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Revisão Sistemática da Literatura - Métodos e
Técnicas de Estudos do Futuro
Igor Azevedo Sampaio - ​ias@cesar.org.br
André Arruda - ​andre@aries.org.br
Introdução
Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados de revisão sistemática da literatura
em técnicas de estudos do futuro e foi conduzido no âmbito da disciplina “Estudos do
Futuro”, realizada no Centro de Informática da UFPE entre Agosto de Dezembro de 2016. O
estudo foi dividido em 4 etapas:
1. Definição das perguntas de pesquisa e estruturação da ​string​ de busca.
2. Realização da busca e refinamento,
3. Pré-seleção e seleção final de artigos
4. Leitura completa dos artigos selecionados, extração dos dados e síntese.
Na próxima seção, o desenvolvimento das etapas 1 a 3 será descrito em detalhes. Na
seção seguinte apresentaremos os resultados da leitura dos artigos selecionados através
da metodologia e as respostas encontradas para as perguntas de pesquisa (etapa 4). Por
fim, apresentaremos as conclusões e sugestões de extensões deste trabalho.
Definições e Desenvolvimento da Busca
Como mencionado anteriormente, a etapa inicial do trabalho consistiu em definir as
perguntas de pesquisa e, em seguida, estruturar uma ​strings​ de busca que pudesse ser
utilizada para encontrar artigos e trabalhos científicos capazes de respondê-las. As
perguntas de pesquisa escolhidas foram: i) Quais as principais metodologias de Estudos de
Futuro existentes? e ii) Em que áreas são utilizadas? A partir destas perguntas,
estruturou-se a seguinte ​string​ de busca:
“methodology OR strategy OR process AND future studies
OR prospective OR scenarios OR forecast OR foresight”
Em seguida, a segunda etapa consistiu em buscar artigos e outras publicações utilizando a
string de busca escolhida, e que tivessem sido publicados em Inglês e entre os anos 2012 e
2016, nos seguintes repositórios científicos: IEEE, ACM, Scopus e Springerlink.
Na primeira execução da busca, os resultados encontrados na IEEE e ACM não foram
avaliados como não relevantes. As publicações encontradas nesses repositórios eram em
sua maioria publicações técnicas das áreas de computação e engenharia, sem relação com
a área de estudos do futuro ou estudos prospectivos. Por sua vez, a Springerlink e Scopus
apresentaram um número enorme de resultados dentro dos objetivos da pesquisa. Foram
aproximadamente 676.000 publicações encontradas na Springerlink e 160.000 encontradas
na Scopus.
Dada essa enorme quantidade de publicações encontradas, a ​string de busca foi
reformulada para restringir melhor os resultados e aproximar-se mais dos objetivos da
pesquisa e uma nova rodada de buscas foi executada na Springerlink e Scopus. A nova
string de busca definida foi:
methodology AND future studies OR forecast OR foresight
Nesta nova execução da busca foram retornados 86 artigos na Scopus, no entanto a
Springer ainda retornou mais de 200.000 publicações. Assim, foram filtradas as 1000
primeiras publicações em ordem de relevância (segundo o critério do site) e assim
chegou-se ao conjunto inicial de publicações para serem avaliados.
Na terceira etapa, foi feita a seleção dos artigos que respondem às perguntas de pesquisa.
Essa seleção foi feita em dois passos de filtragem:
a. Título e abstract - foram lidos o título e abstract das publicações e realizada uma
pré-seleção das publicações relevantes. Foram selecionadas as seguintes
publicações neste passo:
Autores Títulos Ano
Jaranyagorn, P.,
Chansa-Ngavej, C.
Technology forecasting methods with emphasis on bibliographic analysis
and curve fitting: A photocatalytic case example
2012
Coelho, V.N., Coelho, I.M.,
Coelho, B.N., Reis, A.J.R.,
Enayatifar, R., Souza, M.J.F.,
Guimarães, F.G.
A self-adaptive evolutionary fuzzy model for load forecasting problems on
smart grid environment
2016
van der Steen, M., van Twist,
M., van der Vlist, M., Demkes,
R.
Exploring the future through creative competition: The RWS2020-project 2010
Armstrong, J.S., Du, R.,
Green, K.C., Graefe, A.
Predictive validity of evidence-based persuasion principles: An application
of the index method
2016
Wilson, T. Evaluation of Alternative Cohort-Component Models for Local Area
Population Forecasts
2016
Lee, S., Cho, C., Hong, E.-K.,
Yoon, B.
Forecasting mobile broadband traffic: Application of scenario analysis and
Delphi method
2016
Park, S., Kim, J., Lee, H.,
Jang, D., Jun, S.
Methodology of technological evolution for three-dimensional printing 2016
Sardar, Z., Sweeney, J.A. The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times 2016
Hofer, P., Eisl, C., Mayr, A. Forecasting in Austrian companies: Do small and large Austrian
companies differ in their forecasting processes?
2015
Bildosola, I., Rio-Bélver, R.,
Cilleruelo, E.
Forecasting the big services era: Novel approach combining statistical
methods, expertise and technology roadmapping
2014
Schenatto, F.J.A., Polacinski,
É., De Abreu, A.F., De Abreu,
P.F.
Critical analysis of future studies: An approach based on history and
concepts of the topic [Análise crítica dos estudos do futuro: Uma
abordagem a partir do resgate histórico e conceitual do tema]
2011
[No author name available] WIMAX: Forecasting by integrating scenario planning and bass model
methodologies
2009
Bergheim, S. Long-run growth forecasting 2008
Claudio Gomez Portaleoni,
Svetla Marinova, Rehan
ul-Haq, Marin Marinov
Literature Review (from the book Corporate Foresight and Strategic
Decisions)
2013
Natalia D Pankratova,
Rostyslav V Bubnov
Solving strategic problems of medicine of the future on the basis of the
foresight methodology
2014
Jan Erik Karlsen
Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging
quantitative and qualitative expert data
2014
Ozcan Saritas, Serhat
Burmaoglu
The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a scientometric analysis of
global FTA research output
2015
Jan Ondrus, Tung Bui, Yves
Pigneur
A Foresight Support System Using MCDM Methods 2015
Arthur Muliro, Aidan Eyakuze Editorial: Future of Foresight 2013
Osmo Kuusi, Kerstin Cuhls,
Karlheinz Steinmüller
The futures Map and its quality criteria 2015
Ratnadip Adhikari, R. K.
