CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF MOBILE PAYMENTS:
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
A THESIS
to be submitted by
BHAVIT KUMAR TRIPATHI
for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
(by Research)
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS
JUNE 2014
Challenges Facing Penetration of New Mobile Money Transfer Services In Nairobiiosrjce
The study sought to explore the challenges mobile network operators face in penetrating the Mobile
Money Transfer (MMT) in Kenya which is dominated by one player. The study assumes that there are
challenges and constraints that limit the involvement of competitive MMT services which are attributed to the
internal and external environment of the Mobile Network Operator (MNO). The study is significant as it seeks to
unearth knowledge and provide insight to competing firms to enter into the MMT services market which has
been experiencing significant growth over the recent years. The study was guided by four specific objectives
which include; To identify the factors influencing the adoption of mobile money transfer services; To determine
the influence of product positioning on adoption of mobile money transfer; To identify determinants influencing
customer migration in adoption of mobile money transfer services and To determine barriers facing consumers
in adoption of mobile money transfer services. The study adopts the descriptive research design. The design was
perceived to be the most appropriate as it allows the researcher to collect data from respondents and make
inferences from this information. The researcher proposes to use the questionnaire as the primary tool for data
collection. The researcher performed descriptive and inferential statistics to make sense of the data and
presented the information in tables, charts and graphs complemented by the researchers own interpretation.
Resistance to Mobile Banking Adoption in Egypt: A Cultural PerspectiveIJMIT JOURNAL
Mobile banking (m-banking) faces various types of resistance that may hinder customers’ adoption in Egypt. This study identifies three groups of m-banking non-adopters, namely postponers, opponents and rejectors. The objective of the study is to explore the reasons for resisting m-banking services in Egypt and whether it differs with regards to these customer groups. Accordingly, a questionnaire was distributed, Chi
square tests, Kruskal-Wallis H tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Frequencies and cross tabulations were used. The results indicate that the three non-adopter groups differ significantly with respect to usage, value, and image barriers. On the other hand, risk and tradition barriers did not show any statistical significance; however, risk barrier received the highest overall mean. Significant relations
between usage, risk and image barriers with the gender and level of education were noted. Finally, findings
enabled a clear mapping between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the study’s results.
Integration of TTF, UTAUT, and ITM for mobile Banking AdoptionIJAEMSJORNAL
The introduction of mobile banking facility has enabled customers to carry out banking transactionswith the use of smartphones and other handheld devices from anywhere. It has become a luxurious and exclusive method of online payments. The recent growth of telecommunication sector and a tremendous increase in mobile usage has opened new doors for sparking future of banking sector industry. The following research is aimed to find out the mobile banking adoption attitudes with the integration of TTF, UTAUT,and ITM models.
Challenges Facing Penetration of New Mobile Money Transfer Services In Nairobiiosrjce
The study sought to explore the challenges mobile network operators face in penetrating the Mobile
Money Transfer (MMT) in Kenya which is dominated by one player. The study assumes that there are
challenges and constraints that limit the involvement of competitive MMT services which are attributed to the
internal and external environment of the Mobile Network Operator (MNO). The study is significant as it seeks to
unearth knowledge and provide insight to competing firms to enter into the MMT services market which has
been experiencing significant growth over the recent years. The study was guided by four specific objectives
which include; To identify the factors influencing the adoption of mobile money transfer services; To determine
the influence of product positioning on adoption of mobile money transfer; To identify determinants influencing
customer migration in adoption of mobile money transfer services and To determine barriers facing consumers
in adoption of mobile money transfer services. The study adopts the descriptive research design. The design was
perceived to be the most appropriate as it allows the researcher to collect data from respondents and make
inferences from this information. The researcher proposes to use the questionnaire as the primary tool for data
collection. The researcher performed descriptive and inferential statistics to make sense of the data and
presented the information in tables, charts and graphs complemented by the researchers own interpretation.
Resistance to Mobile Banking Adoption in Egypt: A Cultural PerspectiveIJMIT JOURNAL
Mobile banking (m-banking) faces various types of resistance that may hinder customers’ adoption in Egypt. This study identifies three groups of m-banking non-adopters, namely postponers, opponents and rejectors. The objective of the study is to explore the reasons for resisting m-banking services in Egypt and whether it differs with regards to these customer groups. Accordingly, a questionnaire was distributed, Chi
square tests, Kruskal-Wallis H tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Frequencies and cross tabulations were used. The results indicate that the three non-adopter groups differ significantly with respect to usage, value, and image barriers. On the other hand, risk and tradition barriers did not show any statistical significance; however, risk barrier received the highest overall mean. Significant relations
between usage, risk and image barriers with the gender and level of education were noted. Finally, findings
enabled a clear mapping between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and the study’s results.
Integration of TTF, UTAUT, and ITM for mobile Banking AdoptionIJAEMSJORNAL
The introduction of mobile banking facility has enabled customers to carry out banking transactionswith the use of smartphones and other handheld devices from anywhere. It has become a luxurious and exclusive method of online payments. The recent growth of telecommunication sector and a tremendous increase in mobile usage has opened new doors for sparking future of banking sector industry. The following research is aimed to find out the mobile banking adoption attitudes with the integration of TTF, UTAUT,and ITM models.
Mobile Financial Services – Adoption and Challenges in BangladeshAbu Shadath Shaibal
The introduction of prepaid cards and the fallen prices of mobile handsets have led to a rapid spread of mobile phones in the emerging economies. This has opened up diverse opportunities for them to be used over and above voice communication. One of such uses which have emerged lately is the use of mobile phones in financial services. This paper explored the key factors that affect the consumer’s acceptance and use of mobile money transfer by extending using key determinants from TAM and IDT theory.
And go through opportunities, threats, challenges, risks and how to mitigate the risk.
Keywords: TAM, Adoption, Mobile Money, Mobile Money Transfer, Bangladesh, MFS, MFSP.
A comparative study on e–banking services at bangalore cityIJARIIT
Technology in Indian banking has evolved substantially from the days of back-office automation to today's online,
centralized and integrated solutions. Banking is now no longer confined to the branches where one has to approach the
branch in person, to withdraw cash or deposit a cheque or request a statement of accounts. With the expansion of internet
usage, e-banking has become one of the most revolutionized components of today’s economic growth. E-banking is powerful
value added tool to attract new customers and retain the existing ones. With the proliferation of internet and computer usage, the electronic delivery of e-banking service has become ideal for banks to meet customer expectations.
