This document provides a profile for establishing a plant to produce 279 tonnes per year of Moringa oleifera oil in Ethiopia. The plant would require a total investment of 3.79 million Birr and create 43 jobs. It is projected to be financially viable with an internal rate of return of 17% and net present value of 1.64 million Birr. The plant would help meet the growing domestic demand for Moringa oleifera oil, which is expected to reach over 8,000 tonnes by 2017.
This profile outlines plans to establish a sesame farm in Ethiopia with an annual production capacity of 22,000 quintals. The farm will require a total investment of 28.88 million Birr and create 55 jobs. A market study found growing demand for sesame both domestically and internationally. The project is financially viable, with an IRR of 25% and NPV of 32.03 million Birr discounted at 10.5% over the project period.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on coffee production. Researchers found that suitable land for coffee production could decline by up to 50% by 2050 due to rising temperatures and changing rain patterns associated with climate change. Arabica coffee was found to be most at risk, as its growing regions would shrink significantly according to the study's climate models. The study concludes that climate change poses a serious threat to the coffee industry worldwide if steps are not taken to mitigate future warming and help farmers adapt to the new conditions.
This document profiles a proposed project to establish a farm for producing temperate fruit tree seedlings with an annual capacity of 25,000 seedlings. The current demand for such seedlings is estimated at 20,000 per year, projected to grow to over 62,000 by 2020. The total investment required is estimated at 1.22 million Birr, creating jobs for 15 people. The project is financially viable with an IRR of 23.4% and NPV of 712,000 Birr. It will help support Ethiopia's strategy of diversifying agriculture and increasing production of high-value crops.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
IFFCO is the largest fertilizer cooperative in India, with five production units including Aonla. The Aonla unit uses natural gas and has two urea production units, each with two subunits. It also has steam and power generation, offsite facilities like water treatment, cooling towers, and ammonia storage, as well as an ammonia plant, urea plant, and supporting operations. The ammonia plant produces ammonia through a process including desulfurization, reforming, shifting, absorption, and synthesis. The urea plant then combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide through direct synthesis and recovers urea through high, medium, and low pressure processes before concentration and prilling.
Moringa oleifera (malunggay) leaves were studied to determine if they increase breastmilk production in mothers of preterm infants. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 68 mothers were given either Moringa oleifera capsules or placebo capsules from postpartum days 3 to 5. Mothers pumped their breasts every 4 hours and the milk volume was measured. On days 4 and 5, mothers taking Moringa oleifera produced significantly higher volumes of breastmilk compared to the placebo group, demonstrating that Moringa oleifera leaves can increase breastmilk production in mothers of preterm infants.
This profile outlines plans to establish a sesame farm in Ethiopia with an annual production capacity of 22,000 quintals. The farm will require a total investment of 28.88 million Birr and create 55 jobs. A market study found growing demand for sesame both domestically and internationally. The project is financially viable, with an IRR of 25% and NPV of 32.03 million Birr discounted at 10.5% over the project period.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on coffee production. Researchers found that suitable land for coffee production could decline by up to 50% by 2050 due to rising temperatures and changing rain patterns associated with climate change. Arabica coffee was found to be most at risk, as its growing regions would shrink significantly according to the study's climate models. The study concludes that climate change poses a serious threat to the coffee industry worldwide if steps are not taken to mitigate future warming and help farmers adapt to the new conditions.
This document profiles a proposed project to establish a farm for producing temperate fruit tree seedlings with an annual capacity of 25,000 seedlings. The current demand for such seedlings is estimated at 20,000 per year, projected to grow to over 62,000 by 2020. The total investment required is estimated at 1.22 million Birr, creating jobs for 15 people. The project is financially viable with an IRR of 23.4% and NPV of 712,000 Birr. It will help support Ethiopia's strategy of diversifying agriculture and increasing production of high-value crops.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
IFFCO is the largest fertilizer cooperative in India, with five production units including Aonla. The Aonla unit uses natural gas and has two urea production units, each with two subunits. It also has steam and power generation, offsite facilities like water treatment, cooling towers, and ammonia storage, as well as an ammonia plant, urea plant, and supporting operations. The ammonia plant produces ammonia through a process including desulfurization, reforming, shifting, absorption, and synthesis. The urea plant then combines the ammonia with carbon dioxide through direct synthesis and recovers urea through high, medium, and low pressure processes before concentration and prilling.
Moringa oleifera (malunggay) leaves were studied to determine if they increase breastmilk production in mothers of preterm infants. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 68 mothers were given either Moringa oleifera capsules or placebo capsules from postpartum days 3 to 5. Mothers pumped their breasts every 4 hours and the milk volume was measured. On days 4 and 5, mothers taking Moringa oleifera produced significantly higher volumes of breastmilk compared to the placebo group, demonstrating that Moringa oleifera leaves can increase breastmilk production in mothers of preterm infants.
