Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024
Eight-Step Research Process Model
1. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
1
S. Hassan Adelyar, Ph.D
Instructor of Computer Science Faculty
Kabul University
July 2023
The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
2. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
2
Research is a practical, systematic &
step-by-step approach.
Series of steps / activities
Closely related steps
Each step provides a variety of methods,
models and procedures.
Overlap of activities
Consider the sub-sequence steps
Research Process
3. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
3
Input, process & output.
For research there are two important
decisions to make:
What you want to find.
How to find answers.
4. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
4
Research
Process
What Research Problem
How
Literature Review
(Concepts +
Findings)
Hypotheses
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Generalize /
Interpret
Reporting
5. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
5 Research Methodologies
Case Study Research (Context)
Design Science Research (Artifact)
Experimental Research (Variables)
Comparative Research (Cases / Variables)
Systematic Literature Review (Analysis)
6. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
6
Formulating the Research Problem
Problem
Space
Gap
Aim
Objectives
Questions
7. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
7
Considerations in selecting a research
problem
Interest
Magnitude
Relevance
Availability of data
8. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
8
Decide the general area of interest
(Discuss with colleagues / experts)
Examine available literature
Conceptual literature
Empirical literature
Rephrase the problem
9. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
9
Provides theoretical background.
Establish the links between what you are
proposing & what has already been
studied.
Enables you to show how your findings
have contributed to the existing body of
knowledge.
Literature Review
10. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
10
There are four steps involved in
conducting a literature review:
Searching for the existing literature in
your area of study.
Reviewing the selected literature.
Developing a theoretical framework.
Developing a conceptual framework.
11. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
11
There are two sources that you can use to
prepare a references / bibliography:
Books
Papers / Articles
12. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
12
Developing Theoretical Framework
Examining the literature can be a
never-ending task.
But as you have limited time it is
important to set parameters by
reviewing the literature in relation to
some main themes relevant to your
research topic.
13. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
13
Conceptualizing Research Design
Stems from the theoretical
framework.
Focuses on the sections which
become the basis of your study.
Systematic, controlled, valid and
rigorous description of what is not
known.
14. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
14
The use of appropriate methods.
The conceptual framework
describes the aspects you selected
from the theoretical framework to
become the basis of your enquiry.
15. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
15 Conceptualizing Research Design
Security
Practices
Software
Agile
XP
e-Learning
Classic
Learning
e-Learning
Comparison
Benefits /
Challenges
e-Learning
Ecosystem
Elements
Environment
Factors
16. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
16
Unsure assumption
Affect the manner of tests and analysis
Guide the research by delimiting the
area of research and keep him on the
right track.
Hypotheses
17. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
17
Conceptual structure for conducting the
research.
Provide for the collection of relevant
evidence with minimal expenditure of
effort, time and cost.
Depend on the type of research:
Fixed / Strict
Flexible
Research Design
18. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
18
Fixed:
Accurate description
Variables
Minimize bias
Maximize reliability
19. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
19
Sample Design:
The way of selecting the sample
Before data collection
For the accuracy of your findings.
Limitation of cost & time.
20. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
20
General types:
Random / probability sampling
designs
Non-random/non-probability
sampling designs
Mixed sampling design.
21. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
21
Deliberate sampling
Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
The population is stratified into a
number of non-overlapping sub-
population & samples are selected
from each groups.
22. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
22
Cluster sampling
Grouping the population and then
selecting the groups rather than
individual elements from the group.
23. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
23
Writing a Research Proposal
Define a clear question and approach to
answering it.
Highlight its originality or
significance.
Explain how it adds to existing
literature in the field.
24. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
24
Potential supervisors use research
proposals to assess the quality and
originality of your ideas, your skills in
critical thinking and the feasibility of
the research project.
Research proposals may vary in length,
but generally speaking, a proposal should
be no more than or 5 pages in length; 2-3
pages is normally sufficient.
25. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
25
Elements of research proposal:
Title
Research Summary (aims, significant,
expected outcome)
Research Details
Research Questions
Aims / Objectives
26. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
26
Significance/Contribution
Theoretical Framework and
Methods
Research Plan and Timeline
27. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
27
Example of Research Timeline & Plan
28. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
28
Collect the data from which you will
draw results & conclusions for your
study.
Many methods could be used to gather
the required data.
Data can be categorized as:
Primary data (real life problems)
Secondary data
Data Collection
29. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
29
Primary data
Observation
Participant
Non-participant
Interview
Structured
Unstructured
30. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
30
Questionnaire
Mailed
Collective
Focus-group
31. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
31
Interview questions order
Funnel model
Pyramid model
Time-glass model
Note: for question order one of the above
model is better then random order.
p
32. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
32
Secondary Data
Documents
Earlier Research
Governmental publication
Reports
33. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
33
Constructing Instrument
Anything that becomes a means of
collecting information for your study
is called a research tool or a research
instrument.
For example observation forms,
interview question, questionnaires,
survey, or variables.
34. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
34 Data Analysis
The collected data is analyzed to derive
conclusions.
Clear chain of evidence (Empirical).
The process of analysis depends on:
Type of data
Quantity of data
In qualitative research analysis is
performed in parallel with data
collection.
p
35. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
35
Analysis:
Categories
Coding
Tabulation
Theory / generalization
Compare with hypotheses
p
36. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
36
The outline of the thesis can be as follow
but not necessarily exactly the same:
Topic
Declaration
Acknowledgement
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table of contents
Abstract
Reporting
37. The Research Process: An Eight-step Model
Research
Methodology
March 2023
37
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Appendices
References / Bibliography