Investigation into the Impact of the Usability Factor on the Acceptance of Mo...CSCJournals
Both the rapid advances in wireless technologies and the high proliferation rate of mobile communication services and artefacts have had a profound impact on industry, and are beginning to offer interesting and advantageous new services. In particular, the mobile transaction (m- transaction) system has emerged, enabling users to pay for physical and digital goods and services using their mobile devices whenever they want, regardless of their location. Although it is anticipated that m-transactions will enjoy a bright future, there is apparently still reluctance among users to accept mobile transactions, particularly in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it is believed that usability is critical to the success and acceptance of mobile technology innovations in general, and m-transactions in particular. While most of the research into IT innovation acceptance is based on TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) and its many variants, the literature review reveals that there is little research on mobile application usability as an important antecedent factor for the success and acceptance of mobile technologies. This is particularly true in developing countries, especially the Middle East, therefore this project aims to fill this gap in the research. This paper is an extension of four previous studies by the authors, which indicated that usability is the most influential factor in Saudi users’ intentions of utilising mobile transactions. It aims to investigate and empirically test the usability level of mobile transactions from the perspective of Saudi users; this will be achieved by conducting usability experiments with real mobile applications within the target group. In other words, this study is a part of a larger research project and it serves as a validation/verification tool to answer the question “Why does the ease of use of mobile transactions have the highest impact on the intention to use mobile transactions in Saudi Arabia?” Moreover, it will produce a set of empirically-based recommendations for the developers and providers of mobile applications who are interested in the Saudi market. The results of the this study showed that the usability of the tested application, which is considered one of the most popular commercial mobile application in Saudi Arabia, (i.e. ‘Souq.com’), is unsatisfactory, with an average SUS Score of 50. Not surprisingly, this low usability negatively affected the willingness of the participants to use the application again.
A Study on Factors of E Banking Challenges in Indiaijtsrd
The customer uses the banking services through online banking, mobile phone banking and automated teller machine these were are called as 'E Banking. This study aimed to describe the customer view about the banking services through E banking. Customer service is also a part of the banking, this paper will tell about the customer satisfaction level about the e banking will explain through the pilot study. Dr. S. Saravanan | M. Dharani "A Study on Factors of E-Banking Challenges in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31147.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/31147/a-study-on-factors-of-ebanking-challenges-in-india/dr-s-saravanan
Risks and Trust in Internet Banking: Sample Evidence from Pathanamthitta Dist...IOSR Journals
The marvelous kinds of innovation in technology and hard line blend of it with information technology made a paradigm shift in the banking industry. Technology itself created its world in the globe of human beings. The beginning of E- banking created a phenomenal system- Internet banking. Internet banking is a kind of systems that enable financial institution customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through the Internet. The main objectives of the paper are: 1.to understand the profile of Internet banking users in Pathanamthitta District. 2 .to identify the most widely used application of Internet banking. 3. to understand the influence of gender on various dimensions of risk in the usage of Internet banking. 4. to understand the influence of gender on various dimensions of trust in the usage of Internet banking. It is found that the popular internet banking services are; balance enquiry, followed by recharging mobile phones, banking service information and payment to other account. Most of the users are in the age group of 20-30 either employed or student with a monthly income of below 40,000 with educated with an average or advanced level of computer knowledge. The Chi-square test revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between the opinion of males and females towards risk are found. There is significant difference between males and females towards trust is found.
Goffman (1959) as (cited in Schulz 2012), used theatric allegory to define how a consumer behaves in his “impression management theory”, as a consumer is a social scientist who behaves in public, the way an actor performs on stage in front of an audience .
Schulz 2012 also elaborates; another useful measure of a consumer’s behavioral traits is “reflexivity” by which a customer’s response and reaction can be analyzed by his past experience.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
DIGITAL BANKING MADE TRANSACTION MORE TRUSTED AND SECURED?IAEME Publication
This research was conducted to find out customer's response in digital banking
era using TAM and UTAUT model. Questionnaires filled bank account owner who
have often used digital banking. Results based previous research most customers have
been able to adjust to the digital banking. There is short comings facilities in digital
banking i.e. small banks still use digital banking as window dressing to attract
customers, the front-page display is too confusing, often broken, security is not
guaranteed. Recommendations have been given to the bank's management, as input
for improvement in the future.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
Customers perception of m banking adoption in kingdom of bahrainIJMIT JOURNAL
Mobile applications have been rapidly changing the way business organizations deliver their services to
their customers and how customers can interact with their service providers in order to satisfy their needs.
The use of mobile applications increases rapidly, and has been used in many segments including banking segment. This research aims at extending the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) to incorporate the role of factors in influencing customer’s perception towards M-banking adoption. Furthermore, the extended TAM
model was evaluated empirically to measure its impact on M-banking adoption in of Bahrain. The model
was evaluated using a sample survey of 372 customers. The results reveal that the intention to adopt mobile
banking is mainly affected by specific factors which are: Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use. On the
other hand, some factors such as perceived cost and perceived risk did not show any affect on the users'
intention to use mobile banking. The result of this research is beneficial for banking service managers to consider the factors that can enforce the Mobile Banking services adoption and increase the take-up of their mobile services.
Customers perception of m banking adoption in of bahrain an empirical assess...IJMIT JOURNAL
Mobile applications have been rapidly changing the way business organizations deliver their services to
their customers and how customers can interact with their service providers in order to satisfy their needs.
The use of mobile applications increases rapidly, and has been used in many segments including banking
segment. This research aims at extending the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) to incorporate the role of
factors in influencing customer’s perception towards M-banking adoption. Furthermore, the extended TAM
model was evaluated empirically to measure its impact on M-banking adoption in of Bahrain. The model
was evaluated using a sample survey of 372 customers. The results reveal that the intention to adopt mobile
banking is mainly affected by specific factors which are: Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use. On the
other hand, some factors such as perceived cost and perceived risk did not show any affect on the users'
intention to use mobile banking. The result of this research is beneficial for banking service managers to
consider the factors that can enforce the Mobile Banking services adoption and increase the take-up of
their mobile services.
Mobile Financial Services – Adoption and Challenges in BangladeshAbu Shadath Shaibal
The introduction of prepaid cards and the fallen prices of mobile handsets have led to a rapid spread of mobile phones in the emerging economies. This has opened up diverse opportunities for them to be used over and above voice communication. One of such uses which have emerged lately is the use of mobile phones in financial services. This paper explored the key factors that affect the consumer’s acceptance and use of mobile money transfer by extending using key determinants from TAM and IDT theory.
And go through opportunities, threats, challenges, risks and how to mitigate the risk.
Keywords: TAM, Adoption, Mobile Money, Mobile Money Transfer, Bangladesh, MFS, MFSP.
A comparative study on e–banking services at bangalore cityIJARIIT
Technology in Indian banking has evolved substantially from the days of back-office automation to today's online,
centralized and integrated solutions. Banking is now no longer confined to the branches where one has to approach the
branch in person, to withdraw cash or deposit a cheque or request a statement of accounts. With the expansion of internet
usage, e-banking has become one of the most revolutionized components of today’s economic growth. E-banking is powerful
value added tool to attract new customers and retain the existing ones. With the proliferation of internet and computer usage, the electronic delivery of e-banking service has become ideal for banks to meet customer expectations.