This document summarizes a study that characterized Moringa oleifera leaf powder for use as a functional food ingredient. Key findings include:
1) Moringa leaf powder dried at 60°C had optimal color characteristics and dehydration properties compared to other temperatures tested.
2) Blanching the leaves prior to drying resulted in powder with smaller particle sizes and more compact structure compared to unblanched powder.
3) Chemical analysis showed the leaf powder to be high in protein, fiber, and antioxidants like phenols, making it a nutritious potential food additive.
Moringa trees can be easily grown from seed or cuttings. They prefer full sun and well-drained soil. Seeds should be planted 1 cm deep and kept moist. Seedlings can be planted out when 60-90 cm tall. Moringa trees grow quickly, reaching 5 meters in the first year, and produce pods within 3 years. Regular pruning and pinching encourages bushy growth and maximizes pod production. Moringa is resistant to most pests and diseases.
Dokumen tersebut membahas perbedaan antara Islam normatif dan historis. Islam normatif merujuk pada Islam sebagai wahyu, sedangkan Islam historis merujuk pada pemahaman dan praktik Islam oleh umat muslim di seluruh dunia. Islam normatif meliputi tafsir, teologi, tasawuf, fiqh, dan filsafat. Sedangkan Islam historis meliputi antropologi agama, sosiologi agama, dan psikologi agama.
This document presents the results of a life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from Moringa Oleifera oilseeds. The study analyzed the environmental impacts from pre-farm, on-farm, and post-farm stages of biodiesel production under both irrigated and dryland conditions. Key findings include: 1) Greenhouse gas emissions for producing 1,000L of biodiesel were 832kg CO2e for irrigated land and 942kg CO2e for dryland, 2) Fossil fuel usage was higher for dryland production, and 3) When carbon sequestration is considered, net greenhouse gas impacts were -14,188kg CO2e and -14,
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera as reported in various studies. Some key points:
- Every part of Moringa oleifera (leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, etc.) has been used in traditional medicine systems for various ailments.
- Modern research has found Moringa to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective and other medicinal properties.
- Specific studies show Moringa has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, diure
This research article evaluated the potential aphrodisiac effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in male albino rats. Researchers administered aqueous, alcohol, and chloroform extracts of M. oleifera seeds to male rats for 21 days. They observed several parameters of sexual behavior and found that the extracts significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculation latency, while decreasing mounting latency, intromission latency, and post-ejaculatory interval. The extracts also increased libido without any adverse effects. The results suggest that M. oleifera seed extracts can enhance sexual behavior in male rats, supporting its traditional use as an aphrodisiac.
The document discusses Moringa oleifera, a plant native to India with many traditional medicinal uses. It provides background information on the plant's cultivation and uses. Tables list the amino acid and vitamin/mineral content of Moringa leaves, showing high nutritional value. The document reviews studies suggesting Moringa leaves may have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects. It discusses the phytochemistry of Moringa, noting compounds that may contribute to its medicinal properties.
This study tested the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand-washing product. Fifteen volunteers had their hands artificially contaminated with E. coli, then washed their hands with various preparations of Moringa powder or a control soap. The results showed that 2-3g of dried or wet Moringa powder was less effective than the control soap. However, 4g of dried or wet Moringa powder had similar antibacterial effects as the control soap, reducing E. coli levels on hands. An inert powder was also tested and found to be less effective than 4g of Moringa, indicating Moringa's antibacterial effects are not solely due to mechanical hand rubbing.
Apple is one of the most recognized technology companies known for bringing cutting-edge products like the iPhone, iPad, and Mac computers to customers. Founded by Steve Jobs in the 1970s, Apple has experienced tremendous growth and success over the decades by continually innovating and reinventing entire new product categories. Today, Apple makes money through sales of devices, apps, music, and other services, with the goal of empowering customers to create and share their ideas and visions through intuitive technology.
Adam and Eve were the first humans created by God to live in the Garden of Eden. God told them they could eat from any tree except the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Eve was deceived by a serpent to eat the forbidden fruit and shared it with Adam. This brought sin into the world. The document questions whether God provided a way for humans' relationship with Him to be repaired after this, and explores how the story affects one's view of themselves, God, and their relationship with God.
This document provides a profile for establishing a 500 tonne per year groundnut oil production plant. It includes a market study showing current and projected demand, descriptions of the production process and machinery required. The total investment is estimated at 10.57 million Birr, with 3 million for plant and machinery. The project is financially viable with an IRR of 17.01% and payback period of 4.3 years. It will create jobs and substitute imports to benefit the economy.
