This document outlines a study to develop a laboratory scale reactor to generate hydrogen rich synthesis gas (syngas) via thermochemical conversion of sustainable fuels like propane and biomass waste glycerol. Cold flow experiments were conducted to establish the minimum spouting velocity for a conical spouted bed reactor. Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis was used to qualitatively select operating parameters like pressure, temperature and reactant ratios for dry reforming, partial oxidation, steam reforming and autothermal reforming of propane. Experimental results from a plug flow reactor showed that autothermal reforming is most suitable for producing syngas with high hydrogen content and carbon-free products. Preliminary studies explored using nickel-based catalysts supported
The document describes the development of a laboratory scale conical spouted bed reactor for biomass gasification. Initial experiments involve cold flow studies to establish stable spouting conditions. Future work includes hot flow studies and thermodynamic modeling to evaluate favorable operating conditions for hydrogen-rich syngas production from fuels like glycerol and propane. Existing correlations for minimum spouting velocity were found to be inadequate, so a new correlation was developed that showed excellent agreement with experimental data. Preliminary equilibrium analysis of reforming systems indicates steam reforming produces less hydrogen than partial oxidation or auto-thermal reforming. Further experiments are needed to validate the modeling results.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and its graft copolymers with acrylic acid. CMS was prepared from native starch, hydrolyzed starch, and highly hydrolyzed starch using a carboxymethylation reaction. The degree of substitution and viscosity of CMS depended on the starch source and reaction conditions. Acrylic acid was then grafted onto CMS using a chemical initiation process involving potassium bromate and thiourea dioxide initiators. The total conversion of acrylic acid was optimized by varying materials to liquor ratio, initiator concentration, reaction temperature, acrylic acid concentration, and CMS properties. CMS and its graft copolymers showed promising properties for industrial applications as thicken
Advanced nano carbon based sorbent for co2 captureMaha Yusuf
This document summarizes research on developing improved carbon-based sorbents for CO2 capture. It investigates using nano-carbons like graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide frameworks (GOF) due to their large surface areas. The researchers synthesized single-layer nano-GO using a modified Hummer's method with sonication and KMnO4. They also synthesized a GOF using methanol solvothermal synthesis with GO and benzene-1,4-diboronic acid. Characterization methods showed the nano-GO had the highest surface area and CO2 adsorption capacity of 41.5 mg CO2/g, higher than reported materials. The improved sorbents could potentially be used for
IRJET- Study on Mechanical and Structural Properties of Geopolymer Concrete M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical and structural properties of geopolymer concrete made with recycled aggregates. Six mixes of geopolymer concrete beams were cast with different proportions of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and partial replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. The beams were tested to determine properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, load-deflection behavior, crack patterns, and failure modes. Test results showed that geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregates exhibited improved mechanical and structural performance compared to a control mix.
This document summarizes Maha Yusuf's final year project on developing an advanced nano-carbon-based sorbent for CO2 capture. The project aimed to synthesize and characterize nano-graphene oxide, nano-graphene oxide frameworks, and other nano-carbons to improve CO2 capture capacity. Methods included oxidizing graphite via a modified Hummers' method and sonication to produce single-layer nano-graphene oxide sheets. Nano-graphene oxide frameworks were also synthesized using a solvothermal method. Characterization using BET, SEM, EDX, and XRD showed the nano-graphene oxide had the highest surface area and CO2 adsorption capacity of 41.5 mg
Application Note: Advanced Applications Enabled by OmniGIS® Gas InjectionOmniprobe, Inc
Omniprobe’s OmniGIS® is designed with enabling features to extend capability and results for typical gas processes within SEMs and FIBs in a manner not previously achievable, and in doing so, opens up new opportunities for in situ experiments within FIB and SEM instruments. Learn what new results are possible.
This document outlines procedures for sampling fly ash from lots for testing and analysis. It defines key terms like lot, sub-lot, increment, and describes how to divide lots into sub-lots for sampling based on lot size. It provides methods for collecting increments to form gross samples from conveyors, stockpiles during loading/unloading, and completed stockpiles. It also describes how to reduce gross samples to obtain laboratory samples and how to prepare a composite sample from laboratory samples for certain tests. The goal is to obtain representative samples to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash.
The document describes the development of a laboratory scale conical spouted bed reactor for biomass gasification. Initial experiments involve cold flow studies to establish stable spouting conditions. Future work includes hot flow studies and thermodynamic modeling to evaluate favorable operating conditions for hydrogen-rich syngas production from fuels like glycerol and propane. Existing correlations for minimum spouting velocity were found to be inadequate, so a new correlation was developed that showed excellent agreement with experimental data. Preliminary equilibrium analysis of reforming systems indicates steam reforming produces less hydrogen than partial oxidation or auto-thermal reforming. Further experiments are needed to validate the modeling results.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and its graft copolymers with acrylic acid. CMS was prepared from native starch, hydrolyzed starch, and highly hydrolyzed starch using a carboxymethylation reaction. The degree of substitution and viscosity of CMS depended on the starch source and reaction conditions. Acrylic acid was then grafted onto CMS using a chemical initiation process involving potassium bromate and thiourea dioxide initiators. The total conversion of acrylic acid was optimized by varying materials to liquor ratio, initiator concentration, reaction temperature, acrylic acid concentration, and CMS properties. CMS and its graft copolymers showed promising properties for industrial applications as thicken
Advanced nano carbon based sorbent for co2 captureMaha Yusuf
This document summarizes research on developing improved carbon-based sorbents for CO2 capture. It investigates using nano-carbons like graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide frameworks (GOF) due to their large surface areas. The researchers synthesized single-layer nano-GO using a modified Hummer's method with sonication and KMnO4. They also synthesized a GOF using methanol solvothermal synthesis with GO and benzene-1,4-diboronic acid. Characterization methods showed the nano-GO had the highest surface area and CO2 adsorption capacity of 41.5 mg CO2/g, higher than reported materials. The improved sorbents could potentially be used for
IRJET- Study on Mechanical and Structural Properties of Geopolymer Concrete M...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical and structural properties of geopolymer concrete made with recycled aggregates. Six mixes of geopolymer concrete beams were cast with different proportions of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and partial replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. The beams were tested to determine properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, load-deflection behavior, crack patterns, and failure modes. Test results showed that geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregates exhibited improved mechanical and structural performance compared to a control mix.