Investigation into the Impact of the Usability Factor on the Acceptance of Mo...CSCJournals
Both the rapid advances in wireless technologies and the high proliferation rate of mobile communication services and artefacts have had a profound impact on industry, and are beginning to offer interesting and advantageous new services. In particular, the mobile transaction (m- transaction) system has emerged, enabling users to pay for physical and digital goods and services using their mobile devices whenever they want, regardless of their location. Although it is anticipated that m-transactions will enjoy a bright future, there is apparently still reluctance among users to accept mobile transactions, particularly in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it is believed that usability is critical to the success and acceptance of mobile technology innovations in general, and m-transactions in particular. While most of the research into IT innovation acceptance is based on TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) and its many variants, the literature review reveals that there is little research on mobile application usability as an important antecedent factor for the success and acceptance of mobile technologies. This is particularly true in developing countries, especially the Middle East, therefore this project aims to fill this gap in the research. This paper is an extension of four previous studies by the authors, which indicated that usability is the most influential factor in Saudi users’ intentions of utilising mobile transactions. It aims to investigate and empirically test the usability level of mobile transactions from the perspective of Saudi users; this will be achieved by conducting usability experiments with real mobile applications within the target group. In other words, this study is a part of a larger research project and it serves as a validation/verification tool to answer the question “Why does the ease of use of mobile transactions have the highest impact on the intention to use mobile transactions in Saudi Arabia?” Moreover, it will produce a set of empirically-based recommendations for the developers and providers of mobile applications who are interested in the Saudi market. The results of the this study showed that the usability of the tested application, which is considered one of the most popular commercial mobile application in Saudi Arabia, (i.e. ‘Souq.com’), is unsatisfactory, with an average SUS Score of 50. Not surprisingly, this low usability negatively affected the willingness of the participants to use the application again.
A Study on Factors of E Banking Challenges in Indiaijtsrd
The customer uses the banking services through online banking, mobile phone banking and automated teller machine these were are called as 'E Banking. This study aimed to describe the customer view about the banking services through E banking. Customer service is also a part of the banking, this paper will tell about the customer satisfaction level about the e banking will explain through the pilot study. Dr. S. Saravanan | M. Dharani "A Study on Factors of E-Banking Challenges in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31147.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/31147/a-study-on-factors-of-ebanking-challenges-in-india/dr-s-saravanan
Risks and Trust in Internet Banking: Sample Evidence from Pathanamthitta Dist...IOSR Journals
The marvelous kinds of innovation in technology and hard line blend of it with information technology made a paradigm shift in the banking industry. Technology itself created its world in the globe of human beings. The beginning of E- banking created a phenomenal system- Internet banking. Internet banking is a kind of systems that enable financial institution customers, individuals or businesses, to access accounts, transact business, or obtain information on financial products and services through the Internet. The main objectives of the paper are: 1.to understand the profile of Internet banking users in Pathanamthitta District. 2 .to identify the most widely used application of Internet banking. 3. to understand the influence of gender on various dimensions of risk in the usage of Internet banking. 4. to understand the influence of gender on various dimensions of trust in the usage of Internet banking. It is found that the popular internet banking services are; balance enquiry, followed by recharging mobile phones, banking service information and payment to other account. Most of the users are in the age group of 20-30 either employed or student with a monthly income of below 40,000 with educated with an average or advanced level of computer knowledge. The Chi-square test revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between the opinion of males and females towards risk are found. There is significant difference between males and females towards trust is found.
Goffman (1959) as (cited in Schulz 2012), used theatric allegory to define how a consumer behaves in his “impression management theory”, as a consumer is a social scientist who behaves in public, the way an actor performs on stage in front of an audience .
Schulz 2012 also elaborates; another useful measure of a consumer’s behavioral traits is “reflexivity” by which a customer’s response and reaction can be analyzed by his past experience.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
DIGITAL BANKING MADE TRANSACTION MORE TRUSTED AND SECURED?IAEME Publication
This research was conducted to find out customer's response in digital banking
era using TAM and UTAUT model. Questionnaires filled bank account owner who
have often used digital banking. Results based previous research most customers have
been able to adjust to the digital banking. There is short comings facilities in digital
banking i.e. small banks still use digital banking as window dressing to attract
customers, the front-page display is too confusing, often broken, security is not
guaranteed. Recommendations have been given to the bank's management, as input
for improvement in the future.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
Customers perception of m banking adoption in kingdom of bahrainIJMIT JOURNAL
Mobile applications have been rapidly changing the way business organizations deliver their services to
their customers and how customers can interact with their service providers in order to satisfy their needs.
The use of mobile applications increases rapidly, and has been used in many segments including banking segment. This research aims at extending the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) to incorporate the role of factors in influencing customer’s perception towards M-banking adoption. Furthermore, the extended TAM
model was evaluated empirically to measure its impact on M-banking adoption in of Bahrain. The model
was evaluated using a sample survey of 372 customers. The results reveal that the intention to adopt mobile
banking is mainly affected by specific factors which are: Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use. On the
other hand, some factors such as perceived cost and perceived risk did not show any affect on the users'
intention to use mobile banking. The result of this research is beneficial for banking service managers to consider the factors that can enforce the Mobile Banking services adoption and increase the take-up of their mobile services.
Customers perception of m banking adoption in of bahrain an empirical assess...IJMIT JOURNAL
Mobile applications have been rapidly changing the way business organizations deliver their services to
their customers and how customers can interact with their service providers in order to satisfy their needs.
The use of mobile applications increases rapidly, and has been used in many segments including banking
segment. This research aims at extending the Technology Adoption Model (TAM) to incorporate the role of
factors in influencing customer’s perception towards M-banking adoption. Furthermore, the extended TAM
model was evaluated empirically to measure its impact on M-banking adoption in of Bahrain. The model
was evaluated using a sample survey of 372 customers. The results reveal that the intention to adopt mobile
banking is mainly affected by specific factors which are: Perceived Usefulness and Ease of Use. On the
other hand, some factors such as perceived cost and perceived risk did not show any affect on the users'
intention to use mobile banking. The result of this research is beneficial for banking service managers to
consider the factors that can enforce the Mobile Banking services adoption and increase the take-up of
their mobile services.
Consumer Intention to Adopt Smartphone Apps: An Empirical Study of PakistanIOSRJBM
The paper investigates the relationship between the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, social needs, subjective norms, self-efficacy and personal attitude with a mediating role of Intention to adopt smart phone apps and impact on the customer behavior. The current recognition of smart phones is a result of rapid development in smart phone apps that offer much kind of mobile persistent services. We used theory of planned behavior for consumer intention to adopt these apps. Our findings suggest that consumer intention is always based on these factors like perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, social needs, subjective norms, self-efficacy and personal attitude now a days and that intention to adopt apps will impact the consumer behavior
Adoption of Mobile Money Services among University Students in TanzaniaIJAEMSJORNAL
The focus of the study was to assess factors influencing adoption of mobile money services among university students in Tanzania. The study adopted a quantitative approach where questionnaire was used to collect data from students of Ruaha Catholic University. Stratified sampling was used to ensure sample representation among students from different faculty and level of education thereafter simple random sampling was used to pick a sample size of 383 of respondents from the strata developed. Exploratory factors analysis was used to ensure construct validity of four construct. Cronbach alpha indicated that all variables had achieved an accepted range of internal consistent by yielding a Cronbach alpha p-value grater that 0.6.Using multiple regression analysis, findings revealed that students’ attitude, social factor and facilitating condition are significant factors influencing university students adoption of mobile money services in Tanzania.Based on these findings this study concludes that students’ attitudes, social pressure and facilitating conditions are factors influencing university students’ adoption of mobile money services in Tanzania higher learning institutions. This study recommend that, for speeding up the adoption of mobile money services, services provider should attract more peer pressure that could help to increase mobile money adoption among university students.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
AN EXPLORATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH MOBILE PAYMENTSijcsit
Mobile payment allows consumers to make more flexible payments through convenient mobile devices. While mobile payment is easy and time save, the operation and security of mobile payment must ensure that the payment is fast, convenient, reliable and safety in order to increase the users’ satisfaction. Therefore, this study based on technology acceptance model to explore the impact of external variables through perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on users’ satisfaction. The data analysis methods used in this study are descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis to verify the hypotheses. The results show that all hypotheses are supported. However, mobile payment is still subject to many restrictions on development and there are limited related researches. The results of this study provided insight into the factors that affect the users’ satisfaction for mobile payment. Related services development of mobile payment and future research suggestions are also offered.
