalla, Steven Eliiot. EUBO4T WW. cece eee eee e 1996 BUG W269 0 Cee eeteetetwiclareien 2 A Glowing in the distance. EU826568....----22--- 2406 Glow in the dark. EP370671...-. .-accee = 1658 The Glow is gone. BU833172.cccceceecees 2532 Gluck, Carl. SEE Gluck, Kari O. Gluck, Christoph Willibald, Ritter Von. EU820 127. eeececeee 2284 Gluck, Jesus. SEE Gluck Sarasibar, Jesus. Gluck, Karl Oo. EU859872....- Soden uy Gluck Sarasibar, Jesus. EBFO- 189809....c.ccee- 1577 EFO- 1898 10.. ooo weer) EFO- 191181. sop W5uu EFO- 191198... -cceeee-- 1611 Glucksman, Erwin. R668 112. ...ccceceee-- 3081 These entries alone may not reflect the complete Copyright Office record pertaining to a particular work. Contact the U.S. Copyright Office for information about any additional records that may exist.
- 37. GLY - GODGlyde, JayneEUS838454....-~- e----- 2631 Glyde, RosemarySEE Shumsky, Rosemary Glyde. Glynn, Betty. B674604...-- -22------ SI44 R674891.-.- 22-2 eee - 3146 Glynn, Betty BR667681.-.- --0---e--- 3077 Glynn, Jin. EU812824..--.----0--- 2148 Gmeiner, Thomas. EP 378756------eceeee- 1845 EP378757...- e- 1845 EP378758..-- 1845 1845 1845 1845 1845 1845 1845 1845 G. Morning, pseud. SEE Arnold, Theodore J. Gmyrev, AEP 379960.---- neecee-- 1874 EP380103.- 1878 EP380104......------- 1878 The Gnome. EP376843.------------ 1802 Gnossos Music. EU823447...----- e0-e- 2347 Gnybowskiej, Zofia. EU860226.-----e2-e--- 3047 Go. BU805277..---22---2-- 2006 Goad, Paul. EU813594..------- - 2162 EU813597.-.----- - 2162 Goad, Paul Stephen. E£U834929.-..---2-e--- 2504 Go ahead and cryEU813130....---2----- 2153 EU849880...-------- -- 2846 Go ahead, go ahead. R669556..----eeeee-e- 3095 Go ahead, love hin. E£0809182.....-------- 2080 Go and fall in love again. EU831566.------------ 2500 Go and get that girl. EU808932..----------- 2075 Go and tell. EP37T4412..---22eeeeee 1747 Go around. BU839910....----222-- 2659 Goaslind, Gay. EU801213...---------- 1930 Go awayEU806038.. eeoceee- 2021 EU810865. e- 2111 £0819001.. - - 2263 EU845618....--------- 2766 Go away ‘cause I love you. EU827021...---------- 2414 Go away, lonely feeling. EU832741...------- --- 2522 INDEX - MUSIC Go away, Mister Worry. EU839524...-c2e--e- -- 2651 Go back home again. EP 376255..-.-----ee-- 1788 Go back to Calvary. EP370436..----------- 1652 Gobble-gobkle. EU835314....--2--- --- 2572 Go beauty, go Buick. EU850139....-.------- 2851 Go before me, Jesus, and level the mountain. EU827941.------------ 2432 Gobel, Daniel KellyEU850688..----------- 2861 Gobel, Patricia. R676023---4-- eeeeee-- 3199 Gobert, Thomas. NATAVES oSsococonc000 StS) Gobetz, VickySEE Gobetz, Victoria. SEE Gobetz, Victoria L. Gobetz, Victoria. EU807268-..---e22---- 2044 Gobetz, Victoria L. EU807267..-.2- -ceee-- 2044 Go, bird, goEU808370.-----2eeeee= 2064 Goble, J- Scott. EU842593--.-ceeeeee-- 2709 Goblet Music, Inc. EU823537------e--ee-- 2349 2389 2389 EU 825682.---c--ecee-eGo, Broncos! EU852376...----2e2--- 2893 God. EU827581..-----eee--- 2426 God alone. EP375600.-----e2----- 1773 God and I are a
- 38. majority. EU846200....--------- 2777God answers prayer. EU824771..- -c2-e----- 2372 God answers prayers. 1900 EU859757--------22--- 3037 Godart, Anne-Marie. EF42416.....----22-2- 1595 EF 42418. e- 1555 EF42420.. oo Jeb EF 42421... -- 1555 EF42422.. e- 1555 EF42423..-- - 1555 EF42424..-- - 1555 EF42425..--4 oo TES EF4U2U28....2---cee2-- 1555 God, be merciful to me, a sinner. EP378554.-0----e----- 1841 God be merciful unto us. EP 379829...-- -22----- 1870 God be with you (till we meet again) R6 78623. .---+2- ------ 3186 God- bird-change. EBU805290..-..-------- 2006 466 God bless America again! EBU818388..-.e2e0s-e2- 2252 God bless Daddy the dreamer. EP375381..e---eee---- 1768 God bless Gospel Land OpryBU 854835..-2---e-e-e- 2941 God bless our home. R675864..ceececescene B675865.22eee2 R675866..----B675867.-- ccee--eeee= 3158 3158 3158 3158 God bless the child. EP374366..-2-ccceeee~ 1746 God bless the circus. BUSS old ene ciomicleinrelen 2009 God bless the day. EU814683...---2--0--- 2182 God bless the land of Israel. B6715117 ees cncecceeees S148 R678166.------s220--- 3182 God bless the lonely people. BU833788...