This profile outlines a plan to establish a 300 tonne per year baker's yeast production plant. The current demand for baker's yeast is estimated to be 246 tonnes annually and is projected to reach 764 tonnes by 2017. The total investment cost is estimated to be Birr 25.44 million, with Birr 20 million required for plant and machinery. The plant is expected to employ 35 people. Financially, the project has an internal rate of return of 20% and a net present value of Birr 10.15 million, indicating it is viable.
1. The document discusses establishing olive plantations and production in Pakistan. Over 800,000 hectares of land are suitable for olive cultivation which could produce over 72,000 tons of olive oil per year.
2. It outlines the market potential, noting Pakistan's increasing demand and reliance on imports to meet consumption needs. Worldwide consumption of olive oil has also risen significantly in recent decades.
3. Olives can be used and consumed in multiple forms - as table olives, olive oil, and olive cake. Olive oil has various grades defined by quality and processing method. Olives also provide environmental and health benefits.
Profile on the production retreaded tyreJay Ranvir
PROFILE ON THE PRODUCTION OF RETREADED TYRES The envisaged plant may uses different curing methods depending on the tyre and the thread pattern needed. Tyres with pre-cured thread rubber are placed into an autoclave and vulcanized using time, temperature and pressure to bond the thread to the casing.
This document provides a profile for establishing an ethyl acetate production plant with an annual capacity of 80 tons. Ethyl acetate is used as a solvent in various industries. The total investment cost is estimated at 9.11 million Birr. Key inputs include acetic acid, ethanol, and sulfuric acid. Production involves an esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol. The plant is expected to be financially viable with an IRR of 19.8% and positive NPV. It will create 18 jobs and reduce import dependence.
This document provides an overview of the IFFCO Aonla Unit, including its power generation, offsite plants, ammonia plant, and urea manufacturing processes. It describes the key components of the power plant like the gas turbine generator, compressor, combustion system, and turbine. It also summarizes the various offsite plants that support production, such as the raw water system, water treatment plant, cooling towers, and effluent treatment plant. The document contains flow charts and descriptions of the ammonia and urea production processes.
This document summarizes a study that characterized Moringa oleifera leaf powder for use as a functional food ingredient. Key findings include:
1) Moringa leaf powder dried at 60°C had optimal color characteristics and dehydration properties compared to other temperatures tested.
2) Blanching the leaves prior to drying resulted in powder with smaller particle sizes and more compact structure compared to unblanched powder.
3) Chemical analysis showed the leaf powder to be high in protein, fiber, and antioxidants like phenols, making it a nutritious potential food additive.
Moringa trees can be easily grown from seed or cuttings. They prefer full sun and well-drained soil. Seeds should be planted 1 cm deep and kept moist. Seedlings can be planted out when 60-90 cm tall. Moringa trees grow quickly, reaching 5 meters in the first year, and produce pods within 3 years. Regular pruning and pinching encourages bushy growth and maximizes pod production. Moringa is resistant to most pests and diseases.
Dokumen tersebut membahas perbedaan antara Islam normatif dan historis. Islam normatif merujuk pada Islam sebagai wahyu, sedangkan Islam historis merujuk pada pemahaman dan praktik Islam oleh umat muslim di seluruh dunia. Islam normatif meliputi tafsir, teologi, tasawuf, fiqh, dan filsafat. Sedangkan Islam historis meliputi antropologi agama, sosiologi agama, dan psikologi agama.
This document presents the results of a life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from Moringa Oleifera oilseeds. The study analyzed the environmental impacts from pre-farm, on-farm, and post-farm stages of biodiesel production under both irrigated and dryland conditions. Key findings include: 1) Greenhouse gas emissions for producing 1,000L of biodiesel were 832kg CO2e for irrigated land and 942kg CO2e for dryland, 2) Fossil fuel usage was higher for dryland production, and 3) When carbon sequestration is considered, net greenhouse gas impacts were -14,188kg CO2e and -14,
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera as reported in various studies. Some key points:
- Every part of Moringa oleifera (leaves, fruits, seeds, roots, etc.) has been used in traditional medicine systems for various ailments.
- Modern research has found Moringa to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective and other medicinal properties.
- Specific studies show Moringa has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, diure
This research article evaluated the potential aphrodisiac effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in male albino rats. Researchers administered aqueous, alcohol, and chloroform extracts of M. oleifera seeds to male rats for 21 days. They observed several parameters of sexual behavior and found that the extracts significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculation latency, while decreasing mounting latency, intromission latency, and post-ejaculatory interval. The extracts also increased libido without any adverse effects. The results suggest that M. oleifera seed extracts can enhance sexual behavior in male rats, supporting its traditional use as an aphrodisiac.