This document summarizes Maha Yusuf's final year project on developing an advanced nano-carbon-based sorbent for CO2 capture. The project aimed to synthesize and characterize nano-graphene oxide, nano-graphene oxide frameworks, and other nano-carbons to improve CO2 capture capacity. Methods included oxidizing graphite via a modified Hummers' method and sonication to produce single-layer nano-graphene oxide sheets. Nano-graphene oxide frameworks were also synthesized using a solvothermal method. Characterization using BET, SEM, EDX, and XRD showed the nano-graphene oxide had the highest surface area and CO2 adsorption capacity of 41.5 mg
Application Note: Advanced Applications Enabled by OmniGIS® Gas InjectionOmniprobe, Inc
Omniprobe’s OmniGIS® is designed with enabling features to extend capability and results for typical gas processes within SEMs and FIBs in a manner not previously achievable, and in doing so, opens up new opportunities for in situ experiments within FIB and SEM instruments. Learn what new results are possible.
This document outlines procedures for sampling fly ash from lots for testing and analysis. It defines key terms like lot, sub-lot, increment, and describes how to divide lots into sub-lots for sampling based on lot size. It provides methods for collecting increments to form gross samples from conveyors, stockpiles during loading/unloading, and completed stockpiles. It also describes how to reduce gross samples to obtain laboratory samples and how to prepare a composite sample from laboratory samples for certain tests. The goal is to obtain representative samples to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash.
This document outlines a study on producing nitrogen enriched carbon coated graphene scaffolds for use in supercapacitors. Graphene oxide was synthesized using a modified Hummer's method and then reduced to produce reduced graphene oxide. Some samples were further modified by enriching with nitrogen and coating with carbon from glucose. Characterization with SEM, UV spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry showed the nitrogen enriched carbon coated reduced graphene oxide had higher porosity, lower oxygen content and higher specific capacitance, making it a promising electrode material for capacitive energy storage.
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
The document describes a study that synthesized three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) perovskites using a dual-templating method to produce nanohybrid catalysts for methane combustion. The 3DOM La1-xCexCoO3 catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity than conventional 1D nanowire structures due to their larger surface areas, higher oxygen species concentrations, better low-temperature reducibility, and unique nanovoid structure. Optimization of cerium content in the La1-xCexCoO3 solid solutions improved the materials' thermal stability and high catalytic activity, with 3DOM La0.7Ce0.3CoO3 demonstrating the best performance.
The Controlled Disassembly of Mesostructured Perovskites Hamid Arandiyan
Versatile superstructures composed of nanoparticles have recently been prepared using various disassembly methods. However, little information is known on how the structural disassembly influences the catalytic performance of the materials. Here we show how the disassembly of an ordered porous La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 perovskite array, to give hexapod mesostructured nanoparticles, exposes a new crystal facet which is more active for catalytic methane combustion.
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15553
Visit our website, http://www.pcrg.unsw.edu.au , for the latest news, publications, and research from our group.
The document summarizes an innovative new soil opening technology called ISOT. It finds that ISOT is superior to current planting technologies in requiring less fuel, producing lower carbon emissions, and having higher crop yields. ISOT has the potential to significantly reduce atmospheric CO2 levels through large-scale adoption of zero-tillage farming practices. The technology could help reverse soil degradation and pollution caused by conventional agriculture.
Au-Pd Supported on 3D Hybrid Strontium-Substituted Lanthanum Manganite Perovs...Hamid Arandiyan
Bimetallic Au–Pd nanoparticles dispersed on a nanohybrid three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) perovskite support exhibit a synergy for catalytic methane oxidation. The large support surface area, high Au–Pd dispersion, strong noble metal–support interaction, and an enrichment of adsorbed oxygen species (invoked by the Au inclusion) combine to boost catalytic performance.
Visit our website, http://www.pcrg.unsw.edu.au , for the latest news, publications, and research from our group.
This document summarizes experimental work validating numerical simulations of precise polymer melt processing using the Cambridge Multipass Rheometer (MPR). [1] The MPR was used to perform slit flow and cross-slot flow experiments on polymer melts like polystyrene. [2] Both the Pom-Pom and Rolie-Poly constitutive models were able to simulate the rheology and match experimental pressure drop and flow patterns when appropriate relaxation spectra and nonlinear parameters were used. [3] The validation demonstrates the ability of numerical simulation to accurately model complex viscoelastic flows.
Graphene oxide was synthesized from graphite powder and functionalized with ethanolamine to produce GO-EA. GO-EA was successfully redispersed in an ethylene glycol solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed the expected functional groups on GO and the appearance of new peaks indicating successful functionalization of GO-EA. Future work will verify the increased thermal conductivity of the solution and explore GO-EA's catalytic properties.
Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and
silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste materials such as fly ash or
slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. Since,
the current usage of fly ash in India is still around 25% and below 45% even in the developed
countries like United States, there is a huge scope for fly ash in upcoming years. So let us harness
a billion dollar resource that has been wasted so far.