- 39. GOD — GODGod gave. EU8056.98...ccceecsees 20104 God gave a gift. EUSSN53 Geceleinaleiiea'alere 23 oy0 God gave His Son. EU805258.......------ 2006 God gave man dominion. EUSS9 19 occ eniacleaeia 2943 God gave me a bomb. EUB01911- cece ce ees 1943 God gave me a message in ay song. EU820867.......2....- 2291 God gave us a rainbow. EUST7591 2... ccc coe. 2237 God gave us the best. EU817088. 2.22.2. 2228 God gave us the mountain. EU8029348..........--. 1962 God gave you to ne. EU0860084........ w-- -- 3044 God gives me every blessing that I need. EUS2Z00N 7. ooo 6 cc cccs- 2291 God gives us love. BUESGI29 cnc cccem ease 2596 God give us peace! RGOG2 27 Gomicelaiemie ates aisle 209 God, grant me serenity. EVS21972 6c. cocsecciae o 2309 God has a phone. EUSS5305 2 ec ece ereiea 2950 God has a plan. BEG=189350-o cee clecies=) 1565 God has a task for you. EU8425 24. cccceeeces- 2707 God has been so good to me. EU829872.....-.-- -525 2469 God has blessed us! BES SOO mteletajarelalinitate 1813 God has done great things. Ee /C ICE RCA ASSES eS 1856 God has done just what He said. OSG Re Seeoosine - 1782 God has everything (under His control) ERSTE a6 onnosnqe -- 1670 God has no rival. EU803907... cc cence ees 1981 God has something for you. EP SIO933s ccc cuciems ola'c 1664 God has the power. EUOIG6335)sce ccc cece ne =e 2219 God has time to listen (at you have time to pray) BUGS5S20G6 co ceicisec woe 2949 God hath not given us the spirit of fear. EP371522......
- 40. GOD - GODGod made you mineR6OB2252-ceeeeeeeeeee- 3218 God makes hcuse calls. BU849530...---------- 2840 Godman, Henry CE£U856800.....-------- 2978 EU856801......------- 2978 God mounts His throne and God is king. EP372671------------- 1705 God mounts His throne--God is kingEP372671.----e2-e---- 1705 God must feel sad. BUS46647...---e2e---- 2786 God must have blessed America. BU809989...-----c---- 2094 God must have sent you to me. EP378561-.--s-c2e---- 1841 God must have shed a tear. EU845263--- --22------ 2759 God never sleeps. EU817392..--e---e---- 2233 EU851108..-..---2---- 2870 God never takes a vacation. EBUS4 1886-..2---2ce2-- 2696 God of AbrahanEU857669.-.-----ee2-- 2995 God of everything. EU856158....--------- 2966 God of gods, King of kings. EU812872...--e-eeeee- 2148 God of grace and glory. EP378533.-.---.------ 1840 The God of Israel of old. EU807902.....----- --- 2056 A God of love. EU846199..--c2-2----- 2777 God of my life. EU828595....--------- 2445 God of our fathers. R670445...--.--2----- 3102 God of our fathers, we give thanks to Thee. R67703 8..---2----- --- 3109 A God of perfect love. EU841055...---------- 2680 God of the living. EU838216....--------- 2627 God of the sunEP373236..----2-ee-- - 1719 Go do it, go spread the message. BU843907....-.------- 2734 God only knows. EP 375505.--------e--- 1771 EU801071..-.---2----- 1927 God only knows I love you. EU803286.....-------- 1969 God only knows I've tried. £U806533....--------- 2030 Godot. EP 371775 .---- ccee---- 1684 INDEX - MUSIC Go down. EU816654.....20-e---- 2219 Godown, Craig. EU839265.------------ 2646 EU839266.-.----------- 2646 Go down kelievin'. EBU813402..-----22e-2- 2158 Go down in style. EU831733.------------ 2503 Go down, Moses. EP371257-.---ce-- e--- 1672 EU859237.. 3027 Go down on the drag. EU855000..-.-.----- -- 2944 Go down town. EUS807448..--------- -- 2047 Godowsky, Leopold. B671902....2--------- 3116 R674011. .-----eeee--- 3136 Godoy, Carlos Arturo Mejia. SEE Mejia Godoy, Carlos Arturo. God, please (let this child sleep tonight) EU830209..-------2--- 2475 God, please protect America. R669667-..------22--- 3095 God put a pen in my hand. EU844142....---2----- 2738 God put a rainbow in the clouds. EU828438..-.--------- 2442 God put a song in my heart.