The document discusses Moringa oleifera, a plant native to India with many traditional medicinal uses. It provides background information on the plant's cultivation and uses. Tables list the amino acid and vitamin/mineral content of Moringa leaves, showing high nutritional value. The document reviews studies suggesting Moringa leaves may have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects. It discusses the phytochemistry of Moringa, noting compounds that may contribute to its medicinal properties.
This study tested the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand-washing product. Fifteen volunteers had their hands artificially contaminated with E. coli, then washed their hands with various preparations of Moringa powder or a control soap. The results showed that 2-3g of dried or wet Moringa powder was less effective than the control soap. However, 4g of dried or wet Moringa powder had similar antibacterial effects as the control soap, reducing E. coli levels on hands. An inert powder was also tested and found to be less effective than 4g of Moringa, indicating Moringa's antibacterial effects are not solely due to mechanical hand rubbing.
Apple is one of the most recognized technology companies known for bringing cutting-edge products like the iPhone, iPad, and Mac computers to customers. Founded by Steve Jobs in the 1970s, Apple has experienced tremendous growth and success over the decades by continually innovating and reinventing entire new product categories. Today, Apple makes money through sales of devices, apps, music, and other services, with the goal of empowering customers to create and share their ideas and visions through intuitive technology.
Adam and Eve were the first humans created by God to live in the Garden of Eden. God told them they could eat from any tree except the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Eve was deceived by a serpent to eat the forbidden fruit and shared it with Adam. This brought sin into the world. The document questions whether God provided a way for humans' relationship with Him to be repaired after this, and explores how the story affects one's view of themselves, God, and their relationship with God.
This document provides a profile for establishing a 500 tonne per year groundnut oil production plant. It includes a market study showing current and projected demand, descriptions of the production process and machinery required. The total investment is estimated at 10.57 million Birr, with 3 million for plant and machinery. The project is financially viable with an IRR of 17.01% and payback period of 4.3 years. It will create jobs and substitute imports to benefit the economy.
This profile outlines a plan to establish a 300 tonne per year baker's yeast production plant. The current demand for baker's yeast is estimated to be 246 tonnes annually and is projected to reach 764 tonnes by 2017. The total investment cost is estimated to be Birr 25.44 million, with Birr 20 million required for plant and machinery. The plant is expected to employ 35 people. Financially, the project has an internal rate of return of 20% and a net present value of Birr 10.15 million, indicating it is viable.
1. The document discusses establishing olive plantations and production in Pakistan. Over 800,000 hectares of land are suitable for olive cultivation which could produce over 72,000 tons of olive oil per year.
2. It outlines the market potential, noting Pakistan's increasing demand and reliance on imports to meet consumption needs. Worldwide consumption of olive oil has also risen significantly in recent decades.
3. Olives can be used and consumed in multiple forms - as table olives, olive oil, and olive cake. Olive oil has various grades defined by quality and processing method. Olives also provide environmental and health benefits.
Profile on the production retreaded tyreJay Ranvir
PROFILE ON THE PRODUCTION OF RETREADED TYRES The envisaged plant may uses different curing methods depending on the tyre and the thread pattern needed. Tyres with pre-cured thread rubber are placed into an autoclave and vulcanized using time, temperature and pressure to bond the thread to the casing.
This document provides a profile for establishing an ethyl acetate production plant with an annual capacity of 80 tons. Ethyl acetate is used as a solvent in various industries. The total investment cost is estimated at 9.11 million Birr. Key inputs include acetic acid, ethanol, and sulfuric acid. Production involves an esterification reaction between acetic acid and ethanol. The plant is expected to be financially viable with an IRR of 19.8% and positive NPV. It will create 18 jobs and reduce import dependence.
This document provides an overview of the IFFCO Aonla Unit, including its power generation, offsite plants, ammonia plant, and urea manufacturing processes. It describes the key components of the power plant like the gas turbine generator, compressor, combustion system, and turbine. It also summarizes the various offsite plants that support production, such as the raw water system, water treatment plant, cooling towers, and effluent treatment plant. The document contains flow charts and descriptions of the ammonia and urea production processes.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
IRJET- Prospects of using Locally Sourced Oil Palm Fronds Fibres as Fluid...IRJET Journal
This document examines using oil palm frond fibers as fluid loss control additives in water-based drilling muds. It finds that salt water muds have the most fluid loss, followed by fresh water muds, with CMC polymer muds having the least. Adding oil palm frond fibers improves filtration properties by decreasing fluid loss with increased fiber concentrations, while increasing filter cake thickness. Both fluid loss and cake thickness decrease with smaller fiber particle sizes. Using locally sourced oil palm frond fibers as additives could help control fluid loss while reducing costs for the Nigerian oil and gas industry.