This document discusses optimization of boil off gas (BOG) recondensation processes at LNG receiving terminals in South Korea. It presents process flow diagrams and statistics on LNG imports and regasification terminals in South Korea. The document proposes a study to simulate and optimize the BOG recondensation process to reduce energy usage. It outlines a three-phase work plan involving literature review, process simulation, and reporting. References presented include sources on BOG recondensation, LNG terminal design, and LNG import statistics.
Preparation and characterization of pla pbat organoclay compositesJunaedy Keputet
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-therephtthalate) (PLA/PBAT) nanocomposites. Key points:
1) PLA and PBAT were blended using melt blending to improve PLA's brittleness. Organoclays were also prepared using cation exchange and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and TGA.
2) Adding PBAT improved the tensile strength and elongation at break of PLA but decreased tensile modulus. FTIR and DMA showed the blends were miscible. Scanning electron microscopy visualized phase separation at high PBAT contents.
Froth Flotation_1 presentation includes flotation fundamentals, performance calculation, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and also particle or bubble contact. Next, Front Flotation_2 will brightly discuss about collection in the froth layer, reagents and flotation's equipment.
This presentation is for my last Cambridge Rheology course lecture. The presentation links course work with research that had been carried out in the Department. The presentation has been modified a little to aid web clarity.
This presentation was given in Cardiff at the European Society of Rheology Conference in 2009. The presentation is about research in "extreme" areas of rheology and includes work on measuring the viscoelasticity of low viscosity fluids and the limiting extensional viscosity of high viscosity fluids.
This document summarizes a study on the strength, economic, and sustainability characteristics of geopolymer concrete made with coal ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The study found that:
1) Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete achieved a compressive strength of 68MPa, while bottom ash-based concrete only achieved 32MPa due to the larger particle size of bottom ash.
2) Curing geopolymer concrete at ambient temperature resulted in comparable strengths as curing at elevated temperatures.
3) An economic analysis found that geopolymer concrete can be produced at a comparable cost to ordinary Portland cement concrete, while offering significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions.
Characterization of Structural and Surface Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2...Shingo Watanabe (渡邊真悟)
This document characterizes the structural and surface properties of TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides synthesized using a urea coprecipitation method. Key findings include:
1) The mixed oxides have unimodal nanoporous structures with pore sizes ranging from 3.7 to 5.3 nm and higher surface areas than single TiO2 and CeO2 oxides.
2) XRD and XPS analysis show the mixed oxides have nanocrystalline structures between 4.0-5.4 nm, with distorted lattice structures indicating reduction of Ti4+ and Ce4+ ions at the surface.
3) H2-TPR and NH3-TPD reveal the mixed oxides
The study evaluated the effect of asphalt mixture properties on thermal stress accumulation using the Asphalt Concrete Cracking Device (ACCD). Samples were tested with different asphalt binder grades, recycled materials contents, air void contents, binder contents, and aggregate types. Stiffer mixtures with stiffer binders, such as those containing recycled asphalt shingles or pavement, and those compacted more tightly showed higher thermal stress development. Mixtures with more flexible binders and looser compaction exhibited less thermal stress. High coefficient of thermal expansion aggregates also increased thermal stresses at colder temperatures compared to low CTE aggregates. The results provide insight into how mixture design factors influence a pavement's resistance to thermal cracking
This study developed and tested a laboratory-scale conical spouted bed (CSB) reactor model to investigate minimum spouting velocities. Existing correlations for predicting minimum spouting velocity were found to have shortcomings for small CSBs. Experimental results were used to develop a new empirical correlation that showed excellent agreement. Ongoing work includes further testing to develop a universally applicable correlation, installing a data acquisition system, and designing a CSB biomass gasifier for hydrogen generation.
This document discusses combustion synthesized cobalt catalysts for converting syngas to liquid fuels via the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. It provides an introduction to the motivation and need for biomass to liquid fuel processes. It then reviews relevant literature on the Fischer-Tropsch process, catalysts used, and reactor types. The literature review establishes the desired properties for an effective Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and how synthesis parameters like metal loading, crystallite size, and degree of reduction impact activity and selectivity.
Analysis on thermal performance of Co3O4 Nanofluid in heat exchangerHrishikesh725754
Final year mechanical engineering project presentation. Findings obtained through simulations, using ANSYS. Modelling done using SolidWorks. Tabulated results and graphical representation of results portraying comparison to performance of Al2O3 nanofluid in same model.
This document outlines a study on producing nitrogen enriched carbon coated graphene scaffolds for use in supercapacitors. Graphene oxide was synthesized using a modified Hummer's method and then reduced to produce reduced graphene oxide. Some samples were further modified by enriching with nitrogen and coating with carbon from glucose. Characterization with SEM, UV spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry showed the nitrogen enriched carbon coated reduced graphene oxide had higher porosity, lower oxygen content and higher specific capacitance, making it a promising electrode material for capacitive energy storage.
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
The document describes a study that synthesized three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) perovskites using a dual-templating method to produce nanohybrid catalysts for methane combustion. The 3DOM La1-xCexCoO3 catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity than conventional 1D nanowire structures due to their larger surface areas, higher oxygen species concentrations, better low-temperature reducibility, and unique nanovoid structure. Optimization of cerium content in the La1-xCexCoO3 solid solutions improved the materials' thermal stability and high catalytic activity, with 3DOM La0.7Ce0.3CoO3 demonstrating the best performance.
The Controlled Disassembly of Mesostructured Perovskites Hamid Arandiyan
Versatile superstructures composed of nanoparticles have recently been prepared using various disassembly methods. However, little information is known on how the structural disassembly influences the catalytic performance of the materials. Here we show how the disassembly of an ordered porous La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 perovskite array, to give hexapod mesostructured nanoparticles, exposes a new crystal facet which is more active for catalytic methane combustion.