Mobile payment allows consumers to make more flexible payments through convenient mobile devices. While mobile payment is easy and time save, the operation and security of mobile payment must ensure that the payment is fast, convenient, reliable and safety in order to increase the users’ satisfaction. Therefore, this study based on technology acceptance model to explore the impact of external variables through perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on users’ satisfaction. The data analysis methods used in this study are descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis to verify the hypotheses. The results show that all hypotheses are supported. However, mobile payment is still subject to many restrictions on development and there are limited related researches. The results of this study provided insight into the factors that affect the users’ satisfaction for mobile payment. Related services development of mobile payment and future research suggestions are also offered.
Mobile payment allows consumers to make more flexible payments through convenient mobile devices.
While mobile payment is easy and time save, the operation and security of mobile payment must ensure that
the payment is fast, convenient, reliable and safety in order to increase the users’ satisfaction. Therefore,
this study based on technology acceptance model to explore the impact of external variables through
perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use on users’ satisfaction. The data analysis methods used in
this study are descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity analysis, Pearson correlation analysis
and regression analysis to verify the hypotheses. The results show that all hypotheses are supported.
However, mobile payment is still subject to many restrictions on development and there are limited related
researches. The results of this study provided insight into the factors that affect the users’ satisfaction for
mobile payment. Related services development of mobile payment and future research suggestions are also
offered.
Oral Pseudo-Defense PPT DropboxPlease submit here a narrated P.docxgerardkortney
Oral "Pseudo-Defense" PPT Dropbox
Please submit here a narrated PowerPoint for your final presentation of your thesis proposal. Remember that this is not you reading a paper -- this is more of a "sales pitch" than anything if you're in need of a metaphor.
Requirements:
- Must be Narrated. Must be narrated. TEST IT BEFORE SENDING. I should be able to open it up and hit Present/Play and just let it go. If you fail to meet this requirement you will automatically lose 30% of the grade (3/10 possible points).
- Introduction topics, including criteria such as your project motivation, the gap/needs that brought you to it, and what significant considerations and context surround the topic area
- RQs/Hypotheses/Objectives, operationalized and justified. There should be NO ambiguity here. (Remember, "What is the impact of Big Data on Security" or "How do we make X better?" are not specific enough.)
- Literature Review, presented as the primary topics you separated your review into, the reason they are important and frame your study successfully, and what key sources/authors you identified (the important few). Discuss how this literature further informed your research agenda, methodology, and consideration of conclusions/limitations for your thesis
- Methodology, as precise as you can make it. Sample, collection, framework (if qualitative), analysis, intended outcome
- Conclusion, timeline and future projections of issues, routes to completion, etc.
MOBILE SCAN PAYMENTS SECURITY ISSUES AND STRATEGIES
VINIL REDDY KASULA
ID#210243
HARRISBURG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYResearch Methodology & Writing (GRAD 695)
Professor-Richard Wirth
MOBILE SCAN PAYMENT
3
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 4
1. Introduction 5
1.1 Background 5
1.2 Research aim and objectives 7
1.3 Research questions 7
Research question 1 7
Research question 2 8
Research question 3 8
1.4 Problem statement 8
1.5 Significance of the study 10
1.6 Relationship to CPT 11
LITERATURE REVIEW 11
MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS 12
Mobile payment platform 13
Independent mobile payment system 14
MOBILE PAYMENT SECURITY 15
THREATS IN MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS 17
Research Background and Rationale 18
Research Aims and Objectives 19
Research Questions 19
Research Methodology 19
Ethical Considerations 22
Limitations of the Research 23
Research Timeline 23
CONCLUSION 24
References 25
ABSTRACT
In the present decade and the modern age, mobile payments as a medium for financial transactions have gained much popularity. Mobile technology has emerged as a clear and new channel in the space of banking and payment transactions. With the significant advancement in the field of technology have made this field as one of the burgeoning growth in the financial services. People are involved in the application of the widespread smartphone technology and the customers are very comfortable with their mobile devices as a form of communicating device and this has resulted in the increased interest in .
In China, a mobile education app is one of the top-three most popular apps, and its market size is
continually growing. As the age of the largest group of mobile app users in China is between 26 and 30 years
old, college students will become the largest potential group to use mobile education apps in the future.
Therefore, understanding the Chinese potential consumers’ attitude and behavior intention to use mobile
education apps is a good way for marketers to set up competitive strategies during promotions. Based on the
TAM model, this study used perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived enjoyment to measure
students’ attitude and behavior intention to use mobile education apps in China. Based on the research of 125
Chinese college students, the result indicated that perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment were positively
influencing users’ attitude and intention to use mobile education apps. However, the perceived ease of use didn’t
affect participants’ behavior intention to use education apps. It confirms that the perceptions of usefulness and
enjoyment are indicators of attitude and intention to use mobile education apps among Chinese college students.
Moreover, the perceived ease of use has a positive impact on the Chinese college students’ attitude toward
education apps but not the individual intention to use the apps. Therefore, in order to target Chinese college
students, marketers can focus on the usefulness and enjoyment of using education apps.