India imports 85% of its fuel from abroad each year. Domestic fuel production meets only a small portion of total demand, which is projected to more than double by 2019-20. Pongamia pinnata biodiesel is a proposed solution, as it can be grown in poor soils with little rainfall and processed into biodiesel that reduces pollution compared to diesel. The company plans to establish plantations and processing plants over three years to produce and sell biodiesel commercially in India and beyond.
Paper 2 Dr. Muhammad Anjum Ali overview of oilseed crops of Pakistanpakistanoilseeds
- Pakistan is highly dependent on imported edible oils, importing 89% of its requirements in 2018-19 while local production met only 11%.
- To reduce this import dependence and encourage local production, the National Oilseed Enhancement Program (NOEP) was launched with a total budget of Rs. 10.963 billion over 5 years from 2019-20 to 2023-24.
- The NOEP aims to boost adoption of oilseed crops like canola, sunflower, and sesame through subsidies on seeds and machinery, demonstrations, training programs, and media campaigns to promote oilseed cultivation.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Biodiesel (Caster-RICINUS COMMUNIS) ...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental investigation of biodiesel produced from castor seeds (Ricinus communis) and tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine. The study involved producing biodiesel via transesterification of castor oil with methanol using a base catalyst. Various blends of castor biodiesel and petroleum diesel were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics compared to pure petroleum diesel. The results provide information on the potential for castor biodiesel to be used as an alternative or additive to petroleum diesel fuel.
This document provides an overview of the manufacturing process at Rajshree Sugars and Chemicals Ltd plant. The plant has a capacity of 2500 tons of cane crushed per day and produces sugar, power, ethanol, and biocomposition. It utilizes a double sulphitation sugar production process across various houses including milling, boiling, and drying. Byproducts like bagasse and molasses are used to generate power and produce ethanol. The plant's process design is both product and process focused to efficiently produce sugar and maintain equipment. Key factors like nature of demand, vertical integration, flexibility, automation, and quality influence the plant's overall process design.
Spicewind Pacific Group proposes to supply bio-jet fuel to the US Department of Defense from facilities in the Marshall Islands. They plan to establish an initial 10,000-25,000 gallons per day refinery on Kwajalein Atoll to supply the nearby US military base by the third year. Their feedstocks will include coconut oil from over 20 million trees, organic waste products providing 850,000 tons annually, and future algae oil production. Revenues from coconut oil alone in the first 5 years are estimated at $239.6 million.
A project report by BBA 3rd semester Students from Dr. K.N. Modi University on the topic Project report on Mustard oil Shree Shyam Udhoyg, Newai Rajasthan
This document examines the effect of temperature on the yield of methyl ester (biodiesel) produced from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil through base-catalyzed transesterification. The maximum yield for palm kernel oil was 87.67% at 65°C, while groundnut oil yield peaked at 82.5% at 50°C. Yield generally increased with temperature up to these points, then decreased due to increased miscibility. Palm kernel oil produced a higher average yield than groundnut oil under the conditions tested. The results show that Nigerian palm kernel and groundnut oils can be effective feedstocks for biodiesel production.
Lecture/demonstration sponsored by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) during the 22nd International Agribusiness Exhibition and Seminars on October 15, 2015 held at the World Trade Center, Pasay City
“PHILMECH Compact Cornmill“
By: Dr. Romualdo Martinez, Dr. Michael Gragasin, and Engr. Jayvee Illustrisimo of Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMec)
This document discusses a study on improving the flow performance of crude palm oil (CPO) during transportation. CPO has a high tendency to solidify which can cause blockages in pipelines and millions in losses each year. The study aimed to identify suitable temperature conditions and physical parameters using ultrasonic equipment to reduce viscosity and improve flow. Results showed that viscosity decreases nonlinearly with increasing temperature up to 50°C, at which point all solid CPO dissolved. Viscosity also decreased linearly with increasing ultrasonic frequency. Both methods successfully improved CPO flow during transportation and can reduce costs associated with storage and handling.
IRJET-Algae as a Potential Feedstock for Production of BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the production of biodiesel from two microalgae species: Cladophora vagabunda and Spirogyra oblonga. The key findings are:
1) Oil extraction from dried algae yielded more oil from C. vagabunda (16.2% oil) than S. oblonga (14.25% oil).
2) Transesterification using alkali catalysts (KOH, NaOCH3) produced the highest biodiesel yields at 650C, 0.7% catalyst concentration, and 90 minute reaction time.
3) C. vagabunda biodiesel production (94% yield) was
Start a Manufacturing Unit of Transformer Oil from Base Oil. Opportunities in...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Start a Manufacturing Unit of Transformer Oil from Base Oil. Opportunities in Petroleum Business.