- 41. EU808835....--------- 2073 Godreaches out. EP375043..-.-.------- 1761 God really is good. EU826588..c----e----- 2406 God rest you merry, gentlemen. EP 379084....--------- 1853 God said. EU848826..-.--------- 2827 Gods amazing love. EP 375387.------------ 1768 EU857996...-------2--- 3001 God's armor. EU834165..-.---22e--- 2990 God save America‘! EU835900.-.--.------- 2583 God saved Noah. EU835930..----cee---- 2583 God save Old Glory. E£U806000.....------- - 2020 God, save our countryEU848419....--------- 2819 God saves us allEU810669..-----2-e--- 2108 God's beautiful light~EU844233-..-- -22-e--- 2740 God's been good to me. EU 80 3668..--------- -- 1976 EU 809092... ece-- 2078 EU815643....---e----- 2200 EU 823914...- -- 2356 EU854679..----------- 2938 God's biotic man. EU801989....------- -- 1945 God's children. EBUG06413....--------- 2028 Gods children still gather. EU826023...-----.---- 2396 God's church is going through. EP375197.- -e22ecee--- 1764 God's clock. Ma oaccssooancs00G say God*s coming back again. EU810616..--.-------- 2107 God's commandments. EU8 19463...----e----- 2272 God's computer. EP372475..-2eceeeeee- 1701 God's country. EU823799.--2-22--2--- 2354 EU827937.. 2432 EU 832589.-----2e-2--- 2519 God*s Country Music. EP374671..--------e--- 1752 EP375687..--- -- 1775 EP 378749...---ese-e-- 1845 EP378750...-----cee-- 1845 EP378751..---- cceeee= 1845 God's creation. EU837145...--ce2e---- 2606 God sent forth His Son. EP374173----ccccceees 1741 God's eternal plan. EU817698..--2--+--e--- 2239 God*s eternal Sunday. EU849570..----2- ----- 2841 God set the world in a whirl. EU807401..----------- 2046 God*s family. EP379586.---2e-2e2e-- 1865 EU846663-..----------- 2786 God's family a-gatheringEU854655..----eeeeee- 2938 God's favorite people. EP 379461.------------ 1862 Gods flower child. EU839179..----2e22e-- 2645 God's foresight. EU860145...2----e2--- 3045 God's garden. EP372442..-2--------- 1701 God's gift of love. EU807056-.-.--------- 2040 God's gifts. EU808019....--------- 2058 God*s gonna carry me through. EU856307...-..------- 2969 God's gonna give mea mountain. EP378422...--.2--20--- 1838 Gods gonna see you through. EU822254...---e2e2--- 2325 God*s good gifts, God's best gift, Oct.-Dec. 1957. EP371481...--c2--e--- 1677 God's got a blessing. EU828613.--22eeeceeee 2445 JUL. - DEC. 1977 Gods
- 42. got a plan.BU815776....---.----- 2202 God's got the time. EU842131-..---------- 2700 God's grace worked a miracle in me. EP 377730 .------2----- 1822 God's great creation. EU805643..-..-------- 2013 God's greatest gift. BU821323....-2-2----- 2307 BU857465.--- cceeeee-= 2991 God*s great love. EU823955 ------eeeeee- 2357 God's guiding my footsteps. EU84 9874 ...----e2---- 2846 God's hall of fame. EU837584...--e-e2-e-- 2615 EU856503.-----e22---- 2972 God's hand is thereEU838242.....--ce---- 2627 God's hands. EU819447...----220--- 2272 God's healing love. EU 80 3596...---e2e2- -- 1975 God's Holy Spirit is here. EBU837813---..--ccce-- 2619 God's holy word. EP375181.....-------- 1763 God*s in His holy place. EU854558...---e------- 2936 God's kid. EP377528.--eeee------ 1817 God's kindness. EU832189..----------- 2512 God's kingdon. EU810428....--------- 2103 God's love. EP 372842...---------- 1710 EU799545.. 1899 EU805541.. 2011 EU808949.. 2075 EU810594.. 2106 £U811842.. 2129 EU824853.- 2374 £U830211.. 2475 £U837146...-.- 2606 EU849789...--- 2845 EU849836..- 2846 EU854002...--.------- 2925 God's love for you. EU841499.....-------- 2688 God's love from the cross. EU852772..----2-2---- 2901 God's lowe gift. EP 373972-.----------- 1737 God's love is everywhere. EU839961..-.--------- 2660 God's love is Jesus. BU821824..-----e2--- 2317 God*s love is the theme of my song. BU818390.....-------- 2252 God's love is timeless. EU800197...---------- 1911 God*s love is true. EU836493..----------- 2594 These entries alone may not reflect the complete Copyright Office record pertaining to a particular work. Contact the U.S. Copyright Office for information about any additional records that may exist.