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15553
Visit our website, http://www.pcrg.unsw.edu.au , for the latest news, publications, and research from our group.
The document summarizes an innovative new soil opening technology called ISOT. It finds that ISOT is superior to current planting technologies in requiring less fuel, producing lower carbon emissions, and having higher crop yields. ISOT has the potential to significantly reduce atmospheric CO2 levels through large-scale adoption of zero-tillage farming practices. The technology could help reverse soil degradation and pollution caused by conventional agriculture.
Au-Pd Supported on 3D Hybrid Strontium-Substituted Lanthanum Manganite Perovs...Hamid Arandiyan
Bimetallic Au–Pd nanoparticles dispersed on a nanohybrid three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) perovskite support exhibit a synergy for catalytic methane oxidation. The large support surface area, high Au–Pd dispersion, strong noble metal–support interaction, and an enrichment of adsorbed oxygen species (invoked by the Au inclusion) combine to boost catalytic performance.
Visit our website, http://www.pcrg.unsw.edu.au , for the latest news, publications, and research from our group.
This document summarizes experimental work validating numerical simulations of precise polymer melt processing using the Cambridge Multipass Rheometer (MPR). [1] The MPR was used to perform slit flow and cross-slot flow experiments on polymer melts like polystyrene. [2] Both the Pom-Pom and Rolie-Poly constitutive models were able to simulate the rheology and match experimental pressure drop and flow patterns when appropriate relaxation spectra and nonlinear parameters were used. [3] The validation demonstrates the ability of numerical simulation to accurately model complex viscoelastic flows.
Graphene oxide was synthesized from graphite powder and functionalized with ethanolamine to produce GO-EA. GO-EA was successfully redispersed in an ethylene glycol solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed the expected functional groups on GO and the appearance of new peaks indicating successful functionalization of GO-EA. Future work will verify the increased thermal conductivity of the solution and explore GO-EA's catalytic properties.
Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and
silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste materials such as fly ash or
slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner environment. Since,
the current usage of fly ash in India is still around 25% and below 45% even in the developed
countries like United States, there is a huge scope for fly ash in upcoming years. So let us harness
a billion dollar resource that has been wasted so far.
This document discusses optimization of boil off gas (BOG) recondensation processes at LNG receiving terminals in South Korea. It presents process flow diagrams and statistics on LNG imports and regasification terminals in South Korea. The document proposes a study to simulate and optimize the BOG recondensation process to reduce energy usage. It outlines a three-phase work plan involving literature review, process simulation, and reporting. References presented include sources on BOG recondensation, LNG terminal design, and LNG import statistics.
Preparation and characterization of pla pbat organoclay compositesJunaedy Keputet
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-therephtthalate) (PLA/PBAT) nanocomposites. Key points:
1) PLA and PBAT were blended using melt blending to improve PLA's brittleness. Organoclays were also prepared using cation exchange and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and TGA.
2) Adding PBAT improved the tensile strength and elongation at break of PLA but decreased tensile modulus. FTIR and DMA showed the blends were miscible. Scanning electron microscopy visualized phase separation at high PBAT contents.
Froth Flotation_1 presentation includes flotation fundamentals, performance calculation, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and also particle or bubble contact. Next, Front Flotation_2 will brightly discuss about collection in the froth layer, reagents and flotation's equipment.
This presentation is for my last Cambridge Rheology course lecture. The presentation links course work with research that had been carried out in the Department. The presentation has been modified a little to aid web clarity.
This presentation was given in Cardiff at the European Society of Rheology Conference in 2009. The presentation is about research in "extreme" areas of rheology and includes work on measuring the viscoelasticity of low viscosity fluids and the limiting extensional viscosity of high viscosity fluids.
This document summarizes a study on the strength, economic, and sustainability characteristics of geopolymer concrete made with coal ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The study found that:
1) Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete achieved a compressive strength of 68MPa, while bottom ash-based concrete only achieved 32MPa due to the larger particle size of bottom ash.
2) Curing geopolymer concrete at ambient temperature resulted in comparable strengths as curing at elevated temperatures.
3) An economic analysis found that geopolymer concrete can be produced at a comparable cost to ordinary Portland cement concrete, while offering significant reductions in carbon dioxide emissions.
Characterization of Structural and Surface Properties of Nanocrystalline TiO2...Shingo Watanabe (渡邊真悟)
This document characterizes the structural and surface properties of TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides synthesized using a urea coprecipitation method. Key findings include:
1) The mixed oxides have unimodal nanoporous structures with pore sizes ranging from 3.7 to 5.3 nm and higher surface areas than single TiO2 and CeO2 oxides.
2) XRD and XPS analysis show the mixed oxides have nanocrystalline structures between 4.0-5.4 nm, with distorted lattice structures indicating reduction of Ti4+ and Ce4+ ions at the surface.
3) H2-TPR and NH3-TPD reveal the mixed oxides
The study evaluated the effect of asphalt mixture properties on thermal stress accumulation using the Asphalt Concrete Cracking Device (ACCD). Samples were tested with different asphalt binder grades, recycled materials contents, air void contents, binder contents, and aggregate types. Stiffer mixtures with stiffer binders, such as those containing recycled asphalt shingles or pavement, and those compacted more tightly showed higher thermal stress development. Mixtures with more flexible binders and looser compaction exhibited less thermal stress. High coefficient of thermal expansion aggregates also increased thermal stresses at colder temperatures compared to low CTE aggregates. The results provide insight into how mixture design factors influence a pavement's resistance to thermal cracking
This study developed and tested a laboratory-scale conical spouted bed (CSB) reactor model to investigate minimum spouting velocities. Existing correlations for predicting minimum spouting velocity were found to have shortcomings for small CSBs. Experimental results were used to develop a new empirical correlation that showed excellent agreement. Ongoing work includes further testing to develop a universally applicable correlation, installing a data acquisition system, and designing a CSB biomass gasifier for hydrogen generation.