Agrawal
A linear hybrid methodology for improving accuracy of time series
forecasting
2014
Naresh Bansal, Jack Strauss,
Alireza Nasseh
Can we consistently forecast a firm’s earnings? Using combination
forecast methods to predict the EPS of Dow firms
2015
Daniel Maul, Dirk Schiereck The bond event study methodology since 1974 2016
Enzo Sauma, Sonia Vera,
Karim Osorio, Deinny
Valenzuela
Design of a methodology for impact assessment of energy efficiency
programs: measuring indirect effects in the Chilean case
2016
Mu Mu Methods, current status, and prospect of targeted observation 2013
Huai-zhong Yu, Jia Cheng,
Xiao-tao Zhang, Lang-ping
Zhang, Jie Liu, Yong-xian
Zhang
Multi-Methods Combined Analysis of Future Earthquake Potential 2013
Kayvan Karimi
A configurational approach to analytical urban design: ‘Space syntax’
methodology
2012
Tabela 1 - Publicações resultantes do primeiro passo de filtragem
(leitura deTtítulo e Abstract)
b. Filtragem final ​- leitura da introdução e conclusão das publicações selecionadas no
passo anterior. Das 27 publicações selecionadas na etapa de extração, foi possível
fazer o download de apenas 17. Após a leitura da introdução e conclusão, foram
selecionadas as seguintes publicações:
Autores Títulos Ano
Sardar, Z., Sweeney, J.A. The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times 2016
Claudio Gomez Portaleoni,
Svetla Marinova, Rehan
ul-Haq, Marin Marinov
Corporate Foresight and Strategic Decisions - Literature Review 2013
Jan Erik Karlsen
Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging
quantitative and qualitative expert data
2014
Ozcan Saritas, Serhat
Burmaoglu
The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a scientometric analysis of
global FTA research output
2015
Tabela 2 - Publicações resultantes do segundo passo de filtragem
(leitura das seções de Introdução e Conclusão)
Na próxima seção serão descritas as descobertas feitas a partir da leitura das publicações
listadas acima e serão listados os dados que respondem às perguntas de pesquisa.
Leitura dos Artigos Selecionados e Extração de Dados
Conforme mencionado anteriormente, a última etapa na busca por respostas para as
perguntas de pesquisa é a leitura e extração de dados dos artigos selecionados nas etapas
de busca e filtragem. Iniciou-se assim, o processo de busca das respostas nos artigos
listados na Tabela 2.
Ao dar início à leitura das publicações, percebeu-se que dois deles propõe-se a apresentar
novos métodos de ​foresight/estudos do futuro, ou a combinar diferentemente métodos já
existentes. São eles os artigos “The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times” [1] e “Design
and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging quantitative and qualitative
expert data” [4]. Tais artigos não ajudaram a responder às perguntas de pesquisa
diretamente pois apenas citam alguns métodos rapidamente, como no seguinte trecho de
[4]:
“The three best-known consensus methods are the Delphi process, the Consensus
Development Conference and the Nominal Group Technique (NGT), the latter also
known as the «Expert panel». The consensus method is a structured method of group
decision-making that allows a rich generation of original ideas, balanced participation of
all members of the small group, and a rank-ordered set of decisions based on a
mathematical voting method. “
A publicação [2] trata-se de uma revisão da literatura publicada como capítulo do livro
“Corporate Foresight and Strategic Decisions” e busca traçar um panorama geral do
fenômeno de ​foresight nas organizações. Buscando desde as origens do conceito de
“futuros alternativos”, passando pelo desenvolvimento das abordagens de cenários no final
dos anos 60 até o início da sua aplicação em corporações no início da década de 70.
“The concept of alternative and hence multiple futures was a milestone in the area of
futures studies. In the early 1970s, the environment was still perceived as predictable;
thus scientists engaged in filtering out the one single, probable or even wishful future
environmental state. It was at this time that the oil crisis and the success of scenario
planning led to the ‘multiple futures’ concept in organizations”
“Scenario approaches were initially developed by military institutions at the end of the
1960s. The successful”
São a seguir citados alguns casos emblemáticos da aplicações de ​foresight como o estudo
realizado na Shell que levou a empresa a estar bem posicionada para a crise do petróleo
nos anos 1970. E o trabalho que resultou na publicação do livro “Limits of Growth”. E após
explorar os diversos aspectos envolvidos nos estudos do futuro e apresentar conceitos
sedimentados na área, passa a discutir mais especificamente o foresight corporativo. Nesta
seção então os autores passam a falar sobre os métodos e técnicas mais utilizados em
foresight. Os autores dividem os métodos em duas macro categorias, a dos métodos
subjetivos e a dos objetivos, e passam então explicar os principais métodos de cada uma.
Na categoria dos métodos subjetivos, encontram-se os seguintes trechos:
“Brainstorming. Introduced in the 1930s, the brainstorm technique allowed the
generation of new ideas by means of creative problem-solving procedures. The
principle of building associations in a group of people enhances the creativity process in
contrast to the limited creative capacity of only one person. Companies are particularly
interested in brainstorming for the purpose of improving processes, the relation between
the company, customers and suppliers as well as for its contribution to technical
innovation
(Balackova, 2003).” (Página 53)
“Scenario approaches. According to Burt and van der Heijden (2003), scenario planning
is a basic premise to improve the quality of strategic conversations within the company.
This method is further defined as ‘... a philosophy of thinking about the future’ (Burt and
van der Heijden, 2003, p. 1020). On the one hand, this aspect addresses the holistic
potential of scenarios to explore and interpret the future from an abstract point of view.