- 43. GOD — GOFGod's love song. BU809737...ceeeeeee-- 2090 God's love within me. EU821587... cccccences 2312 God's masterful hand. EU849850.....-2--22-- 2046 God's melody. EU842695. cen ecececee 2711 God's mercy line. BU842162....--------- 2701 God's mighty wonders. R678429. . ce cccecceee 3184 God's my provider. BUB14570..-- 2222 ee ee 2180 God's nature song. EU814625... ceca cecee 21381 God's never ending love. EU801005............. 1926 God's newborn race. EU844583.....-------- 2747 God so loved the world. EPSf6000- cc cceacice ces) A002 BES HOGI lixislelciciniminiaeisiem) t09)0 FU802469.....-------- 1954 BUGDNS 20 see eleieiein eee 29 aS God so loved the world (that He gave His Son) EU823195..cccccececns 2342 God so loved this world of ours. EU860318.....-.------ 3049 God-song. EU826403...---2-2---- 2403 God's other room. R666064......-------- 3064 Godspeed. EU81/0535.-. 2... -ceccee 2105 God's people. ER3795 65 ccmccccsccce 1865 God's perfect answer. EU809679.. 2c ccee cecee 2089 God's plan. EU806487.......- eoeee 2029 God's promises. BU799081.....ccc cece e 1898 God's quiet place. EU822655 -cccccccceees 2332 God's raintows. EU857326...ccccccee -- 2988 God's real estate. EU860662.......------ 3056 God's rules. EP376948.-. cece e--- 1804 God's sacred love. EP376961...cccccccees 1805 BU826283...ccccceeees 2400 God's sacrifice. EU821572. 2. cnesccnne ~ 2312 God's secret love. EU826283....---- cece ~ 2400 God's shelter. BUS4H4 12. 2 cece cee e 2043 God's smuggler. EU79S667....--------- 1901 INDEX — MUSIC God's Son. EUS24055.. 2. ccccancae 2399 God's song. EU837901.....2cceeee= 2621 God*s songs: of love, of trust and assurance. EU842078...-cce--e-e-- 2699 Gods special children. EU 80 2413..--e2e------ 1953 God's stars of the heavens. EP 372709... cccccccccee 1707 God's sunshine. EU852694.. ccc ceeeeee 2899 God's the love. EU 833831..------2----- 2544 God's time is the best. R676785. -ccacccecesee 3167 God's universe. EUS16208.. 2-22. .cce- 2211 God's way. BUS46912..cccceeceeee 2791 God's way is the best way (try it and see) BUS2 107 7a. ccc encccce | 2303 God's will, God's way. BUS39873..cccccecccee 2658 God's will is welcome. EU802173-.---
- 44. -2--2--2-- 1948 God'swonderful light. EP378275.-cccecc acces 1834 God's wonderful peace. EPS74576.- cccecccesse 1750 God's wondrous gift. EU8590 26..