This document discusses combustion synthesized cobalt catalysts for converting syngas to liquid fuels via the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. It provides an introduction to the motivation and need for biomass to liquid fuel processes. It then reviews relevant literature on the Fischer-Tropsch process, catalysts used, and reactor types. The literature review establishes the desired properties for an effective Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and how synthesis parameters like metal loading, crystallite size, and degree of reduction impact activity and selectivity.
Analysis on thermal performance of Co3O4 Nanofluid in heat exchangerHrishikesh725754
Final year mechanical engineering project presentation. Findings obtained through simulations, using ANSYS. Modelling done using SolidWorks. Tabulated results and graphical representation of results portraying comparison to performance of Al2O3 nanofluid in same model.
- The document summarizes a seminar presentation on carbon quantum dots (CDs), which are nanoscale carbon materials less than 10 nm in size that exhibit fluorescence.
- CDs can be synthesized through top-down methods that break down bulk carbon sources or bottom-up methods that build CDs from small precursor molecules. Their properties can be tuned through surface functionalization and doping.
- CDs have potential applications in chemical sensing, bioimaging, optoelectronics and more due to their tunable fluorescence, biocompatibility and photostability. Their synthesis, properties, characterization and applications were discussed in detail in the presentation.
This document describes a study evaluating different steam cycle designs to provide heat and power for a CO2 capture system on an offshore oil and gas installation. Three steam cycle configurations were modeled - an extraction condensing turbine, backpressure turbine, and combination cycle. The backpressure cycle was found to provide all necessary steam and power for CO2 capture and compression with some excess capacity. Weight relationships for major equipment were developed to estimate how cycle components would scale with changes in gas turbine exhaust flow. The study aims to identify the best steam cycle design for offshore CO2 capture applications.
The document summarizes a presentation on modeling carbon capture technologies at integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants. It discusses modeling of the adsorption process for pre-combustion carbon capture using activated carbon adsorbents. The presentation covered modeling the dispersion of gases through activated carbon beds, modeling the performance of entire IGCC power plants integrated with carbon capture systems, and parameter estimation and validation of adsorption models.
This document summarizes a study on large-eddy simulations of transcritical round jets. Modeling supercritical flows is challenging due to the complex transport phenomena and rapid variation of thermodynamic properties. The study examines simulations of nitrogen jets at 40 bar, both transcritical and supercritical conditions. Results show that the supercritical jet develops faster and enhances heat transfer through increased surface wrinkling. Fully developed turbulence in both jets exhibits self-preserving behavior, with density and velocity profiles similar to low-pressure jets. Quantitative agreement is found with experimental centerline data.
This document describes an investigation of radial heat transfer in a fixed-bed reactor using both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental profile measurements. The study aims to validate CFD simulations of heat transfer for both spherical and non-spherical packings against high-resolution temperature profile measurements in a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor. Experimental temperature profiles were obtained using a thermocouple mounted on a motorized linear axis, allowing sub-millimeter resolution profiles. CFD simulations were set up using discrete element method-generated random packings of glass spheres and ceramic rings. Simulation results were compared to experimental profiles to validate the simulation approach.
CFD Studies of Combustion in Direct Injection Single Cylinder Diesel Engine U...IJERA Editor
In this study the simulation process of non-premixed combustion in a direct injection single cylinder diesel engine has been described. Direct injection diesel engines are used both in heavy duty vehicles and light duty vehicles. The fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber. The fuel mixes with the high pressure air in the combustion chamber and combustion occurs. Due to the non-premixed nature of the combustion occurring in such engines, non-premixed combustion model of ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 can be used to simulate the combustion process. A 4-stroke diesel engine corresponds to one fuel injector hole without considering valves was modeled and combustion simulation process was studied. Here two types of combustion chambers were compared. Combustion studies of both chambers:- shallow depth and hemispherical combustion chambers were carried out. Emission characteristics of both combustion chambers had also been carried out. The obtained results are compared. It has been found that hemispherical combustion chamber is more efficient as it produces higher pressure and temperature compared to that of shallow depth combustion chamber. As the temperature increases the formation of NOx emissions and soot formation also get increased.
1) The document summarizes research on adsorption of gases like CO2, N2, CH4 in the metal-organic framework (MOF) Cu-BTC.
2) Equilibrium adsorption measurements were conducted and the Langmuir model was found to fit well to the data for all gases.
3) Kinetic measurements of the same gases are in progress to understand adsorption rates and the potential of Cu-BTC for gas separation applications like CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4.
Presentation given by Enzo Mangano of the University of Edinburgh on "Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
Apec workshop 2 presentation 12 lh ci cinco presidentes-pemex-apec workshop 2Global CCS Institute
This document outlines a life cycle assessment of CO2 emissions from a CO2-EOR project in southern Mexico. It describes the goal of understanding environmental impacts from a life cycle perspective and estimating CO2 emissions associated with various steps of the project. The methodology estimates emissions using activity data and emission factors. Results found that CO2 emissions from the offshore platform to refinery via the EOR project were 5.41 tCO2eq per ton of CO2 injected, and the project reduced greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impacts compared to business as usual.
The document describes the design and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a centrifugal compressor and radial inflow turbine for a supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle. The authors developed in-house software to perform meanline design of the compressor and turbine considering fluid properties and loss correlations. They then analyzed the designs using CFD software. Key results include achieving 80% isentropic efficiency for both machines and reducing compression work to 50% compared to ideal gas compression. The CFD analysis implemented real fluid properties and investigated flow behavior near the critical point of CO2.