Investigation into the Impact of the Usability Factor on the Acceptance of Mo...Waqas Tariq
Both the rapid advances in wireless technologies and the high proliferation rate of mobile communication services and artefacts have had a profound impact on industry, and are beginning to offer interesting and advantageous new services. In particular, the mobile transaction (m- transaction) system has emerged, enabling users to pay for physical and digital goods and services using their mobile devices whenever they want, regardless of their location. Although it is anticipated that m-transactions will enjoy a bright future, there is apparently still reluctance among users to accept mobile transactions, particularly in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it is believed that usability is critical to the success and acceptance of mobile technology innovations in general, and m-transactions in particular. While most of the research into IT innovation acceptance is based on TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) and its many variants, the literature review reveals that there is little research on mobile application usability as an important antecedent factor for the success and acceptance of mobile technologies. This is particularly true in developing countries, especially the Middle East, therefore this project aims to fill this gap in the research. This paper is an extension of four previous studies by the authors, which indicated that usability is the most influential factor in Saudi users’ intentions of utilising mobile transactions. It aims to investigate and empirically test the usability level of mobile transactions from the perspective of Saudi users; this will be achieved by conducting usability experiments with real mobile applications within the target group. In other words, this study is a part of a larger research project and it serves as a validation/verification tool to answer the question “Why does the ease of use of mobile transactions have the highest impact on the intention to use mobile transactions in Saudi Arabia?” Moreover, it will produce a set of empirically-based recommendations for the developers and providers of mobile applications who are interested in the Saudi market. The results of the this study showed that the usability of the tested application, which is considered one of the most popular commercial mobile application in Saudi Arabia, (i.e. ‘Souq.com’), is unsatisfactory, with an average SUS Score of 50. Not surprisingly, this low usability negatively affected the willingness of the participants to use the application again.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Ms11 s008 synopsis Bhavit Kumar Tripathi
1. SYNOPSIS OF
CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE OF MOBILE PAYMENTS:
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
A THESIS
to be submitted by
BHAVIT KUMAR TRIPATHI
for the award of the degree
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
(by Research)
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS
JUNE 2014
2. 2
1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile payments or M-Payments refer to the payment services performed from or via a mobile
device. The four primary models for Mobile payments are premium SMS, direct mobile billing,
web based payments (including apps) and contactless Near Field Communication (NFC). The
first instance of Mobile payments occurred in 1997 when Coca Cola introduced a limited number
of vending machines where a customer could make a mobile purchase. The customer would send
a text to the vending machine to setup payment and the machine would then vend their product.
Mobile banking first appeared in 1997, introduced by the Merita Bank. It accepted text messages
for making bank account transactions.
Mobile commerce (M- Commerce) involves the sale of goods, services and contents via wireless
devices, without time or space limitations (Au and Kauffman, 2008; Mallat, 2007). Mobile
payment is an emerging and important part of mobile commerce (Yang, 2012). Mobile payment
is one of the most critical drivers for successful mobile commerce (Yang, 2012). As mobile
commerce increases in adoption, Mobile payment will continue to facilitate secure electronic
commercial transactions between organizations and individuals (Ondrus and Pigneur, 2006).
Mobile Payments fall broadly into two categories; payments for purchases and payments of
bills/invoices (Karnouskos and Fokus, 2004). In payments for purchases, Mobile payments
compete with or complement cash, checks, credit cards and debit cards. In payments of
bills/invoices, Mobile payments typically provide access to account-based payments, including
money transfers, online banking payments or direct debit assignments.
2. MOTIVATION
In developing economies, the growth in M-Payments is being largely driven by the huge
population of unbanked consumers, who can get access to payment services options through
mobile devices. The development of new mobile technologies increases day after day and creates
important opportunities for commerce. Mobile commerce is now taking place in the market,
introducing mobile payment as a new transaction method. Given the widespread use of mobile
devices and users’ needs for convenient timely payment, mobile payment is expected to become
an important channel for conducting financial transactions. As an emerging service, mobile
3. 3
payment has not received wide acceptance among users. Thus, mobile payment user behavior
has received some research attention (Dahlberg et al., 2006).
3. RELATED LITERATURE
Mobile payment refers to a payment for goods, services, and bills using a mobile device using
wireless and other communication technologies (Dahlberg, Mallat, Ondrus, and Zmijewska,
2008). Researchers have been concerned with mobile payment user behavior and have tried to
identify the factors affecting user acceptance of mobile payment technology. Since the beginning
of this decade M-Payment has received extensive attention from both academics and
practitioners (Dahlberg et al. 2006). Scholars have conceptualized success factors (Zmijewska
and Lawrence 2005), analyzed empirically users’ acceptance (Dahlberg et al. 2003), examined
different enabling technologies (Zmijewska, 2005), evaluated the disruptive potential of M-
Payments against other payment instruments (Ondrus and Pigneur, 2005) and analyzed the
emerging industry from a value-based perspective (Pousttchi, 2008). Recent research literature
on mobile payment acceptance includes studies on market and stakeholder analysis (Ondrus and
Pigneur, 2006), consumer acceptance models (Pouttchi, 2003), country assessment (Dewan and
Chen ,2005) and comparison across multiple countries (Au and Zafar, 2008). In particular, the
mobile user’s intention to use mobile payment is of considerable interest to researchers and
practitioners, because financial institutions, trusted third parties, payment service providers, and
supporting service providers can benefit greatly from enhanced understanding of the key factors
underlying mobile users’ intention (Dahlberg, Mallat, and Öörni, 2003a; Dahlberg, Mallat, and
Öörni, 2003b; Lim, 2007; Ondrus and Pigneur, 2006).
A number of studies have focused on the acceptance factors of M-Payment. These studies have
used TAM, IDT and UTAUT with suitable extensions. Most of the studies are based primarily
on the TAM, with additional constructs adapted for the study of M-Payment such as security,
cost, trust, mobility, expressiveness, convenience, speed of transaction, use situation, social
reference groups, facilitating condition, the attractiveness of alternatives, privacy, system quality
and technology anxiety (Chen and Adams, 2005; Cheong, Park and Hwang, 2004; Dahlberg,
Mallat, Penttinen, and Sohlberg, 2002; Dahlberg et al., 2003a; Dahlberg et al., 2003b; Dewan
and Chen, 2005; Mallat, 2004; Mallat and Dahlberg, 2005; Torsten, Gerpott, and Kornmeier,
4. 4
2009; Valcourt, Robert and Beaulieu, 2005; Zmijewska, Lawrence, and Steele, 2004b). There
are limited studies with combination of IDT and TAM (Chen, 2008) and UTAUT with the
additional constructs of perceived risk, user’s cost and use context (Peng, 2011; Wang and Yi,
2012). In their qualitative study Mallat (2007) noted that relative advantage, compatibility,
complexity, costs, trust and perceived risk affect user adoption of mobile payment.
Reviewing the relevant literature, we find that only a limited understanding exists about the
drivers of mobile payment acceptance. Empirical research in this area has been quite scarce.
Recently a more integrated and consumer oriented model for the study of user acceptance of
technology has been proposed (UTAUT2: Venkatesh, 2012). Further, previous research has
reported a positive association between level of education and user’s attitude towards technology
(Zmud, 1979; Igbaria, 1989; Lucas, 1978) by providing a stock of knowledge that enables more
effective and adaptive learning (Ashcraft, 2002). However previous studies in mobile payment
do not use this variable to the best of our knowledge.
4. RESEARCH GAPS
Four key research gaps emerge after the review of literature: (a) user acceptance of mobile
payments has been scarcely addressed empirically in literature (b) mobile payment adoption has
been addressed very scarcely in the Indian context to the best of our knowledge (c) although
some studies have used technology acceptance models in mobile payments, more recent and
unified models like the UTAUT2 has not been used (d) education level which could be a very
influential factor has not been included in previous models studying mobile payment acceptance.