Transformer oil (also known as insulating oil) is a unique type of oil with excellent electrical insulating properties and a high temperature stability. Transformer oil is used to insulate, avoid arcing and corona discharge, and dissipate the heat produced by oil-filled electrical power transformers. Transformer oil is also used to keep the center and windings of the transformer in good condition – The level of transformer oil is typically measured using a MOG (Magnetic Oil level Gauge).
For More Details: https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/project-and-profile-listing?CatId=92&SubCatId=92&CatName=Transformer,%20Distribution%20Transformer
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Similar to Moringa oil business_plan_and_budget (20)
The document summarizes a study that analyzed samples collected from diarrhea patients and their mothers in rural Bangladesh to detect coliform bacteria. Several species of coliform bacteria were isolated from the samples, with isolation rates ranging from 38.01-3.51%. Extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves were tested against the isolated bacteria. The leaf extracts showed antibacterial effects and were able to inhibit the growth of all tested bacterial pathogens, including E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Serratia species. The extracts had zone of inhibition ranging from 8-23 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration values between 62.5-1000 μg/mL, suggesting M. oleifera extracts could
This research article studied the anti-obesity effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MEMOL) in rats with high fat diet-induced obesity. Rats were fed a high fat diet to induce obesity over 49 days. Treatment with MEMOL for 49 days significantly reduced body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in obese rats, and increased body temperature, compared to untreated obese rats. MEMOL treated rats also showed decreased levels of liver enzymes and blood glucose. The results indicate that MEMOL attenuated body weight gain in obese rats without affecting food intake, and demonstrated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, suggesting it may help treat obesity and related disorders.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Found that MOLM is high in nutrients like protein and can partially or fully replace soybean meal without negatively impacting rabbit growth, health, or meat quality.
The study
This doctoral thesis by Azra Yasmeen explores the potential of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) leaf extract as a natural plant growth enhancer. The thesis involved a series of experiments on various crops including wheat, tomato, and pea. The results showed that Moringa leaf extract improved germination, seedling growth and yield under normal, saline and drought conditions. When applied as a seed priming agent or foliar spray, Moringa extract enhanced growth attributes such as plant height, chlorophyll content, protein levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. It also mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress and water deficit. The research demonstrated that Moringa leaf extract has promising properties as a natural growth
Despite considerable interest in the use of Moringa oleifera as a nutrient source, gaps and inconsistencies in the information on the nutrient content of this interesting plant remain. There are many reasons for this. The nutrient content of newly harvested plant material naturally varies with soil and climate as well as season and plant age. Differences in processing and storage procedures add more variation; and the use of different analytical techniques amplifies the variation further. For moringa leaves, additional variation has been created over time due to errors created as nutrient content values are incorrectly copied from source to source (30). The purpose of this review is to summarize the more recent scientific information about the nutrient content of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves and dried Moringa oleifera leaf powder. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Moringa Oleifera, A Supermarket On A Tree
Moringa oleifera is extremely rich in vital nutrients and, as a bonus, can grow very fast in dry areas of the world, where food is scarce. Since ancient times, Moringa was used as a medicinal plant, known to heal and ease a wide number of diseases: from various inflammations to cancer, to parasitic diseases and diabetes. In more recent times, Moringa has gained notoriety as a nutrition power plant that can feed the needy and, in fact, save lives. And eyes… from blindness due to lack of vital nutrients such as vitamin A in the diet.
Moringa leaves or leaf powder can be used successfully as a suplement food to nourish small children, pregnant or nursing women, and of course, anybody else.
http://miracletrees.org/
This document summarizes a study that investigated the structure of flocs formed when protein extracted from Moringa seeds is added to dispersions of polystyrene latex particles. Small-angle neutron scattering showed that the protein strongly adsorbs to the latex particle surfaces. The protein causes the particles to flocculate into very dense aggregates. The fractal dimensions of the flocs increased with higher particle concentration, approaching a theoretical maximum of 3. The flocs formed were more compact than those typically formed by simple ionic or polymeric flocculents. Proteins from two Moringa species were compared, with Moringa oleifera producing slightly denser flocs. Compact floc structure is desirable for efficient water purification
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dry Moringa oleifera leaf powder in treating anaemia. The leaf powder was found to contain high amounts of protein, iron, calcium, vitamin C and beta-carotene. Rats with induced anaemia were fed diets supplemented with 5% or 10% M. oleifera leaf powder. The supplemented rats showed significantly higher packed cell volume, haemoglobin and red blood cell levels compared to unsupplemented rats, demonstrating the leaf powder's ability to treat anaemia. The study concluded that M. oleifera leaf powder has potential as a nutrient supplement to improve nutritional status and manage anaemia.
The potential of_moringa_oleifera_for_agricultural_and_industrial_usesDrumstick Moringa
This document provides information on the potential uses of Moringa oleifera products. It discusses the morphology and physical characteristics of Moringa, as well as its socio-economic importance. The document then outlines the various uses of Moringa parts, including using the leaves, pods, seeds, and seed oil for human consumption. It also discusses using Moringa seeds for water purification and industrial uses of Moringa seed oil.