IRJET- Capturing carbon dioxide from air by using Sodium hydroxide (CO2 T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a method for capturing carbon dioxide from air using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The authors designed and tested a prototype air purifier that uses a mist of NaOH solution to absorb CO2 from ambient air as it passes through a filtration structure. CO2 reacts with NaOH to form sodium carbonate, which is then reacted with calcium hydroxide to regenerate the NaOH solution. Experimental results show removal efficiencies up to 63% for air with 4% CO2 concentration when using a 3% NaOH solution at 100°C. Higher NaOH concentrations and temperatures increased CO2 absorption. The system aims to directly capture CO2 from the air as a way to reduce greenhouse gas levels in a
This document summarizes a CFD study on fluidized bed pyrolyzers. The study used two models: 1) a particle pyrolysis model to simulate wood pyrolysis kinetics and heat transfer, and 2) a reactor model in ANSYS FLUENT to model secondary reactions in a fluidized bed. The models examined the effects of feedstock size, fluidized gas temperature, and vapor residence time on liquid fraction yield. The results showed that fluidized gas temperature has a more critical impact than residence time on secondary reactions. Downward vapor flow along the reactor wall was also observed and should be considered in design. The models provide insights into reducing secondary reactions to maximize liquid yield in fluidized bed pyrolysis.
This research aims to characterize emissions and flame stability for a low swirl burner (LSB) design in a full-scale combustor facility using high-hydrogen fuel blends. Typical aircraft engines use high swirl combustors, but LSBs can stabilize flames over a wide range of operating conditions including very lean conditions to reduce emissions. The research will test an LSB design at pressures up to 8atm and 600°F preheat to simulate engine conditions. Objectives are to characterize NOx, CO, CO2 and O2 emissions for the LSB using methane and hydrogen mixtures, and to characterize flame shape using high-speed imaging of chemiluminescence. This research could apply to reducing emissions from gas turbines
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Similar to MSc thesis defense presentation at Frank Walk Room, LSU (20)
MSc thesis defense presentation at Frank Walk Room, LSU
1. Development of a Laboratory Scale
Reactor Facility to Generate Hydrogen
Rich Syngas via Thermochemical
Energy Conversion
Mandeep Sharma
Masters Candidate, Mechanical Engineering
Louisiana State University
2. 2
Outline
• Objective
• Background Information
• Conical Spouted Bed (CSB) Reactor
• Thermochemical Energy conversion
• Cold Flow Hydrodynamic Studies
• Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis
• Experimental Results for Homogeneous Fuel Reforming
• Preliminary Study for Heterogeneous Fuel Reforming
• Conclusions
• Recommendations and Future Work
• Acknowledgement
3. 3
Objective
To develop a laboratory scale CSB reactor facility for the
purpose of producing H2 rich synthesis gas from
sustainable hydrocarbon fuels † and various biomass wastes*
via thermochemical routes of gasification /reforming.
H2 rich synthesis gas (Syngas)
mainly consists of H2 and CO, and traces of CO2, H2O and
lower hydrocarbons.
Clean H2 rich syngas has applications in fuel cells, gas
turbines and engines for clean and efficient power generation.
Validation tests with Propane † , Long term biomass waste : Glycerol*
4. 4
Fuel Selection
Glycerol (C3H8O3): (long term fuel)
• byproduct of biodiesel production, has been considered an excellent
candidate for H2 production. For every 9 kg of biodiesel produced,
about 1 kg of a crude glycerol by-product is formed.
• Only in the US, biodiesel production has increased dramatically from
500,000 gallons in 1999 to 70 million gallons in 2005 [1].
Propane (C3H8): (used in present study)
• High potential as hydrogen carrier for future power applications [2].
• More stored energy per unit volume and thus releases more heat
compared to methane.
• higher boiling point (-42 ºC) than methane (-164 ºC), so it can be
liquefied even at low pressures i.e. at 9 bar, and hence is easier to
store and transport.
[1]. National Biodiesel Board, 2006.
[2]. G. Kolb, R. Zapf, V Hessel, and H. Lowe. Propane steam reforming in micro-channels: Results from catalyst screening
.
and optimization. Applied Catalysis A: General, 277:155–166, 2004.
6. 6
Conical Spouted Bed (CSB) Reactor
• Mathur and Gishler initially introduced spouted beds in 1954 as
an alternative method for drying moist wheat grains.
• Recent applications include pyrolysis of solid wastes, e.g. rice
husk, sawdust, plastic wastes, scrap tires, etc.
• Potential for syngas generation from biomass wastes (glycerol)
and hydrocarbon fuels.
Advantages of CSB reactor
• Perfect mixing
• Very efficient heat transfer because of cyclic movement
• Very short residence time
• Suitable for sticky, moist, irregular shaped bed material
7. 7
CSB Concept
Contacting of solids with fluid by injecting a steady axial jet of
fluidizing medium (air/N2/steam).
Schematic of CSB actual reactor model Spouting behavior of CSB cold flow model
The jet entrains particles, which are carried through the central spout, forming a
„fountain‟ before being deposited in an annular region. This mechanism creates a
regular circulation pattern of particles through the bed.
11. 11
• Cold flow studies were conducted to establish stable
spouting range. Stable spouting occurs over a specific range
of gas velocity called min. spouting velocity (ums).
Different Spouting Regimes
Knowledge of (ums) is of fundamental importance in the design and operation of
spouted beds. ums is the minimum gas velocity needed to maintain spouting
operation.
12. 12
CSB Cold Flow Setup
Experiments were carried out at atmospheric
conditions using Alumina powder (ρ=3960 Kg/m3)
as bed material and air as spouting gas.