This research aims to address the above gaps by conducting an exploratory study to guide further
empirical investigation.
5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
This research seeks to address the gap in academic research in addressing user acceptance of
mobile payments in India. Two key research objectives which are addressed by this research are:
i. Study consumer acceptance of Mobile Payment Systems using UTAUT2 model
ii. Develop and test suitable moderator(s) in the specific context of Mobile Payments
5. 5
6. RESEARCH MODEL AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT
Drawing on Venkatesh et al. (2012), we study the direct effects of facilitating conditions,
hedonic motivation, price value and habit on the behavioural intention to use and the moderating
effects of age, gender, experience and education level on these relationships. Following Igbaria
(1989) and Lucas (1978), we use education level as an additional moderating variable, given the
context of smart phone usage for mobile payments. Fig. 1 provides a schematic representation of
our proposed model.
Fig. 1 Proposed Research Model
We develop our hypotheses based on the four antecedent variables facilitating conditions,
hedonic motivation, price value and habit and four moderating variables age, gender, experience
and education level. We propose education level as another moderating variable in the extended
UTAUT2 model.
H1a: Facilitating conditions is positively related to behavioral intention to use mobile payments.
6. 6
H1b: Age, gender, experience and education level will moderate the effect of facilitating
conditions on behavioral intention, such that the effect will be stronger among older women with
less experience and having higher education level.
H2a: Hedonic motivation is positively related to behavioral intention to use mobile payment.
H2b: Age, gender, and experience will moderate the effect of hedonic motivation on behavioral
intention such that the effect will be stronger among younger men in early stages of experience
with a technology.
H3a: Price value is positively related to behavioral intention to use mobile payment.
H3b: Age and gender will moderate the effect of price value on behavioral intention, such that
the effect will be stronger among older women.
H4a: Habit is positively related to behavioral intention to use mobile payment.
H4b: Age, gender and experience will moderate the effect of habit on behavioral intention such
that the effect will stronger for older men with high levels of experience with the technology
7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
7.1 Development of the Survey Instrument
We developed a survey questionnaire suitable for the measurement of variables included in the
model. The scales used to measure the variables used in the study have been adopted from
previous research with established reliability and validity. Some of the items were modified to
contextualize them relevant to mobile payment research. The constructs were measured using
multiple item scales. In addition to the four moderating variables, the research model includes
seven independent variables and one outcome variable. Each construct was measured with
multiple items on a seven point likert scale with 1- strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree. The
multiple phases of instrument development resulted in the refinement and restructuring of the
survey instrument, as well as the establishment of the initial face validity and internal validity of
the measures (Nunnally, 1978).
7.2 Target Audience and Sampling Procedure
The study used purposive sampling technique which is also known as judgmental sampling. The
target population in this research consisted of young adults who use mobile phones for electronic
7. 7
payments. The sample frame consisted of undergraduate and post graduate students of a premier
Educational Institute representing this population. University students were targeted for this
study because they form a major user group of the mobile phones and mobile networks (CNNIC,
2010) and they may be more willing to accept mobile payments (Scevak, 2010). The target
audience owns the mobile phones and also uses them for mobile payments. To ensure that the
measured beliefs were based on direct behavioral experience with the object, only responses
from those who had previously used the mobile payment were included in our analysis.
8. DATA ANALYSES
8.1 Data Preparation and Descriptive Statistics
We entered the data obtained from survey into a personal computer and checked the data for
missing data. Approximately 27% of the responses were dropped due to missing data. Finally,
257 responses were used for empirical analysis. With regard to gender, the sample consists of
58% male and 41.2% female. In terms of age, the majority of the respondents, 66%, are between
the age group of 19-25 years. With regard to education level 58.4% are undergraduates, 30.7%
are graduates and10.9% are postgraduates. A significant number of the respondents use mobile
payment 1-4 times per month and have 1-2 years of experience in mobile payment use.
Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS- SEM) was used in this study to test the
hypotheses. The reason for choose PLS- SEM because, this research is exploratory in nature and
has a relatively small sample size. R- software package version 3.01 with plspm add on package
for PLS path modelling was used for data analysis. Bootstrapping technique with 1,000
resamples was employed to determine the significance levels for loadings, weights and path
coefficients (Hair et al., 2011). Measurement model estimation involves confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA) and reports results of construct uni-dimensionality, validity and reliability.
Structural model identifies the relationship present among the latent variables. Latent variables
are the constructs or determinants present in the model and manifest variables are items that load
on the latent variable as measures. Generally, the manifest variables loadings are measured in
8. 8
measurement model and the structural relationship among the latent variables is estimated in
structural model.
8.2 Measurement Model
To evaluate the measurement model, we followed the procedures outlined by Hair et al. (2011).
Three types of validity tests were carried out to validate the reflective constructs: internal
consistency, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Measurement model estimation
involved confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reported results of construct uni-
dimensionality, validity and reliability. The results are presented in Table 1. The value of
Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.713 to 0.884, which were above the acceptable value of 0.6
(Hair et al., 2011). Statistical evidence for unidimensionality and convergent validity were also
checked through Dillon-Goldstein’s , Average Variance Extracted (AVE), first and second
Eigen values and factor loadings (Table 1). All Dillon-Goldstein’s were found to be above 0.6
and the difference between first and second eigen values exceeded 1 (Tenenhaus et al., 2005),
showing evidence for convergent validity.
Table 1 Reliability and Validity Testing (N=257)
MVs C.alpha DG.rho Eigen
1st
Eigen
2nd
Standard loadings AVE
Performance
Expectancy (PER)
4 0.832 0.889 2.67 0.636 0.867,0.738,0.866,
0.785
0.665
Effort expectancy
(EFF)
4 0.884 0.920 2.97 0.416 0.878,0.895,0.839,
0.832
0.742
Social Influence
(SOC)
3 0.684 0.826 1.84 0.654 0.891,0.679,0.732 0.592
Facilitating
conditions
(FAC)
4 0.847 0.900 2.78 0.642 0.750,0.780,0.797,
0.984
0.694
Hedonic
Motivation
(HED)
3 0.686 0.828 1.85 0.699 0.838,0.762,0.725 0.604
Price value (PRV) 3 0.771 0.870 2.08 0.772 0.698,0.836,0.942 0.692
Habit (HAB) 4 0.747 0.842 2.29 0.742 0.774,0.848
,0.724 0.665
0.57
Behavior Intention
(BHV)
3 0.713 0.839 1.91 0.561 0.807,0.776,0.807 0.689
9. 9
Convergent validity was further tested using the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) as shown in
Table 2. The suggested cut off value of AVE is 0.50 or higher (Fornell and Lacker, 1981; Hair et
al., 2011). For sufficient discriminant validity, an indicator’s loadings and the square root of the
AVE should exceed the values of both horizontal and vertical correlation between variables
(Chin, 1998; Hair et al., 2011).