- 45. GOF — GOTGo find another lover. BU829755.-.-esceeees - 2467 Go for broke. R676252. ...--- so0ccc90 Su Go for it. EU80 1703..-...- 1939 EU843088.....-------- 2718 Goforth, D. Wayne. £U845720...-...---- --- 2768 Go for the money. £0851900....--.------ 2884 Go forth in love. EU859815.....----- «-- 3039 Go forth to serve. EU814815...--22--eee- 2185 Goga, Jack. EU807209..----ee-e ee - 2043 £U831794.....-- eeeeee 2505 Goga, Jack A. EU814113...--------- - 2172 Go gather the children in. EU840288..... eecceees 2666 Go get ‘em, Hurricanes. EP375746....------- -- 1776 Goggins, William M. £08283 29....-.--0---s 2440 E£U857776.. codoo ZEf)z/ EU8577 77.22 e---- oon - 2997 EU857778....--- o96 Aeeyz) Gogin, Michael Lee. E0814491.....2ce cece e 2179 EU836622....-2-2--2-- 2596 E0836623...-cc2eceee- 25996 Go, go, baky. EU825932..--2---e-e0- 2394 Go! go! calypso. EU856046-...---2----- 2964 Go, go far angel. EU810694....------22- 2108 Go have some fun tonite. EU814084.....-- -e2--- 2171 Gohin, Eugene. R682005.....----2---- 3215 Gohin, Jacqueline. R682005...2---------- 3215 Gohn, David A. EU820087.....-2-eeee- 2284 £0820088. EU82 0090. Gohn, Ken. EU810968...----ee2--- 2113 EU835612.....-c2-e2-- 2577 Gohn, Ken J. EU835611..--.2--2---- 25/7 EU835613 eee 2977 £U835614..... soocgsan 257/77 Go home and tell it to your wife. EU845838...---.- ecee- 2770 Go home, Virginia. EU850206.....--.----- 2852 Gohsler, Warren D. E£U808181...--.--.---- 2061 Goias e saudade. INDEX — MUSIC Goin* away. EFO- 190510.....2..---- 1595 EU80 1642... -- 1938 EU 824188..... - 2361 EU849958....---2----- 2848 Goin away look. EU809872....--------- 2092 Goin back. EU820935.....-------- 2300 EU833141.. 2531 EU837269..--.-c------ 2609 Goin back home. EU857574...-------- oo 2e)3} EU858356.....--.- eee--- 3009 Goin back to Hawaii. EU807374...-------- -- 2046 Goin back to Memphis. R670811. e- 3104 R671475. een eeeceee ee 3112 Goin kack to Oakland. EU817954...--cceeee ee 2244 Goin* back to Texas. EU80 1846.....2---02-- 1942 Goin bananas. EU847200....--------- 2796 Goin blind. EP371859.---222-20e-- 1686 Goin* crazyR681586..------- -e--- 3208 Goin* down. EU803533..-2cce-eeee- 1974 Goin® down for the last time. EU807774..-222--ce-2- 2053 Goin down South.
- 46. EU834209...---------- 2551 Goindown the highway. EU804378.....---- ---- 1990 Goin* down the road. EU821599....----e0- e- 2312 Goin easy. R675598..------ ecceee 3154 Goin for a ride (to the other side) EU807133.----2-e-2e---- 2041 Going all the way with love. EU 823982...-- acccosca PERL Going around and around in this world. EU816260....-------2-- 2212 Going around in this world. EU816260....- --.2222- 2212 Going away. EU824188....--------- 2361 E£U843137... 2719 EU 849875...----e----- 2846 Going away (only lets you know how much you are in love) EU838259...2-22e--2--- 2627 Going back. EU816298....---2cee--- 2212 Going back to A-L-A. R678592. .. 22-222 -0e -- 3186 Going back to Dixie. EU828439....-2------- 2442 470 Going back to my old Virginia home. EU802797...2ccee-eeee- 1960 Going back to the jungle. EU806332.....- sagcsHen AAR Going back to Tulsa. EU852432.....-------- 2894 Going back where the wheat fields wave. EU804241...------ e--- 1987 Going down. EU823808.....-- ---- == 2354 Going down for the third time. EU833678...2---2-22-- 2541 Going down to Rio. £U818050...... secceee 2246 Going down to the river. EU819594.. 2.2 een ene 2274 Going first class. EU854552..------ aoooa 2ea5 Going for the one. EU801111...2222eeee-- 1928 Going higher. EU844921....