Schematic of experimental set-up: (1) air manifold, (2) air filter (3), control valve, (4/5)
rotameters, (6) air inlet pipe, (7/8) pressure taps at bed inlet and outlet, (9) U-tube
manometer, (10) conical contactor, (11) bed material, and (12) cylindrical column.
13. 13
Experiment
Summary of operating parameters tested
*
*
* Indicates the best set of testing parameters which shows uniform cyclic
behavior of CSB.
14. 14
Effect of System Parameters on (ums)o
Effect of different Ho, Do and dp on (ums)o
15. 15
Evaluation of all existing correlations for (ums)o
Source Correlation Eqn.
Markowski
(1)
(1983)
Choi (1992) (2)
Gorshtein
(3)
(1964)
Mukhlenov
(4)
(1965)
Tsvik (1967) (5)
Olazar (1992) (6)
Olazar (1996) (7)
Bi (1997) (for
(8)
Db/Do ≥1.66)
• They used CSBs which were significantly larger than the model investigated
in present study.
• In theory, predictions should match experimental data, i.e. the best
performing correlations will align with the diagonal line.
16. 16
…Evaluation of Correlations (cont’d)
Correlations‟ predictions comparison with experimental results
for a particular set of operating parameters
18. 18
Proposed Correlation
Proposed correlation shows excellent agreement with experiments
75 o
Present Study, 60 cone angle
70 + 16.3 %
0.483 mm dp, 6.350 mm Do
65 0.483 mm dp, 4.572 mm Do
60 0.483 mm dp, 3.302 mm Do
55 1.092 mm dp, 6.350 mm Do
Predicted (ums)o, m/s
50 1.092 mm dp, 4.572 mm Do - 17.15 %
45 1.092 mm dp, 3.302 mm Do
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Experimental (ums)o, m/s
19. 19
Summary (Cold Flow Studies)
• Available correlations for calculating min. spouting velocity
have shortcomings for small-sized laboratory scale CSB
studies.
• Developed Simple empirical correlation for (ums)o which
showed excellent agreement with experimental findings.
• Cold flow hydrodynamic study provides a foundation for design
of hot flow CSB reactor facility.
• Hot flow tests are also needed to carefully examine the stable
spouting at high temperatures.
21. 21
I. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis
• Used as reference tool to qualitatively choose operating conditions
such as pressure, temperature and reactants feed ratio
irrespective of reaction kinetics, reactor design and operation.
• Used for assessment of homogeneous (non-catalytic) DR, POX, SR and
ATR of propane.
• Cantera’s chemical equilibrium solver (Goodwin 2009), which involves
nonstoichiometric approach (element potential method), is used.
• ‘GRI-Mech 3.0*’, (53 species) and solid carbon databases are used
to evaluate the thermodynamic properties of the chemical species
considered in the model.
• The initial amount of propane is assumed to be 1 mol.
*G. P. Smith, D. M. Golden, M. Frenklach, N. W. Moriarty, B. Eiteneer, M. Goldenberg, C. T. Bowman, R. K.
Hanson, S. Song, Jr. W. C. Gardiner, V. V. Lissianski, and Z. Qin. GRI-Mech 3.0.
http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/version30/, 1999.
22. 22
Pressure and Temperature Selection
• Low pressures favors H2 production.
• 1 atm pressure is selected throughout present study.
• High pressure experiments can be expensive and dangerous.
23. 23
Reactants Feed Ratio Selection
a) Homogeneous DR: 2 cases of CPRs 10 and 24 are taken
Propane cracking reactions:
C3H8 ⇒ 4H2 + 3C and CH4 ⇒ 2H2 + C
24. 24
Reactants Feed Ratio Selection …Cont’d
a) Homogeneous POX:
Propane + Air + Nitrogen
b) Homogeneous SR:
Propane + Steam + Nitrogen
c) Homogeneous ATR:
Propane + Steam + (Air + Nitrogen)
Ternary Diagram?
25. 25
Ternary Diagram …Cont’d
A ternary system diagram, also known as Gibbs triangle,
graphically represents the ratios of three variables as
positions in an equilateral triangle.
• Three variables (concentrations here) conveniently plotted in a two-
dimensional graph.
• Any point within this triangle represents the overall composition
(100%) of a ternary system at a fixed temperature and pressure.
26. 26
Ternary Diagram …Cont’d
2. 25% A, 40% B, 35%
C and their sum is
100%.
*In present study, ternary
system diagram is used as a
convenient way to decide an
optimum ratios of reactants
mixture for SR, POX and ATR.
33. 33
Operating Parameters Selection Summary
CPR : Carrier to Propane gas ratio, APR : Air to Propane gas ratio, WPR : Water to Propane ratio,
φ : Equivalence ratio = (F/A) / (F/A)stoic
37. 37
Efficiencies Comparisons at 1 atm and 1000°C
*Reactants feed ratios are discussed in slide 32.
38. 38
Summary (Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis)
• Lower pressure favors hydrogen production. Temperature range
selected for performing homogeneous DR, POX, SR and ATR is 600
~ 1000°C.
• Used as a reference tool to select optimum reactants feed ratios for
carbon free reactions without harming the reaction system.
• A homogeneous ATR is most efficient to produce.
• Qualitatively choose operating conditions such as pressure,
temperature, reactants feed ratios irrespective of reactor design,
reaction kinetics and operation.
• It uses idealized thermodynamic state with maximum entropy which
requires infinite residence time for all chemical reactions to
complete, which in actual practice it is not feasible.
• Therefore, experimental tests for homogeneous processes are
required for quantitative analysis.