This document discusses a study that evaluated the use of moringa leaf meal (MOLM) as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit diets. Specifically, the study:
1. Cultivated moringa and analyzed the chemical composition of the dried leaf meal.
2. Formulated diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% MOLM and fed them to weaner rabbits to assess growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters.
3. Analyzed data on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), digestibility, carcass traits, and blood components to determine the effects of partially or completely replacing soy
This research article evaluated the potential aphrodisiac effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in male albino rats. Male rats were orally administered aqueous, alcohol, or chloroform extracts of M. oleifera seeds at various doses for 21 days. The extracts significantly increased sexual behaviors like mounting frequency and intromission frequency, while decreasing parameters like mounting latency and post-ejaculatory interval. The aqueous extract was found to be the most effective and showed no adverse effects. The results provide scientific support for the traditional use of M. oleifera seeds as an aphrodisiac for managing male sexual disorders.
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersDrumstick Moringa
The study evaluated the effects of leaf and fruit extracts of Moringa oleifera on experimentally induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. The results showed that:
1) Leaf extracts of M. oleifera reduced ulcer indices in models of acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers, indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers, ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, and cold restraint stress-induced gastric ulcers. The acetone and methanol leaf extracts showed the most potent effects.
2) The acetone and methanol leaf extracts reduced free and total acidity in pylorus-ligated rats, indicating a gastric anti-secretory effect.
3) Leaf extracts increased regeneration of
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels. The study tested 43 individuals, 30 with normal blood sugar and 13 with hyperglycemia. For those with normal blood sugar, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemia, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may benefit those managing hyperglycemia.
The document describes a method for small-scale farming called square foot gardening (SFG) that is well-suited for growing food in urban areas. SFG involves digging a 4.1 square meter area of land 2 feet deep and mixing the soil with an equal amount of poultry manure. The soil mixture is allowed to decompose for 6 weeks before being divided into four beds. Moringa is then planted and harvested after 60 days, with additional harvests possible every 50-60 days, providing a sustainable source of food in small spaces.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds on the sexual activity and reproductive abilities of male albino rats. The extract was administered orally to rats at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg for 21 days. The extract significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, libido, and sperm count, while decreasing mounting latency, intromission latency, and post-ejaculatory interval. The extract also had no adverse effects or acute toxicity. The results demonstrate that the M. oleifera seed extract can enhance sexual behavior in male rats, providing rationale for its traditional use as an aphrodisiac.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of supplementing the diets of severely malnourished children in Burkina Faso with Moringa oleifera leaf powder. 110 children aged 6-59 months were randomly assigned to two groups. Both groups received standard nutritional care, but one group received an additional 10g per day of Moringa leaf powder. Children receiving the Moringa supplement had higher average weight gain, a quicker recovery rate, but no significant difference in hemoglobin levels. The Moringa supplementation was found to be effective and safe in improving the nutritional recovery of severely malnourished children.
This document provides a profile for establishing a plant to produce 279 tonnes of Moringa oleifera oil per year in Ethiopia. It finds that the current demand for Moringa oleifera oil is 3,500 tonnes annually and is projected to reach 8,207 tonnes by 2017. The total investment required is estimated at 3.79 million Birr, including 1.8 million Birr for plant and machinery. The project is expected to employ 43 people and has an internal rate of return of 17% and net present value of 1.64 million Birr, making it financially viable.
This document provides information on the uses, cultivation, and production of Moringa oleifera (moringa). It discusses how almost all parts of the moringa tree are used for food, oil, fiber, and medicine in many cultures. Commercially, mature seeds are used to produce oil and the seed cake leftover is used as fertilizer and for water purification. Leaves are commonly eaten and used as livestock feed. The document provides details on moringa's botanical description, environmental preferences, growth, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. It highlights that moringa is widely adapted to tropical and subtropical regions, and almost every part of the plant has uses.
2. 200-2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
I. SUMMARY 200-3
II. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION 200-3
III. MARKET STUDY AND PLANT CAPACITY 200-4
A. MARKET STUDY 200-7
B. PLANT CAPACITY & PRODUCTION PROGRAMME 200-7
IV. MATERIALS AND INPUTS 200-7
A. RAW & AUXILIARY MATERIALS 200-7
B. UTILITIES 200-8
V. TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING 200-9
A. TECHNOLOGY 200-9
B. ENGINEERING 200-10
VI. MANPOWER & TRAINING REQUIREMENT 200-11
A. MANPOWER REQUIREMENT 200-11
B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT 200-11
VII. FINANCIAL ANLYSIS 200-12
A. TOTAL INITIAL INVESTMENT COST 200-12
B. PRODUCTION COST 200-13
C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION 200-14
D. ECONOMIC BENEFITS 200-15
3. 200-3
I. SUMMARY
This profile envisages the establishment of a plant for the production of Moringa oleifera
oil with a capacity of 279 tonnes per annum.