On the other hand, the authors define scenario planning as a field of practice consisting
of many different methods. Roubelat (2006) further distinguishes between the analytical
and ideological functions of scenarios. Whereby the study at hand will focus on the
former, the latter is still to be discussed in academia with regard to the conceptual and
theoretical nature of futures studies (Niiniluoto, 2001; Bell, 2002; Inayatullah, 2002;
Chermack, 2007).
Scenarios generally depict different images of the future, thereby elucidating the
contextual environment and the subsequent consequences for both the subject and the
organization. Scenarios also support the derivation of strategic decisions related to the
identified consequences (Fichter and Kiehne, 2006).” (Páginas 53 e 55)
Alguns trechos que encontramos sobre a categoria de métodos objetivos:
“Delphi studies. In the 1950s, the Delphi method was created at the RAND Corporation
in Santa Monica, California (Blind, Cuhls and Grupp, 2001). Delphi studies are
multi-round surveys which usually address experts regarding certain topics. What
makes Delphi surveys so remarkable when compared to traditional expert surveys is
the delivery of the first round’s results to the participants, so that they may adjust their
previous answers if wished. Usually the survey is conducted anonymously and in large
sample sizes.
In terms of foresight, Delphi surveys are generally adopted for long-range forecastings
(20–30 years), because experts’ opinions are perceived to be the main information
source for this time frame (Blind, Cuhls and Grupp, 2001). Whilst Delphi studies are
predominantly acknowledged as a quantitative means to explore the future, other
authors have added a qualitative aspect concerning the intuitive character of the
experts’ answers (Cuhls, 2003a). The key to success for every Delphi survey lies in the
selection of the panel members as well as in the design and formulation of the
questionnaire. The level of success of the Delphi technique is based on finding
consensus among experts. The shortcomings of this method are mainly rooted in the
rejection of extreme positions and the tendency towards pessimistic long-term forecasts
by experts (Burgelman et al., 1996).” (Páginas 55 e 56)
“Forecasting. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 2009a),
a ‘forecast’ is defined as ‘...a prophecy, estimate, or prediction of a future happening or
condition; 1 a: to calculate or predict (some future event or condition) usually as a result
of study and analysis of available pertinent data; b: to indicate as likely to occur.’ The
definition indicates that forecasts and forecasting are concerned with the prediction of
one single future. In their well-received publication, Makridakis, Andersen, Carbone,
Fildes, Hibon, Lewandowski, Newton, Parzen and Winkler (1982) define forecasting as:
...an essential activity both at the personal and organizational level. Forecasts can be
obtained by: a) purely judgemental approaches; b) casual or explanatory (e.g.
econometric or regression) methods; c) extrapolative (time series) methods; and d) any
combination of the above. [...] In forecasting, accuracy is a major, although not the only
factor [...] that has been dealt within the forecasting literature by empirical or
experimental studies.(p. 111–112)
More recent publications (Kristóf, 2006; MacKay and McKiernan, 2006) assert that
forecasting is a suitable method to use when analysing less complex phenomena in a
short-term horizon. Forecasting can additionally support the comprehension and
recognition of influential factors within a foresight activity. However, mechanical,
deterministic and mathematic/statistical methods are inadequate in chaotic, uncertain,
unstable and complex environments. In particular, the shortcomings of forecasting
methods lie in their potential to miss weak signals and the subsequent risk for the
organization’s strategy (Kristóf, 2006; MacKay and McKiernan, 2006).” (Página 56)
“Simulation Modelling. A model is a simplified version of reality which eases the
decipherment of the world and cause-effect relationships. McLean (1978, p. 330)
defines simulation modelling as
...a simulation model imitates and represents the system under study in
the form of a set of mathematical variables and a number of explicit
relationships between them. These relationships are sufficient to
determine the change in the model variables over time [...], this process
usually being performed with the help of a computer.
According to McLean’s definition, a simulation is strongly dependent on computation
which supports the mastery of relationships and mechanisms. Simulation modelling can
be adapted in a variety of ways, which increases its applicability across different
scientific areas.” (Páginas 56 e 57)
“Trend extrapolation. Trend extrapolations were widely used in the energy industry in
the early 1970s when rapidly increasing energy consumption was causing economic
difficulties. Forecasting technologies at that time and since have aimed at deriving
policy recommendations to deal with these challenges (Quist and Vergragt, 2006).
Generally, a trend displays a tendency in a time series. Certain definitions concerning
trends describe an ‘extension’ of current developments, which implies a connection
between the present and the future (Fichter and Kiehne, 2006). A necessary
requirement to analyse trends is historical data which project a time-plot excluding
seasonal and cyclical factors or irregular shocks, which would elsewhere blur the
extrapolation’s outcomes in terms of accuracy. Generally, mathematical calculation,
such as moving averages, linear regressions, curvilinear regression and envelope
curves are employed for illustrating the developments of trends (Hill, 1978).” (Página
57)
Por sua vez o artigo “The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a scientometric analysis
of global FTA research output” [3] faz, como o nome já indica, uma análise cientométrica
dos métodos que ele classifica como “future-oriented technology analysis” (FTA) com
ênfase em ​foresight:
“This study performs a scientometric analysis of the publications in the major FTA
journals with the aim of understanding the dynamics of using Foresight methods across
time. [...] a special emphasis is given on Foresight as a systematic and inclusive way of
exploring long term futures, developing visions and formulating policies for action.”
(Página 1)
E ainda na introdução, o autor coloca como uma dos objetivos do artigo:
“The scientometric study presented in the paper aims to demonstrate the most
frequently used methods by researchers and practitioners.” (Página 1)
Em seguida o artigo passa a discorrer sobre os usos dos métodos em ​foresight e sugere 10
critérios para nortear a escolha de um método específico, a depender dos fatores
envolvidos no contexto da realização do exercício. Os autores então citam uma outra
publicação que mapeou mais de 2000 exercícios de Foresight entre 2004 e 2008 e sintetiza
algumas das conclusões, conforme trechos abaixo:
“[...] literature reviews, expert panels and scenarios were listed among the most
frequently used methods, with other methods including trend analysis, interviews,
Delphi and other surveys, key technologies, scanning were mentioned as commonly
used methods. [...] study also claims that Roadmapping, modelling and simulation,
bibliometrics, morphological analysis, gaming and multi-criteria analysis were
mentioned as less frequently used methods. Qualitative methods were considered to be
the most popular methods with less emphasis on quantitative methods.” (Página 5)
“Regarding the number of methods used in Foresight exercises, EFMN concluded that
the diversity of methods is high. Foresight studies tend to integrate multiple methods.