--------- 2753 Going home. EP372470.. EP378748...-.-EU806121....--------- 2022 EU 814456...------EU817862...----2----- 2242 EU828353..- ccceceeees 2440 EU845534....2--06 EU849030...--.--EU850418 £U851210......--EU855931....- asq00000 Going home for Christmas. EU806382....----- ooso AAU Going home for Xmas. EU 806362..---2- -2ee--- 2027 Going home: the return of Hadeline Drean. EU859403........- e--- 3030 Going home to Georgia. EP378066..-2--- ece2--- 1829 Going home with You. EU817314...0-22220--- 2232 Going in with my eyes open. EP376048..---222----- 1783 Going nowhere. EU855989....----e-00e Going nowhere blues. EU831704....- ---2 eeee 2503 Going on. EU811636........- podode Aves Going on our way. EU808244......-2222-- 2062 Going out and make some memories. EU 805587... ----------- 2012 Going out in the morning. EU808484.....-.------ 2066 Going out of business. EU812870...-..22- -22- 2148 Going out of my mind (for you) EBU802769......-.-.-.- 1959 JUL. - DEC. 1977 Going out West. EU839973....2---2---- 2660 Going
- 47. out with theboys. EU834516...---------- 2556 Going places. R680396.....--------- 3200 Going round. EU854270...--------- - 2930 Goings, James. BU840811....---2----- 2676 EU848206 2815 EU848207.....-2------ 2815 Goings, Jimmy. SEE Goings, James. Going slow. BUIG237/53 lela cleiel=!=/almialo 235) Going slowly crazy over you. EU827627....22eeecee- 2427 Going through changes. EU809643....... eceee- 2088 Going through the motions. EU834660......- secee- 2559 EU843394....--- eeceee 2724 Going through the motions of love. EU806037.....- eceecee- 2020 Going thru. EU860050......-.- s--- 3043 Going thru my mind. EU855990....--- -- eee- 2963 Going thru the motions. EU834066...-- ecececes 2548 Going to a heartbreak. EU856283....2.-2-2----- 2968 Going to another place. EU825693.---- eeeeee-- 2389 Going to be a star. EU841806..-..--- eece- 2694 Going to City Hall. EU828202....--------- 2437 Going to close my album now. EU836400....--222222- 2592 Going to heaven. EU846880...-..---c--- 2790 Going to Mississippi. EU822135...---- secces 2322 Going to move. EU826675.....-------- 2408 Going to my ionely roon. EU815371..-.2eceeee-- 2195 Going to the hop tonight. EU850274..----cc-2-2-- 2854 Going to Toronto. EU805724....2-2---2-- 2015 Going with Him all the way. EU859269...- cce-eee-- 3028 Goin Hollywood. EP372781------------- 1708 Goin home. EU 803317..--- 1970 EU818828.. 2260 £U835237.. 2570 £U851201.. 2871 E£U852503.. 2896 EU856142...... 2966 These entries alone may not reflect the complete Copyright Office record pertaining to a particular work. Contact the U.S. Copyright Office for information about any additional records that may exist.
- 48. GOI - GLGoin* home alone (again) EU831492..ceceeeeee es 2499 Goin' home awhile. EUGHOS97—--ccemeecaaie 2102 Goin' home tomorrow. EU847404........----- 2800 Goin* home to only memories. EU824027..c ccccceenes 2358 Go in joy. EP379985....-- -2cee-e- 1674 Go in ny Father's name. EUS 16918... cee eeese 2224 Goin’ nowhere. EU801844..... - 1942 EU824735......- Se eone EU827236...cccceccnee 2418 Goin on. EPSZes G2... case Seaone UGE? Goin on a train. EU8060 23........----. 2020 Goin on the road again. EVS27293.caccecccna = 2420 Goin* out tonight. EU8246 06......------- 2369 Goin' out West. BUS3SS973 cc ccceseces 2660 Go in peace. EP 380430... -.cccecce~ 1886 Goin' places. EUSS2Z67 7 ces ccees---- 2921 Goins, Artis. BUMS Uspewciecawenss6 2154 Goins, Carris L. EU801866........ safeties LINZ Goins, Carris Lee. BUSO0S 720. ccccccene 19:18 Goins, C. L. Slin. SEE Goins, Carris L. SEE Goins, Carris Lee. Goins, Melvin. RUBS TA Neanaceccacen= 2012 EU0860088........----. 3044 Goins, RayEU850616............. 2860 FU86 0088.......------ 3044 Goins, Slin. SEE Goins, Carris Lee. Goin' steady. R674 261. cow nee nese - 3139 Go in the wilderness mediey. RGMS36:8 elaeie = nisin ae cele) 31 5)0 Goin' through changes. B0837235...-cceccesee 2608 Goin' through the changes. BUI994 72.0. .cccee «= 1898 Goin* through the motions. EUGOSTNS sce esene ce) 1908 E£0843690............. 2730 Goin' to Boston. REG68799. 2... cece ewe 3086 Goin' to Georgia. EU828550. 2.222222 ee 2444 INDEX - MUSIC Goin’ to Sebula. EU 839550....22ceenee- 2652 Goin' to take my life easy. EU847049....2-- -00-2--- 2793 Goin' to the city. EU822707...cceaccceee 2333 Goin to the coast. EU815350....e2eeeeee- 2195 Goin* to the disco. EU859878....--------- 3040 Go into the world. EU802272....--cccceee 1950 Goin to town. EU8109 14. nw cane nccevee 2112 Go into your dance, EU860495....----cee-- 3053 Goin west to L.A. EU809617....--- -ee--+ 2088 Go it alone. EUB24673..ccccccccees 2370 Gola, John, Jr. BU820651..cccecnesees 2295 Golan, Larry. EU 849781..-.222-2----- 2845 Goland, Arnold. EU0822791.. 22. 22---0- 2335 Goland, Nancy. EU 823186. .cc-cccceee 2342 Golata, Mary Jane. BUBZTOOF csemeaineiciesa= 24116 Gold. EU833688....ceeeeee-- 2541
- 49. £0841584 2690 Gold,Andrew. EP368819.- cc ccncccces 1649 Sh 7 SR esaepedecoge. Llc} BRST 5393 ocleateieleiniaaisi=) 1/268 EP37T625 1c ccccnccccee 1787 EBP376252..ccccceceecs 1788 EP 376253.... -- 1788 EP376254 ccc. ccceee- 1788 EP376255..cacaasecce= 17898 EPS7O2S6~ ccc ccccene 1189 1788 1788 1788 1788 1788 1788 EP 376263.... -- 1788 EP376264.....-- ecece= 1788 EP 376265... cccncccceee 1788 Gold, Andrew M. E£U821232...... adonoc 2306 Gold, Chesluk. SEE Gold, Laura Chesluk. Gold, David Adam. EU802933..ccccccceess 1962 EU809924.. cs cece ee 2093 Gold, Donna. £U838377.....- wacecces 2630 Gold, Harry. E0810079.......---.-- 2096 Gold, Howard, pseud. SEE Goldstein, Howard. Gold, Jack. EU822791- -ccjcecencece MOTTE ELE S358 a5 55c65 2335 3110 471 Gold, Jin. EEE EW ESosSoeeqccaa WEE £0803512. 1973 E£U803513. 1973 E£U8 03514. 1973 £U803515. 1973 BREE Asa eeseoeeccos 1973 Geld, Joel, pseud. SEE Goldfarb, Joel. Gold, Julie. EUG4 6296 e(elstelsi= (el=l=iaieaie 2590 EU836259. 2590 E£U836260....-........ 2590 Gold, Ken. EFUU?96 cc ccccon=s icky Ley JU) EP374064. om 039 EP374071. S05) Uz) EP377222. po Telit) EU82 0367. «=e 2289 EU843806. ee 2732 EU843808. se 2732 EU843809. ee 2132 E£U843810. e- 2732 EU859898.. -. 2.2... 3040 EU85993 0. cccceccecee 3041 BUB5993 1 ccc ccc cee S0K1 Gold, Laura. EU834116..-ccceceere= 2549 Gold, Laura Chesluk. EUSSO120 5c cicecteceme 2549 Gold, Lou. R66927650 oes emel-/-==01=) 3091 Gold, Marty. R676026... ccc concen R6 76027... cee ee eeene 3159 3159 Gold, Kon. SEE Gold, Ronald. Gold, Ronald. EU834116.. cece ceeeee EU834117. EU834118. EU834119. £U834120......EU834121.... E£U8 34123. EU834124. EU834125......-.----Gold, S., pseud. SEE Goldstein, Steven. SEE Goldstein, Steven G. SEE Goldstein, Steven Gary. Gold, Steve, pseud. SEE Goldstein, Steven. SEE Goldstein, Steven G. Gold, William Ray. R668974... 2-22 eee e eee 3088 Golda, Brian. EUS39N96 ce ceccccecees 2651 Goldbaum, Friedrich. R666601....2-2222---- 3070 Goldberg, Annette Joy. BUS2990 26 occ cecicimecie 24710 Goldberg, Barry. EP373466...2cccccceee 1725 EU816142. 2209 £U827287. 2420 £U837177. 2607 £U837319. 2610 EU837320....2se2e-e-- 2610