Table 2 Discriminant Validity (N=257)
PER EFF SOC FAC HED PRV HAB BHV
PER 0.816
EFF 0.220 0.861
SOC 0.726 0.241 0.772
FAC 0.445 0.233 0.476 0.832
HED 0.507 0.223 0.420 0.393 0.775
PRV 0.445 0.280 0.498 0.429 0.520 0.830
HAB 0.584 0.361 0.612 0.472 0.514 0.601 0.755
BHV 0.603 0.380 0.503 0.484 0.509 0.490 0.583 0.796
8.2.1 Common Method Bias
Factor analysis results suggest the presence of seven factors accounting for a total of 69.45% of
the variance, of which the first factor accounted for 34.08% of the variance. Since a single factor
does not emerge and does not account for the majority of variance in the variables, it is
reasonable to conclude that common method bias is not a significant problem in this study
(Malhotra et al., 2006; Podsakoff et al., 2003).
9. RESULTS
Table 3 presents the estimates obtained from the PLS path modeling. The R2
value of 0.504
indicates that the model explains a substantial amount variance in the of behavioral intention to
use mobile payment. In support of H1a, we found a significant and positive relationship between
facilitating conditions and the intention to use mobile payments (H1a: β=0.148; p ≤ 0.05).
Similarly, Price value and Habit also had positive and significant effect on behavioural intention
(H3a: β=0.06; p ≤ 0.05; H4a: β=0.21; p ≤ 0.05). However, unlike the results reported by
UTAUT2, our analysis did not show a significant positive relationship between Hedonic
motivation and behavioural intention (H2a). We also studied moderation effects by subgroup
comparison method. It was proposed that the facilitating conditions to behavior intention would
be moderated by age, gender, experience and education level. Our results show that Facilitating
conditions to Behavioral Intention relationship is moderated by education and hence that
10. 10
hypothesis in H1b is supported (diff β=0.291; p ≤ 0.05). Similarly we found support for the
hypothesized moderating relationship H2b of age on the Hedonic motivation to behavioural
intention relationship (diff β= 0.1.038; p ≤ 0.05). However all other moderating relationships of
age, gender, experience and education level with other direct relationships were was not
supported.
Table 3 Structural Model (N=257)
Relationship (Dependant variable:
Behavioral Intention-BHV)
Originalβ
(n=257)
Boot β
(n=1000)
Grp1 β Grp2 β
Grp
abs.dif
Remarks
Performance Expectancy (PER) 0.28 0.291* - - -
Effort Expectancy (EFF) 0.174 0.170* - - -
Social influence (SOC) -0.064 -0.618 - - -
Facilitating conditions (FAC) 0.145 0.148* - - -
H1a
supported
Hedonic motivation (HED) 0.168 0.167 - - -
H2a not
supported
Price value (PRV) 0.056 0.061* - - -
H3a
supported
Habit (HAB) 0.208 0.208* - - -
H4a
supported
MODERATING EFFECTS (by group comparisons)
Facilitating Conditions to BHV relationship (FACBHV) [Hypothesis H1b]
Age (AGE)
Grp1- low (<= 25,n1 = 169)
Grp 2- high (> 25 ,n2 = 88)
- - -0.005 0.180 0.185
Not
supported
Gender (GND)
Grp1- Male (n1=151),
Grp2-Female (n2=106)
- - 0.847 0.115 0.732
Not
supported
Experience (EXP)
Grp1-low (<= 1 year, n1= 88)
Grp 2- high (> 1 year, n2= 169)
- - 0.261 0.138 0.123
Not
supported
Education Level (EDL)
Grp 1- low ( Undergrad,n1==150)
Grp 2- high (Postgrad & above
n2=107)
- - -0.029 0.261
0.291*
Supported
Hedonic Motivation to BHV relationship (HEDBHV) [Hypothesis H2b]
Age (AGE)
Grp1- low (<= 25yrs,n1 = 169)
Grp 2- high (> 25yrs ,n2 = 88)
- - 0.191 0.169 0.023
Not
supported
Gender (GND)
Grp1- Male (n1=151)
Grp2-Female (n2=106)
- - -0.247 0.791 1.038* Supported
Experience (EXP)
Grp1-low (<= 1 year, n1= 88)
- - 0.252 0.162 0.090
Not
supported
11. 11
Grp 2- high (> 1 year, n2= 169)
Education Level (EDL)
Grp 1- low ( Undergrad,n1==150)
Grp 2- high (Postgrad & above
n2=107)
- - 0.246 0.123 0.125
Not
supported
Price Value to BHV relationship (PRVBHV) [Hypothesis H3b]
Age (AGE)
Grp1- low (<= 25yrs, n1 = 169)
Grp 2- high (> 25yrs, n2 = 88)
- - 0.221 0.194 0.028
Not
supported
Gender (GND)
Grp1- Male (n1=151)
Grp2-Female (n2=106)
- - 0.130 0.029 0.100
Not
supported
Habit to BHV relationship (HABBHV) [Hypothesis H4b]
Age (AGE)
Grp1- low (<= 25yrs, n1 = 169)
Grp 2- high (> 25yrs, n2 = 88)
- - 0.221 0.194 0.028
Not
supported.
Gender (GND)
Grp1- Male (n1=151)
Grp2-Female (n2=106)
- - 0.215 0.126 0.088
Not
Supported
Experience (EXP)
Grp1-low (<= 1 year, n1= 88)
Grp 2- high (> 1 year, n2= 169)
- - -0.005 0.214 0.220
Not
supported
*significant at 95%
10. CONCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS
As an emerging service, mobile payment adoption among Indian users is low. Although mobile
phone usage has grown substantially in India, mobile payments which could significantly impact
mobile commerce has not shown proportional growth. This provided us the basic motivation to
investigate academic research in this area. Our search on academic literature showed that mobile
payment has not received due attention in Technology Acceptance studies in India. Mobile
payments studies have shown variation in acceptance and adoption in different countries. This
study addresses this key research gap by extending a recent theory in technology to understand
the mobile payment acceptance amongst the Indian consumers. This study makes contributions
to the body of knowledge of information systems by extending and pilot testing UTAUT2 model
for the specific context of mobile payment systems acceptance in India. The main objective of
this study was to study consumer acceptance of Mobile Payment Systems using UTAUT2 model
and to develop and test suitable moderator(s) in the specific context of Mobile Payments. To
achieve this objective, existing UTAUT2 was used as the research model which consists of
seven variables (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating
12. 12
conditions, hedonic motivation, price value and habit) and one dependent variable (intention to
use mobile payment). The moderating effects of age, gender, experience, and level of education
were also studied. Our results showed that user acceptance of mobile payment do not follow
UTAUT2 exactly as in Venkatesh et al. (2012). Direct relationships were found to be very
similar, except for one loop whereas moderating effect relationships were substantially different
from UTAUT2.
This study has some limitations that should be taken into account when interpreting the findings.
First, we did not incorporate actual usage behavior into the proposed model. Second, there may
exist other individual differences and system characteristics variables that can also affect the
intention to use M-payment. Finally the purposive sampling technique poses a limitation as
irrespective of the purposive sampling method used, the sample is prone to researcher bias.