An average of five methods was used in the Foresight exercises mapped. Among the
most frequently integrated methods are Expert Panels, Brainstorming, Delphi and
Scenarios” (Página 5)
Os autores ressaltam então que tal publicação, no entanto, foi realizado com dados até
2008. Eles passam então a descrever o processo de análise cientométrica que foi realizada
por eles próprios e que alcança até o ano de 2014. São descritas as hipóteses, as
ferramentas de análise e os repositórios de publicações utilizados.
Após falarem sobre o grande crescimento da quantidade de métodos identificados ao longo
dos anos cobertos na análise, algumas das descobertas vão sendo descritas e discutidas:
“[...] some of the key methods for Foresight such as scenario analysis, the Delphi
method, forecasting and roadmapping still remain as the key methods, however, other
new methods are increasingly used. These may be the other well-known methods,
which have been used elsewhere and more recently transferred to Foresight activities
such as system dynamics, bibliometric analysis and simulation. The increasing ranking
of these methods among the others indicate the emphasis, which is currently being
given on the quantitative methods. The presence of well-known methods on the agenda
of Foresight researchers and practitioners proves the reliability of them. It should also
be borne in mind that these conventional methods are currently being used in rather
‘un-conventional’ ways with new tools and technologies such as electronic surveys,
advanced simulation-based scenarios, automated roadmaps among the others.”
(Página 7)
“it can also be asserted that the increase in the variety of methods used consequently is
due to the multi-method approach.” (Página 7)
Quando referindo-se à clusterização dos métodos feita para o período de 2001 a 2010, o
artigo afirma que:
“[...] it can be seen that Technology Foresight is closely associated with Delphi,
forecasting, technology roadmaps, and to a greater extent with network analysis. It is
also noteworthy that participatory approaches are given more emphasis with the expert
panels becoming more significant.” (Página 8)
E para o período de 2010 a 2014:
“[...] Technology Foresight exists as a strong methodological constituent along with
Delphi and scenario methods. At this period of time Technology Roadmapping is given
more emphasis. It is remarkably seen that quantitative methods like text mining, patent
analysis and network analysis emerge as part of the central cluster and find applications
in recent Foresight exercises. Similarly, another quantitative method, system dynamics,
grows as a separate, but not a very distant, island containing other methods like
simulation and agent-based modelling.” (Página 8)
O artigo também apresenta informações relevantes para responder à
segunda pergunta de pesquisa (i.e. “Em que áreas são utilizados as
métodologias de estudos do futuro?”):
them.
“Top 10 application areas were obtained through the analysis of the Web of Science
categories where the publications in the database are most frequently associated to.
They include:
1. Business and economics
2. Public administration
3. Engineering
4. Operations research and management science
5. Environmental sciences and ecology
6. Science and technology (S&T)—other topics
7. Energy and fuels
8. Materials science
9. Government and law
10. Metallurgy and metallurgical engineering
As most of the publications are categorised under these areas, they can be considered
a sthe most frequently practiced sites for Foresight. Having a detailed look at a few of
them, it can be seen that Business and Economics category is closely linked to
Strategic Foresight. Public Administration, which appears to be the second largest site
of application, widely uses scenario analysis, and methods related to science and
technology policy along with technology roadmapping and emerging technologies.
Engineering is another field where Technology Foresight has been applied widely.
Regarding Operations Research and Management, Text mining, early warning, game
theory and cross-impact analysis are among the most frequently used methods.
Sensibly, Environmental Science and Ecology is engaged with horizon scanning,
agent-based modelling and benefit-cost analysis methods. In other Science and
Technology areas (i.e. the top cluster in Fig. 3), where Foresight studies have been
widely undertaken, trend analysis, weak signals, workshops, and bibliometric and
patent analyses are among the most frequently used methods.” (Páginas 9 e 10)
Os autores então apresentam as conclusões do trabalho, ressaltando o
grande crescimento na quantidade de métodos utilizados em ​foresight no
período analisado na pesquisa. Destacam ainda que, apesar disso, os
métodos “tradicionais” permanecem como ferramentas confiáveis na área,
apesar da maneira como são utilizados tenha evoluído.
Conclusão e Trabalhos Futuros
Os trabalhos que foram lidos conseguiram responder de maneira bastante satisfatória às
perguntas de pesquisa estipuladas para esta análise sistemática. Os principais métodos
foram identificados, de acordo com as quotas listadas na seção anterior. Foram também
identificadas as principais áreas em que tem sido empregados os estudos do futuro, além
de informações adicionais à respeito da evolução da aplicação dessas metodologias e de
possíveis novas tendências na área.
Apesar disso, as publicações analisadas aparentemente não fazem uma listagem tão
exaustiva dos nomes e informações dos métodos, por vezes citando “famílias” de métodos
e não especificando maiores detalhes das possibilidades dentro de cada agrupamento. Por
exemplo, quando falam de “métodos de cenários”, os autores de ambos os artigos não se
preocupam em fazer uma listagem dos mais utilizados ou relevantes dentro da categoria.
Assim, como possibilidade de trabalhos futuros, poderia-se realizar uma extensão desta
revisão para selecionar mais publicações que possa fornecer uma abrangência maior nesse
aspecto. Por exemplo, poderia-se explorar as referências das duas publicações já
analisadas em cadeia.
Referências
1. Ziauddin Sardar, and John Sweeney, “The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times,”
Futures 75 (2016): 1–13.
2. Claudio Gomez Portaleoni, Svetla Marinova, Rehan ul-Haq, Marin Marinov, Capítulo:
“Literature Review”, Corporate Foresight and Strategic Decisions (2013): 6-83.