- 50. Goldberg, Donald A-~EU804953.......--2--- 2000 Goldberg, Gene. R670401.......-.--- oe 3101 JUL. — DEC. Goldberg, Harrison RB. EU843304.......... sche Goldberg, Irma S. R670530........ cencee B680157... R680158... Goldberg, Ken. SEE Goldberg, Kenneth Daniel. 3103 3198 3198 Goldberg, Kenneth Daniel. EU839273......--. see BU839698....-.-.2220Goldberg, Marsha Louise. EU804350......... so55 EU 804351......EBU804352...... EU 804353...... EU804354...... EU 804355... BUSO04356. 2.0. ese = Goldberg, Melissa Jo. EUS21648~ 62. ccc eee Goldberg, Mike. EU808538.....-----.- Goldberg, Neil. EU 833517... cee ccncene EU833518.. AG EU 833519.. EU833520.. £U833521.. EU833522.. Goldberg, Rube. R670530 R680157... R680 158 Goldberg (Steven) BU810105...-- seeesees £U810106....... Goldberg, Stu. SEE Goldberg, Goldberg, Stuart J. EU827790...---.-----Goldberg, Stuart Wayne. EU804831....--- -----Goldberger, David. EP 378990 ..ccccccacaae Goldberg variations. BUSH 3259S cee clecmauas Goldbird, Jack, pseud. SEE Deutscher, Drafi. Goldbird, Jack. SEE Gorldbird, Jack. Goldblatt, Michael. EU83 9646 . ccc cc cenceee Goldblatt, Nathan. EU810844.......--4 --The Gold blues. EU840500.....-------The Gold bottle. BU810107....cceeee oe Gold Coast Publishing. EU823928.....
- 51. GOL —- GOLGold dust. EU854690....--------- 2938 Gold dust by the bar. EU854879..- cece ee eee 2942 Gold dust woman. EP 373137...---------- 1716 Golde, Frannie. EU805173..-.--2------ 2004 EU816140.. 2209 2209 2209 2209 2327 2810 2810 2810 EU847961.....-------Golde, Lou, pseud. SEE Goldstein, Louis H. Golden, Bobby. EU815697..-------- e-- 2201 Golden, Bobby. SEE Golden, Robert W-. Golden, Dayna. EU845691...---------- 2768 Golden, Dick. EU860657...---+------ 3056 Golden, Gene. EP 378182... cence 1832 EP3781 83... e-- 1832 EP 378185...---------- 1832 Golden, Ginger. EU824741...-.---EU828897......------- 2451 EU832471....--- o05 257 EU834923.-.---------- 2504 oo ZEA Golden, Irene. R667632..---+-------- 3076 Golden, Jack. BR681933..-...-------- 3214 Golden, John. EU856017....2-.------ 2963 Golden, Larry. EU82U741...222e-ecce-- 2372 EU828897....--------- 2451 E£U8324 71..-.- - 2517 EU834923...-.-------- 25904 Golden, Lloyd HM. £U801256....-.------- 1931 EU801257...------ 1931 Golden, Rokert UW. £U815695....--------- 2201 Golden, Ron. EU858442...-.- eeeeee- 3011 Golden, Too. EU822572...---------- 2331 Golden, Veril. EU804834.....-- -----FU804835...---------1998 1998 Golden Adkorp Music. £U850609.....-------- 2860 Golden age of leather. EU831891...-----e2- -- 2506 Golden angel. E082 8890......---- eee 2451 Golden anniversary. EU852593.....-------- 2897 The Golden anniversary song. £U821511.....-------- 2311 The Golden apple. EU 85€202..-.----- -20Golden Apple Music, Inc. EU809955.....-------EU 809956.. EU 837454... -2 ee se eee ee Golden bear kElues. EU814897..-.------- =; Golden bells polka. EU 80 1659.....-------Goldenberg, Billy. EP 370307...---------Goldenberg, Mark. EU 80 2953...-.------- EU833661....--.-----2 Goldenberg, Patrick. EFO-189550-.-----+0--2 Goldenberg, Ronald A. EU85 1317..----------Golden boy. EU809724..-.--------EU827264..-------E0835526..----------Golden Boy Music. EU846329..----------Golden Browne. EU810991.....-------The Golden bullet. R667054. ..----------Golden cannonball. R665949. ...--- ------e Golden Chain Music. EU837850...---------The Golden child. EP 378959. -c2-----e--e Golden City. EU856636..-..-------B677064....--- 22 eee Golden Cornflake Music. EU 853570..--2--------Golden Dawn
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