40. 40
Experimental Setup
Schematic Diagram
*A simpler plug flow reactor system in experimental investigations is meant to
provide preliminary results that are used to evaluate different reforming
approaches, which will eventually be applied in a CSB reactor in the third phase
46. 46
…Cont’d
b) H2 Production Efficiency:
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Experiment
47. 47
…Cont’d
b) CO Production Efficiency:
Thermodynamic Equilibrium Experiment
48. 48
Summary (Experiments)
• ATR is most suitable whereas DR is least suitable for not only
producing hydrogen rich syngas but also in terms of clean and
carbon free process.
• The experiment tests, however, provides similar trends compared to
thermodynamic equilibrium in terms of major syngas species,
propane conversion, H2 and CO production efficiencies.
• The difference between theoretical qualitative predictions and
experiment quantitative results is attributed to inclusion of solid
carbon in product stream in the thermodynamic equilibrium analysis
whereas the carbon in actual tests is converted to ethane and
acetylene.
• Homogeneous reforming processes requires temperature more than
700°C to break down into lower hydrocarbon species if no catalysts
are used.
49. 49
Preliminary Studies for
Heterogeneous Fuel Reforming
50. 50
Literature Review
a) Catalyst Selection
• Very limited resources are available for non-noble metal based
catalysts favoring heterogeneous fuel reforming.
• In literature, the order of catalysts (both noble and non-noble)
reactivity for DR and SR of propane is Ru > Rh > Ni > Pt > Pd.
• Due to low cost and ready availability of nickel (Ni) metal, the
supported Ni metal-based catalyst is the preferred choice for the
present investigation of heterogeneous fuel reforming.
• Bare Ni is not sufficient as a catalyst for fuel reforming applications,
because of its deactivation and coke formation issues at high
temperatures.
51. 51
…Cont’d
b) Catalyst Support Selection
• Catalyst support is a material, usually a solid with a high surface
area, to which the catalyst is affixed.
• Typically supports are inert which include various kinds of carbon, alumina,
and silica.
• In the present study, alumina (Al2O3) is selected as catalyst support, since it
causes higher syngas production as compared to other supports i.e. MgO ,
CaO etc.
c) Additive Promoter Selection
• Ni/Al2O3 catalysts performance in terms of its reactivity, stability and
coke resistance can be improved either by making strong metal-
support interaction, addition of CeO2 into Ni/support catalyst, or by
using smaller Ni particle size and its higher dispersion.
52. 52
…Cont’d
• Nickelous aluminum oxide (Ni/Al2O3) is selected as non-noble
base catalyst than precious metals whereas cerium oxide (CeO2) is
selected as an additive promoter in the present thesis.
• For preliminary studies, 15 wt% cerium oxide doped in 10 wt%
Ni/Al2O3 catalyst is used for heterogeneous ATR.
some of the results appeared as
expected, but a significant
different behavior of heterog-
eneous ATR than homogeneous
cases is observed.
Reason…? Need more study on it.
Can improve…? Yes, by testing
Tested under same operating conditions as
were used in homogeneous ATR. catalysts with multiple compositions.
54. 54
• The thesis provides data needed for development of conical spouted bed
(CSB) reactor for the purpose of producing hydrogen rich syngas.
• Cold flow hydrodynamic study provides a foundation for design of hot
flow CSB reactor facility.
• Developed Simple empirical correlation for (ums)o showed excellent
agreement with experimental findings.
• The selection of operating conditions for experiments – reactants
feed ratio, pressure and temperature – is guided by results from
thermodynamic equilibrium (TE).
• TE and experimental results reveal that the homogeneous ATR is most
efficient and DR is least efficient in terms of syngas production.
• The difference between theoretical qualitative predictions and
experiment quantitative results is attributed to inclusion of solid carbon
in product stream in TE whereas the carbon in actual tests is converted
to ethane and acetylene.
55. 55
• Propane in homogeneous reforming processes requires temperature
more than 700°C to break down into lower hydrocarbon species if no
catalysts are used.
57. 57
Cold Flow Hydrodynamic Studies:
Additional tests using varying particle densities and cone angles are
required for the development of a universally applicable correlation for Ums.
A data reduction in pressure drop and flow rates measurements can be
improved by using DAQ system.
Heterogeneous Reforming:
More catalyst samples of different CeO2 and Ni loadings on Al2O3 metal
support need to be prepared and tested to access the detailed
characterization of catalysts performance for heterogeneous DR, POX, SR
and ATR processes.
Construction of Bench Top CSB reactor:
third phase of CSB reactor facility eventually involves the construction of a
bench top laboratory scale CSB for the follow-up research where similar
tests need to be performed.
59. 59
Questions?
Acknowledgements:
1. Advisor, Dr. Ingmar Schoegl and Committee, Dr. Ram Devireddy and Dr. Ying
Wang
2. Louisiana State University Council on Research Faculty Research Grant
Program
3. Research Group: Avishek, Mohsen, Khurshida, Joseph, Matthew and Joe
4. Zianqing Zhao, graduate student of Dr. Wang‟s research group
5. Friends and Family
70. 70
Homogeneous DR: (Thermodynamic Equilibrium)
Product Species Mole Fractions
71. 71
Homogeneous POX: (Thermodynamic Equilibrium)
Product Species Mole Fractions
72. 72
Homogeneous SR: (Thermodynamic Equilibrium)
Product Species Mole Fractions
73. 73
Homogeneous ATR: (Thermodynamic Equilibrium)
Product Species Mole Fractions
74. 74
ADVANTAGES OF FLUIDIZED BED
Rapid mixing of solids, uniform temperature and
concentrations.
Applicable for large or small scale operations.
Heat and mass transfer rates between gas and particles
are high as compared to
other modes of contacting.
There is no moving part and hence a fluidized bed reactor
is not mechanically agitated
reactor. So, maintenance cost can be low.
The reactor is mounted vertically and save space.
The beds have a “static” pressure head due to gravity, given by ρ0gh,