3. Ozcan Saritas, Serhat Burmaoglu, “The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a
scientometric analysis of global FTA research output”, Scientometrics (2015) 105:
497-508.
4. Jan Erik Karlsen, “Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology
bridging quantitative and qualitative expert data”, European Journal of Futures
Research (2014), 2: 40.

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Métodos de Estudos do Futuro - Revisão sistemática (artigo)

  • 1. Revisão Sistemática da Literatura - Métodos e Técnicas de Estudos do Futuro Igor Azevedo Sampaio - ​ias@cesar.org.br André Arruda - ​andre@aries.org.br Introdução Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados de revisão sistemática da literatura em técnicas de estudos do futuro e foi conduzido no âmbito da disciplina “Estudos do Futuro”, realizada no Centro de Informática da UFPE entre Agosto de Dezembro de 2016. O estudo foi dividido em 4 etapas: 1. Definição das perguntas de pesquisa e estruturação da ​string​ de busca. 2. Realização da busca e refinamento, 3. Pré-seleção e seleção final de artigos 4. Leitura completa dos artigos selecionados, extração dos dados e síntese. Na próxima seção, o desenvolvimento das etapas 1 a 3 será descrito em detalhes. Na seção seguinte apresentaremos os resultados da leitura dos artigos selecionados através da metodologia e as respostas encontradas para as perguntas de pesquisa (etapa 4). Por fim, apresentaremos as conclusões e sugestões de extensões deste trabalho. Definições e Desenvolvimento da Busca Como mencionado anteriormente, a etapa inicial do trabalho consistiu em definir as perguntas de pesquisa e, em seguida, estruturar uma ​strings​ de busca que pudesse ser utilizada para encontrar artigos e trabalhos científicos capazes de respondê-las. As perguntas de pesquisa escolhidas foram: i) Quais as principais metodologias de Estudos de Futuro existentes? e ii) Em que áreas são utilizadas? A partir destas perguntas, estruturou-se a seguinte ​string​ de busca: “methodology OR strategy OR process AND future studies OR prospective OR scenarios OR forecast OR foresight” Em seguida, a segunda etapa consistiu em buscar artigos e outras publicações utilizando a string de busca escolhida, e que tivessem sido publicados em Inglês e entre os anos 2012 e 2016, nos seguintes repositórios científicos: IEEE, ACM, Scopus e Springerlink. Na primeira execução da busca, os resultados encontrados na IEEE e ACM não foram avaliados como não relevantes. As publicações encontradas nesses repositórios eram em sua maioria publicações técnicas das áreas de computação e engenharia, sem relação com a área de estudos do futuro ou estudos prospectivos. Por sua vez, a Springerlink e Scopus apresentaram um número enorme de resultados dentro dos objetivos da pesquisa. Foram aproximadamente 676.000 publicações encontradas na Springerlink e 160.000 encontradas na Scopus.
  • 2. Dada essa enorme quantidade de publicações encontradas, a ​string de busca foi reformulada para restringir melhor os resultados e aproximar-se mais dos objetivos da pesquisa e uma nova rodada de buscas foi executada na Springerlink e Scopus. A nova string de busca definida foi: methodology AND future studies OR forecast OR foresight Nesta nova execução da busca foram retornados 86 artigos na Scopus, no entanto a Springer ainda retornou mais de 200.000 publicações. Assim, foram filtradas as 1000 primeiras publicações em ordem de relevância (segundo o critério do site) e assim chegou-se ao conjunto inicial de publicações para serem avaliados. Na terceira etapa, foi feita a seleção dos artigos que respondem às perguntas de pesquisa. Essa seleção foi feita em dois passos de filtragem: a. Título e abstract - foram lidos o título e abstract das publicações e realizada uma pré-seleção das publicações relevantes. Foram selecionadas as seguintes publicações neste passo: Autores Títulos Ano Jaranyagorn, P., Chansa-Ngavej, C. Technology forecasting methods with emphasis on bibliographic analysis and curve fitting: A photocatalytic case example 2012 Coelho, V.N., Coelho, I.M., Coelho, B.N., Reis, A.J.R., Enayatifar, R., Souza, M.J.F., Guimarães, F.G. A self-adaptive evolutionary fuzzy model for load forecasting problems on smart grid environment 2016 van der Steen, M., van Twist, M., van der Vlist, M., Demkes, R. Exploring the future through creative competition: The RWS2020-project 2010 Armstrong, J.S., Du, R., Green, K.C., Graefe, A. Predictive validity of evidence-based persuasion principles: An application of the index method 2016 Wilson, T. Evaluation of Alternative Cohort-Component Models for Local Area Population Forecasts 2016 Lee, S., Cho, C., Hong, E.-K., Yoon, B. Forecasting mobile broadband traffic: Application of scenario analysis and Delphi method 2016 Park, S., Kim, J., Lee, H., Jang, D., Jun, S. Methodology of technological evolution for three-dimensional printing 2016 Sardar, Z., Sweeney, J.A. The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times 2016 Hofer, P., Eisl, C., Mayr, A. Forecasting in Austrian companies: Do small and large Austrian companies differ in their forecasting processes? 2015 Bildosola, I., Rio-Bélver, R., Cilleruelo, E. Forecasting the big services era: Novel approach combining statistical methods, expertise and technology roadmapping 2014 Schenatto, F.J.A., Polacinski, É., De Abreu, A.F., De Abreu, P.F. Critical analysis of future studies: An approach based on history and concepts of the topic [Análise crítica dos estudos do futuro: Uma abordagem a partir do resgate histórico e conceitual do tema] 2011 [No author name available] WIMAX: Forecasting by integrating scenario planning and bass model methodologies 2009 Bergheim, S. Long-run growth forecasting 2008
  • 3. Claudio Gomez Portaleoni, Svetla Marinova, Rehan ul-Haq, Marin Marinov Literature Review (from the book Corporate Foresight and Strategic Decisions) 2013 Natalia D Pankratova, Rostyslav V Bubnov Solving strategic problems of medicine of the future on the basis of the foresight methodology 2014 Jan Erik Karlsen Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging quantitative and qualitative expert data 2014 Ozcan Saritas, Serhat Burmaoglu The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a scientometric analysis of global FTA research output 2015 Jan Ondrus, Tung Bui, Yves Pigneur A Foresight Support System Using MCDM Methods 2015 Arthur Muliro, Aidan Eyakuze Editorial: Future of Foresight 2013 Osmo Kuusi, Kerstin Cuhls, Karlheinz Steinmüller The futures Map and its quality criteria 2015 Ratnadip Adhikari, R. K. Agrawal A linear hybrid methodology for improving accuracy of time series forecasting 2014 Naresh Bansal, Jack Strauss, Alireza Nasseh Can we consistently forecast a firm’s earnings? Using combination forecast