The document discusses motor skills development in infants and toddlers. There are two types of motor skills - gross motor skills involving large body movements and fine motor skills using small hand and finger movements. Gross motor skills progress from rolling over and sitting to walking, running and jumping as toddlers develop. Fine motor skills start with grasping objects and progress to picking up small items and using utensils. The document also outlines typical developmental milestones in vision, hearing, vocalization and social skills from 1 to 12 months of age.

1. Motor Skills
• are motions carried out when the brain, nervous system, and
muscles work together.
Two kind of motor skills
1. Gross Motor Skills
2. Fine Motor Skills

2. Gross Motor Skill
• movement and coordination of the arms, legs, and other large body
parts.
• it’s the development of the muscles that will enable to hold
their head up, sit, crawl and eventually walk, run, jump and skip.

3. Fine Motor Skills
• skills that involve a refined use of the small muscles controlling the
hand, fingers, and thumb.
• the coordinated muscle movements make using our hands.

4. Gross motor skills vs. fine motor skills
• Gross motor skills — are the bigger movements
— use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso,
and feet.
Example
such as rolling over and sitting
• Fine motor skills — are small movements
—use the small muscles of the fingers, toes,
wrists, lips, and tongue.
Example
such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon

6. Toddlerhood
• toddler is a child between the ages of end of two weeks to 2 yrs .
• This stage are a time of great cognitive, emotional and social
development.
• A baby who has achieved enough body control to be relatively
independent.

7. Outstanding characteristics of
toddlerhood
1. true foundation age
2. a time of rapid growth and change and of decreased dependency
3. a time of increased individuality and the beginning of socialization
4. a time of sex-role typing and creativity
5. a time that is both appealing and hazardous

8. Infancy vs. Toddlerhood
Infancy- 0- 2 weeks
-Latin infantia, "early childhood," and literally, "inability to
speak."
Toddlerhood- 2 weeks- 2yrs old
-"to toddle", which means to walk unsteadily, like a child of this
age.

9. AGE
(months)
GROSS MOTOR VISION and
MANIPULATION
HEARING and
VOCALIZATION
SOCIAL
1 Gradual development of head
control. Movements coarse
jerky.
Begins to fixate on nearby
familiar objects. Watches
mother’s face.
Cries when hungry or
uncomfortable
Sleeps and feeds. Evokes
much affection and
accepts this passively.
2 Dominance of primary
reflexes on posture and
movements
Following with eyes.
Visually takes “hold” of
objects
…quietens or freezes to
sound
Quiets in response to
cooing and rooking.
Regards nearby face.
Smiles in response.
3 When raised from supine
to sitting, head lag is less
noticeable.
Holds objects placed in
hands momentarily
Response to sound varies,
e.g. dislikes loud harsh
sounds, may excite to
familiar sounds.
Reacts to familiar pleasant,
situation, e.g. feeding,
bathing
4 In prone position, head,
and chest raised. Later,
support taken on
forearms.
Visually associated
reaching develops.
Cry pattern more mature.
Vocalizes in response to
overtures
Likes handling…

10. AGE
(months)
GROSS MOTOR VISION and
MANIPULATION
HEARING and
VOCALIZATION
SOCIAL
5 Feet to mouth, plays with toes
with hands
Recognizes everyday
objects, e.g. cup
Turns to sounds … Feeding now a social
activity
6 When held upright takes
weight through legs
Mature visual following
and convergence. Eyes
used together, should be
no squint
Wider range of
vocalization. Chuckles
Spontaneously responsive
7 Sits with head steady and
back straight
Transfer’s objects, e.g.
cubes, from hand to hand
Beginning to imitate
rhythms of sounds
…. And smiling
8 Reciprocates with legs.
Protective support reflexes
limbs appearing
Looks for dropped objects “Da Da Da ...
Practices vocalization
Begins to be aware of
strangers and modify
responsiveness

11. AGE
(months)
GROSS MOTOR VISION and
MANIPULATION
HEARING and
VOCALIZATION
SOCIAL
9 Stable in sitting position.
Sideways and forward support
with arms
Moves cover in order to
see objects. Index finger
use appearing.
“MAMA”
“ma…ma”
Babbles, uses voice
purposely . Vocal imitation
Responds to adults: plays
imitative games
10 Attempts to move-creeps,
crawls, squirms, shuffles.
Pulls to stand
Visually very alert. Pincer
grips for small objects
Mature localization of
sounds
“RATTLE”
“RATTLE”
Reacts to encouragement
and discouragement
11 Plays standing holding on.
Cruises around furniture
Begins to look at pictures
and may point with index
finger..
“MAMAM”
“MAMAM”
Beginning to vocalize
recognizable words…
Plays pat-a-cake, waves
bye-bye
12 May take first steps. …glances around, makes
quick visual appraisals.
… beginning to understand
words and single simple
commands
NO! DIRTY!
… shows affection.