Further, the sample size was relatively low, and attempt was made to overcome this limitation by
using sub sampling by bootstrapping method.
11. REFERENCES
Ashcraft M.H.,(2002). Cognition, third ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Au, Y. A. and R.J Kauffman (2008). The economics of mobile payments: understanding
stakeholder issue for an emerging financial technology application, Journal of Electronic
Commerce Research and Applications, 7(2), 141-164.
Chen, J. J., and C. Adams (2005). User acceptance of mobile payments: A theoretical model
for mobile payments. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Electronic
Business, Hong Kong, December 5–9.
Cheong, J. H., M. C. Park and J.H. Hwang (2004). Mobile payment adoption in Korea:
Switching from credit card. Paper presented at the ITS 15th Biennial Conference, Berlin,
Germany, September, 4–7.
CNNIC (2010) 26th
Statistical Survey report on the internet development in China. Retrieved
from http://www.cnnic.net.cn/. Accessed on 26 May 2014.
13. 13
Dahlberg, T., N. Mallat and Öörni, A. (2003a). Consumer acceptance of mobile payment
solutions – Ease of use, usefulness and trust. Paper presented at the 2nd
International Conference
on Mobile Business, Vienna, Austria, June 23–24.
Dahlberg, T., N. Mallat, and A. Öörni, (2003b). Trust enhanced technology acceptance model-
consumer acceptance of mobile payment solutions. Paper presented at the 2nd Mobility
Roundtable, Stockholm, Sweden, May 22–23.
Dahlberg, T., N.Mallat, J. Ondrus, and A. Zmijewska (2006). Mobile payment market and
research-past, present and future. Helsinki Mobility Round Table, Helsinki.
Dahlberg, T., N. Mallat, E. Penttinen, and P. Sohlberg (2002). What characteristics of mobile
payment solutions make them valuable to consumers. In Proceedings of the Global Information
Technology Management Conference, USA, New York.
Dewan, S. G., and L.D. Chen (2005). Mobile payment adoption in the USA: A crossindustry,
cross-platform solution. Journal of Information Privacy and Security,1(2), 4–28.
Fornell, C. and D.F. Lacker (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobserved
variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Lucas, H.C Jr.(1978). Empirical evidence for a descriptive model of implementation, MIS
Quarterly, 2(2), 27–41.
Hair, J.F., C.M. Ringle, M. Sarstedt (2011). PLS-SEM: indeed a silver bullet, Journal of
Marketing Theory and Practice, 19 (2), 139–151.
Igbaria, M., S. Parsuraman, (1989). A path analytic study of individual characteristics,
computer anxiety, and attitudes towards microcomputers, Journal of Management, 15(3), 1989,
373–388.
Karnouskos, S. (2004). Mobile payment: a journey through existing procedures and
standardization initiatives. Communications Surveys and Tutorials, IEEE, 6(4), 44-66.
Malhotra, N.K., S.S Kim,and A. Patil (2006). Common method variance in IS research: A
comparison of alternative approaches and a reanalysis of past research. Management Sciences,
52 (12), 1865-1883.
14. 14
Mallat, N. (2004). Theoretical constructs of mobile payment adoption. Paper presented at the
27th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia (IRIS), Falkenberg, Sweden,
August, 14–17.
Mallat, N., and T. Dahlberg (2005). Consumer and merchant adoption of mobile payment
solutions. Managing business in a multi-channel world: Success factors for e-Business. Hershey,
PA 17033, USA: Idea Group Publishing.
Mallat, N. (2007). Exploring consumer adoption of mobile payments — a qualitative study. The
Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 16 (4) , 413–432.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd
ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ondrus, J., and Y. Pigneur (2005). A disruption analysis in the mobile payment market. In
System Sciences, 2005. HICSS'05. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International
Conference on (pp. 84c-84c). IEEE.
Ondrus, J., and Y. Pigneur (2006). Towards a holistic analysis of mobile payments: A multiple
perspectives approach. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 5, 246–257.
Padsakoff, P.M., S.B Mackanzie, J.Y Lee and N.P Padsakoff (2003). Common method
biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.
Journal of Applied Psychology. 88 (5), 879.
Pousttchi, K. (2008). A modeling approach and reference models for the analysis of mobile
payment use cases. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 7(2), 182-201.
.
Scevak, N. (2010. Forrester Research mobile media and messaging forecast, 2010 to 2015
(Western Europe). Retrieved from http://forrester.com/rb/Research/research mobile media and
messaging forecast,2011/q/id/57671/t/2.
Tenenhaus, M., V. E., Vinzi, Y.M. Chatelin, and C. Lauro (2005). PLS path modeling.
Computational statistics and data analysis, 48(1), 159-205.
Torsten, J., A. Gerpott, and K. Kornmeier (2009). Determinants of customer acceptance of
mobile payment systems. International Journal of Electronic Finance, 3(1), 1–30.
Valcourt, E., J.M. Robert and F. Beaulieu (2005). Investigating mobile payment: Supporting
technologies, methods, and use. Paper presented at the International Conference on Wireless and
Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, Montreal, Canada, August, 22–24.
15. 15
Venkatesh, V., J. Thong and X.Xu (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information
technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quaterly,
36(1),157-178.
Zmijewska, A. and E. Lawrence (2005). Reshaping the framework for analysing success of
mobile payment solutions. In IADIS International Conference on E-Commerce, Porto, Portugal.
Zmijewska, A., E. Lawrence and R. Steele (2004b). Towards understanding of factors
influencing user acceptance of mobile payment systems. Paper presented at the IADIS
International Conference, Madrid, Spain, October 6–9.
Zmud, R.W. (1979). Individual differences and MIS success: a review of the empirical
literature, Management Science, 25(10), 966–979.
16. 16
12. PROPOSED CONTENT OF THE THESIS
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mobile Payments
1.2.1 Growth of M- payment Adoption
1.2.2 Mobile payments in India
1.3 Motivation and research question
1.3.1 Research Objectives
1.4 Dissertation Outline
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 User acceptance of technology
2.3 Mobile payments and technology acceptance
2.3.1 User Acceptance Theories and Mobile Payments
2.3.2 Country Level Studies in Mobile Payment Adoption
2.3.3 Other related Studies
2.4 Key findings and Research Gap
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3 Research Model and Hypothesis Development
3.1 Introduction
3.2 UTAUT2 and Mobile Payment Acceptance
3.3 Hypothesis Development
3.4 Summary
17. 17
Chapter 4 Research Methodology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Development of the survey instrument
4.2.1 Target audience and sampling procedure
4.3. Data collection
4.4 Summary
Chapter 5 Data Analyses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Data preparation and descriptive statistics
5.3 Data analyses
5.4 Measurement Model
5.4.1 Reflective and Construct validity
5.5 Common Method Bias
5.6 Summary
Chapter 6 Result and Discussion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Structural model
6.2.1 Modeling procedure
6.2.2 Results
6.3 Discussion
6.4 Summary
Chapter 7 Conclusion
7.1 Contributions
7.2 Managerial Implications
7.3 Limitations of the study