methods to predict the EPS of Dow firms 2015 Daniel Maul, Dirk Schiereck The bond event study methodology since 1974 2016 Enzo Sauma, Sonia Vera, Karim Osorio, Deinny Valenzuela Design of a methodology for impact assessment of energy efficiency programs: measuring indirect effects in the Chilean case 2016 Mu Mu Methods, current status, and prospect of targeted observation 2013 Huai-zhong Yu, Jia Cheng, Xiao-tao Zhang, Lang-ping Zhang, Jie Liu, Yong-xian Zhang Multi-Methods Combined Analysis of Future Earthquake Potential 2013 Kayvan Karimi A configurational approach to analytical urban design: ‘Space syntax’ methodology 2012 Tabela 1 - Publicações resultantes do primeiro passo de filtragem (leitura deTtítulo e Abstract) b. Filtragem final ​- leitura da introdução e conclusão das publicações selecionadas no passo anterior. Das 27 publicações selecionadas na etapa de extração, foi possível fazer o download de apenas 17. Após a leitura da introdução e conclusão, foram selecionadas as seguintes publicações: Autores Títulos Ano Sardar, Z., Sweeney, J.A. The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times 2016 Claudio Gomez Portaleoni, Svetla Marinova, Rehan ul-Haq, Marin Marinov Corporate Foresight and Strategic Decisions - Literature Review 2013 Jan Erik Karlsen Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging quantitative and qualitative expert data 2014 Ozcan Saritas, Serhat Burmaoglu The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a scientometric analysis of global FTA research output 2015 Tabela 2 - Publicações resultantes do segundo passo de filtragem (leitura das seções de Introdução e Conclusão)
  • 4. Na próxima seção serão descritas as descobertas feitas a partir da leitura das publicações listadas acima e serão listados os dados que respondem às perguntas de pesquisa. Leitura dos Artigos Selecionados e Extração de Dados Conforme mencionado anteriormente, a última etapa na busca por respostas para as perguntas de pesquisa é a leitura e extração de dados dos artigos selecionados nas etapas de busca e filtragem. Iniciou-se assim, o processo de busca das respostas nos artigos listados na Tabela 2. Ao dar início à leitura das publicações, percebeu-se que dois deles propõe-se a apresentar novos métodos de ​foresight/estudos do futuro, ou a combinar diferentemente métodos já existentes. São eles os artigos “The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times” [1] e “Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging quantitative and qualitative expert data” [4]. Tais artigos não ajudaram a responder às perguntas de pesquisa diretamente pois apenas citam alguns métodos rapidamente, como no seguinte trecho de [4]: “The three best-known consensus methods are the Delphi process, the Consensus Development Conference and the Nominal Group Technique (NGT), the latter also known as the «Expert panel». The consensus method is a structured method of group decision-making that allows a rich generation of original ideas, balanced participation of all members of the small group, and a rank-ordered set of decisions based on a mathematical voting method. “ A publicação [2] trata-se de uma revisão da literatura publicada como capítulo do livro “Corporate Foresight and Strategic Decisions” e busca traçar um panorama geral do fenômeno de ​foresight nas organizações. Buscando desde as origens do conceito de “futuros alternativos”, passando pelo desenvolvimento das abordagens de cenários no final dos anos 60 até o início da sua aplicação em corporações no início da década de 70. “The concept of alternative and hence multiple futures was a milestone in the area of futures studies. In the early 1970s, the environment was still perceived as predictable; thus scientists engaged in filtering out the one single, probable or even wishful future environmental state. It was at this time that the oil crisis and the success of scenario planning led to the ‘multiple futures’ concept in organizations” “Scenario approaches were initially developed by military institutions at the end of the 1960s. The successful” São a seguir citados alguns casos emblemáticos da aplicações de ​foresight como o estudo realizado na Shell que levou a empresa a estar bem posicionada para a crise do petróleo nos anos 1970. E o trabalho que resultou na publicação do livro “Limits of Growth”. E após explorar os diversos aspectos envolvidos nos estudos do futuro e apresentar conceitos sedimentados na área, passa a discutir mais especificamente o foresight corporativo. Nesta seção então os autores passam a falar sobre os métodos e técnicas mais utilizados em foresight. Os autores dividem os métodos em duas macro categorias, a dos métodos subjetivos e a dos objetivos, e passam então explicar os principais métodos de cada uma. Na categoria dos métodos subjetivos, encontram-se os seguintes trechos:
  • 5. “Brainstorming. Introduced in the 1930s, the brainstorm technique allowed the generation of new ideas by means of creative problem-solving procedures. The principle of building associations in a group of people enhances the creativity process in contrast to the limited creative capacity of only one person. Companies are particularly interested in brainstorming for the purpose of improving processes, the relation between the company, customers and suppliers as well as for its contribution to technical innovation (Balackova, 2003).” (Página 53) “Scenario approaches. According to Burt and van der Heijden (2003), scenario planning is a basic premise to improve the quality of strategic conversations within the company. This method is further defined as ‘... a philosophy of thinking about the future’ (Burt and van der Heijden, 2003, p. 1020). On the one hand, this aspect addresses the holistic potential of scenarios to explore and interpret the future from an abstract point of view. On the other hand, the authors define scenario planning as a field of practice consisting of many different methods. Roubelat (2006) further distinguishes between the analytical and ideological functions of scenarios. Whereby the study at hand will focus on the former, the latter is still to be discussed in academia with regard to the conceptual and theoretical nature of futures studies (Niiniluoto, 2001; Bell, 2002; Inayatullah, 2002; Chermack, 2007). Scenarios generally depict different images of the future, thereby elucidating the contextual environment and the subsequent consequences for both the subject and the organization. Scenarios also support the derivation of strategic decisions related to the identified consequences (Fichter and Kiehne, 2006).” (Páginas 53 e 55) Alguns trechos que encontramos sobre a categoria de métodos objetivos: “Delphi studies. In the 1950s, the Delphi method was created at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California (Blind, Cuhls and Grupp, 2001). Delphi studies are multi-round surveys which usually address experts regarding certain topics. What makes Delphi surveys so remarkable when compared to traditional expert surveys is the delivery of the first round’s results to the participants, so that they may adjust their previous answers if wished. Usually the survey is conducted anonymously and in large sample sizes. In terms of foresight, Delphi surveys are generally adopted for long-range forecastings (20–30 years), because experts’ opinions are perceived to be the main information source for this time frame (Blind, Cuhls and Grupp, 2001). Whilst Delphi studies are predominantly acknowledged as a quantitative means to explore the future, other authors have added a qualitative aspect concerning the intuitive character of the experts’ answers (Cuhls, 2003a). The key to success for every Delphi survey lies in the selection of the panel members as well as in the design and formulation of the questionnaire. The level of success of the Delphi technique is based on finding consensus among experts. The shortcomings of this method are mainly rooted in the rejection of extreme positions and the tendency towards pessimistic long-term forecasts by experts (Burgelman et al., 1996).” (Páginas 55 e 56) “Forecasting. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 2009a), a ‘forecast’ is defined as ‘...a prophecy, estimate, or prediction of a future happening or condition; 1 a: to calculate or predict (some future event or condition) usually as a result of study and analysis of available pertinent data; b: to indicate as likely to occur.’ The definition indicates that forecasts and forecasting are concerned with the prediction of one single future. In their well-received publication, Makridakis, Andersen, Carbone, Fildes, Hibon, Lewandowski, Newton, Parzen and Winkler (1982) define forecasting as: ...an essential activity both at the personal and organizational level. Forecasts can be obtained by: a) purely judgemental approaches; b) casual or explanatory (e.g. econometric or regression) methods; c) extrapolative (time series) methods; and d) any combination of the above. [...] In forecasting, accuracy is a major, although not the only factor [...] that has been dealt within the forecasting literature by empirical or experimental studies.(p. 111–112) More recent publications (Kristóf, 2006; MacKay and McKiernan, 2006) assert that forecasting is a suitable method to use when analysing less complex phenomena in a
  • 6. short-term horizon. Forecasting can additionally support the comprehension and recognition of influential factors within a foresight activity. However, mechanical, deterministic and mathematic/statistical methods are inadequate in chaotic, uncertain, unstable and complex environments. In particular, the shortcomings of forecasting methods lie in their potential to miss weak signals and the subsequent risk for the organization’s strategy (Kristóf, 2006; MacKay and McKiernan, 2006).” (Página 56) “Simulation Modelling. A model is a simplified version of reality which eases the decipherment of the world and cause-effect relationships. McLean (1978, p. 330) defines simulation modelling as ...a simulation model imitates and represents the system under study in the form of a set of mathematical variables and a number of explicit relationships between them. These relationships are sufficient to determine the change in the model variables over time [...], this process usually being performed with the help of a computer. According to McLean’s definition, a simulation is strongly dependent on computation which supports the mastery of relationships and mechanisms. Simulation modelling can be adapted in a variety of ways, which increases its applicability across different scientific areas.” (Páginas 56 e 57) “Trend extrapolation. Trend extrapolations were widely used in the energy industry in the early 1970s when rapidly increasing energy consumption was causing economic difficulties. Forecasting technologies at that time and since have aimed at deriving policy recommendations to deal with these challenges (Quist and Vergragt, 2006). Generally, a trend displays a tendency in a time series. Certain definitions concerning trends describe an ‘extension’ of current developments, which implies a connection between the present and the future (Fichter and Kiehne, 2006). A necessary requirement to analyse trends is historical data which project a time-plot excluding seasonal and cyclical factors or irregular shocks, which would elsewhere blur the extrapolation’s outcomes in terms of accuracy. Generally, mathematical calculation, such as moving averages, linear regressions, curvilinear regression and envelope curves are employed for illustrating the developments of trends (Hill, 1978).” (Página 57) Por sua vez o artigo “The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a scientometric analysis of global FTA research output” [3] faz, como o nome já indica, uma análise cientométrica dos métodos que ele classifica como “future-oriented technology analysis” (FTA) com ênfase em ​foresight: “This study performs a scientometric analysis of the publications in the major FTA journals with the aim of understanding the dynamics of using Foresight methods across time. [...] a special emphasis is given on Foresight as a systematic and inclusive way of exploring long term futures, developing visions and formulating policies for action.” (Página 1) E ainda na introdução, o autor coloca como uma dos objetivos do artigo: “The scientometric study presented in the paper aims to demonstrate the most frequently used methods by researchers and practitioners.” (Página 1) Em seguida o artigo passa a discorrer sobre os usos dos métodos em ​foresight e sugere 10 critérios para nortear a escolha de um método específico, a depender dos fatores envolvidos no contexto da realização do exercício. Os autores então citam uma outra publicação que mapeou mais de 2000 exercícios de Foresight entre 2004 e 2008 e sintetiza algumas das conclusões, conforme trechos abaixo:
  • 7. “[...] literature reviews, expert panels and scenarios were listed among the most frequently used methods, with other methods including trend analysis, interviews, Delphi and other surveys, key technologies, scanning were mentioned as commonly used methods. [...] study also claims that Roadmapping, modelling and simulation, bibliometrics, morphological analysis, gaming and multi-criteria analysis were mentioned as less frequently used methods. Qualitative methods were considered to be the most popular methods with less emphasis on quantitative methods.” (Página 5) “Regarding the number of methods used in Foresight exercises, EFMN concluded that the diversity of methods is high. Foresight studies tend to integrate multiple methods. An average of five methods was used in the Foresight exercises mapped. Among the most frequently integrated methods are Expert Panels, Brainstorming, Delphi and Scenarios” (Página 5) Os autores ressaltam então que tal publicação, no entanto, foi realizado com dados até 2008. Eles passam então a descrever o processo de análise cientométrica que foi realizada por eles próprios e que alcança até o ano de 2014. São descritas as hipóteses, as ferramentas de análise e os repositórios de publicações utilizados. Após falarem sobre o grande crescimento da quantidade de métodos identificados ao longo dos anos cobertos na análise, algumas das descobertas vão sendo descritas e discutidas: “[...] some of the key methods for Foresight such as scenario analysis, the Delphi method, forecasting and roadmapping still remain as the key methods, however, other new methods are increasingly used. These may be the other well-known methods, which have been used elsewhere and more recently transferred to Foresight activities such as system dynamics, bibliometric analysis and simulation. The increasing ranking of these methods among the others indicate the emphasis, which is currently being given on the quantitative methods. The presence of well-known methods on the agenda of Foresight researchers and practitioners proves the reliability of them. It should also be borne in mind that these conventional methods are currently being used in rather ‘un-conventional’ ways with new tools and technologies such as electronic surveys, advanced simulation-based scenarios, automated roadmaps among the others.” (Página 7) “it can also be asserted that the increase in the variety of methods used consequently is due to the multi-method approach.” (Página 7) Quando referindo-se à clusterização dos métodos feita para o período de 2001 a 2010, o artigo afirma que: “[...] it can be seen that Technology Foresight is closely associated with Delphi, forecasting, technology roadmaps, and to a greater extent with network analysis. It is also noteworthy that participatory approaches are given more emphasis with the expert panels becoming more significant.” (Página 8) E para o período de 2010 a 2014: “[...] Technology Foresight exists as a strong methodological constituent along with Delphi and scenario methods. At this period of time Technology Roadmapping is given more emphasis. It is remarkably seen that quantitative methods like text mining, patent analysis and network analysis emerge as part of the central cluster and find applications in recent Foresight exercises. Similarly, another quantitative method, system dynamics, grows as a separate, but not a very distant, island containing other methods like simulation and agent-based modelling.” (Página 8)
  • 8. O artigo também apresenta informações relevantes para responder à segunda pergunta de pesquisa (i.e. “Em que áreas são utilizados as métodologias de estudos do futuro?”): them. “Top 10 application areas were obtained through the analysis of the Web of Science categories where the publications in the database are most frequently associated to. They include: 1. Business and economics 2. Public administration 3. Engineering 4. Operations research and management science 5. Environmental sciences and ecology 6. Science and technology (S&T)—other topics 7. Energy and fuels 8. Materials science 9. Government and law 10. Metallurgy and metallurgical engineering As most of the publications are categorised under these areas, they can be considered a sthe most frequently practiced sites for Foresight. Having a detailed look at a few of them, it can be seen that Business and Economics category is closely linked to Strategic Foresight. Public Administration, which appears to be the second largest site of application, widely uses scenario analysis, and methods related to science and technology policy along with technology roadmapping and emerging technologies. Engineering is another field where Technology Foresight has been applied widely. Regarding Operations Research and Management, Text mining, early warning, game theory and cross-impact analysis are among the most frequently used methods. Sensibly, Environmental Science and Ecology is engaged with horizon scanning, agent-based modelling and benefit-cost analysis methods. In other Science and Technology areas (i.e. the top cluster in Fig. 3), where Foresight studies have been widely undertaken, trend analysis, weak signals, workshops, and bibliometric and patent analyses are among the most frequently used methods.” (Páginas 9 e 10) Os autores então apresentam as conclusões do trabalho, ressaltando o grande crescimento na quantidade de métodos utilizados em ​foresight no período analisado na pesquisa. Destacam ainda que, apesar disso, os métodos “tradicionais” permanecem como ferramentas confiáveis na área, apesar da maneira como são utilizados tenha evoluído. Conclusão e Trabalhos Futuros Os trabalhos que foram lidos conseguiram responder de maneira bastante satisfatória às perguntas de pesquisa estipuladas para esta análise sistemática. Os principais métodos foram identificados, de acordo com as quotas listadas na seção anterior. Foram também identificadas as principais áreas em que tem sido empregados os estudos do futuro, além de informações adicionais à respeito da evolução da aplicação dessas metodologias e de possíveis novas tendências na área. Apesar disso, as publicações analisadas aparentemente não fazem uma listagem tão exaustiva dos nomes e informações dos métodos, por vezes citando “famílias” de métodos e não especificando maiores detalhes das possibilidades dentro de cada agrupamento. Por exemplo, quando falam de “métodos de cenários”, os autores de ambos os artigos não se preocupam em fazer uma listagem dos mais utilizados ou relevantes dentro da categoria. Assim, como possibilidade de trabalhos futuros, poderia-se realizar uma extensão desta
  • 9. revisão para selecionar mais publicações que possa fornecer uma abrangência maior nesse aspecto. Por exemplo, poderia-se explorar as referências das duas publicações já analisadas em cadeia. Referências 1. Ziauddin Sardar, and John Sweeney, “The Three Tomorrows of Postnormal Times,” Futures 75 (2016): 1–13. 2. Claudio Gomez Portaleoni, Svetla Marinova, Rehan ul-Haq, Marin Marinov, Capítulo: “Literature Review”, Corporate Foresight and Strategic Decisions (2013): 6-83. 3. Ozcan Saritas, Serhat Burmaoglu, “The evolution of the use of Foresight methods: a scientometric analysis of global FTA research output”, Scientometrics (2015) 105: 497-508. 4. Jan Erik Karlsen, “Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging quantitative and qualitative expert data”, European Journal of Futures Research (2014), 2: 40.