The present demand for the proposed product is estimated at 3,500 tonnes per annum.
The demand is expected to reach at 8,207 tonnes by the year 2017.
The plant will create employment opportunities for 43 persons.
The total investment requirement is estimated at Birr 3.79 million, out of which Birr 1.8
million is required for plant and machinery.
The project is financially viable with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 17 % and a net
present value (NPV) of Birr 1.64 million discounted at 8.5%.
II. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION
Moringa oleifera seed is harvested from its tree and contains 38.4% crude protein and 35
to 40% tatty oil. Moringa oleifera oil is non-drying oil with high oleic acid and used for
cooking and soap manufacture, as a cosmetic base and to provide illumination.
Other uses of moringa oleifera oil are for their antibiotic and anti-inflammatory
propertied to treat arthritis, rheumatism, cramp, sexually transmitted disease & bills.
The expeller cake, which is produced by pressing the seed to extract oil, is used as
fertilizer, coagulant (natural cationic polyelectrolyte) and animal toddler. The cake
contains about 58.9% crude protein.
4. 200-4
III. MARKET STUDY AND PLANT CAPACITY
A. MARKET STUDY
1. Past Supply and Present Demand
Moringa oleifera is a fast growing, aesthetically pleasing small tree adapted to arid, sandy
conditions. The species is characterized by its long, drumstick shaped pods that contain
its seeds. Within the first year of growth, moringa has been known to grow up to 4
meters and can bear fruit within the same first year. Depending on the purpose and
quantity desired, moringa can be grown in a nursery as a community project or on a
smaller scale at the family level.
Moringa oleifera oil has a number of applications including;
• Edible oil,
• Oils for cosmetics and soap,
• Oilcake as animal feed, fertiliser and solid fuel, and
• Moringa Leaf Powder as a food and nutrition supplement.
The edible oil is equivalent in every way to Olive oil with similar health benefits and will
be produced at a price much less than Olive oil and therefore more affordable for the
local population.
Cosmetic oils are used in skin care, massage preparations and pure natural soap is also
made from Moringa oleifera oil. The left over cake have a value as a fertilizer or solid
fuel.
However, in Etrhiopia as the cosmetics manufacturing industry is not well developed it is
assumed that at present Moringa oleifera oil will be only used as edible oil.
5. 200-5
The country’s requirement for the product has been met through domestic production and
import. Table 3.1 shows supply of edible oil both through import and local production.
Table 3.1
SUPPLY OF EDIBLE OIL (TONNES)
Year Domestic %
Share
Import Total
2000 6579 8.50 70,789 77,368
2001 6,637 21.12 24,785 31,422
2002 8,329 19.59 34,196 42,525
2003 7,993 26.40 22,283 30,276
2004 8,027 6.18 121,812 129,839
2005 6,931 7.79 82,014 88,945
AVERAGE 7,416 15 59,313 66,729
Source: Customs Authority CSA, Statistical Abstract.
As can be seen from Table 3.1, during the time under reference imports and domestic
production averaged 59,313 and 7,416 tonnes respectively, while average supply stands
at 66,729 tonnes. Thus on the average, about 15% of country’s requirement for edible oil
was supplied through domestic production.
It is assumed that the average supply during the period of analyses approximates current
(2007) demand for edible oil. Moreover, in order to be conservative it is assumed that the
market share of Moringa oleifera oil is assumed to be only 7% of the total demand for
edible oil i.e. 4,671 tonnes.
2. Projected Demand
The demand projection is estimated on a hypothetical assumption that edible oil
consumption should grow with the growth of urban population. Hence, a 4% growth rate
is used to forecast the demand as depicted in Table 3.2.
6. 200-6
Table 3.2
PROJECTED DEMAND MORINGA OLEIFERA OIL
Year
Projected
Demand
2008 4858
2009 5052
2010 5254
2011 5464
2012 5683
2013 5910
2014 6147
2015 6393
2016 6648
2017 6914
2018 7191
2019 7478
2020 7778
3. Pricing and Distribution
The price for one liter edible oil is Birr 12. Assuming margin for wholesalers and
retailers, Birr 7 per liter is recommended the envisaged product.
The product will can be distributed through retails shops who will receive the product
using van delivery with an appropriate size and package.
7. 200-7
B. PLANT CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION PREGRAMME
1. Plant Capacity
The annual production capacity of the envisaged plant is 1,500 tonnes of refined edible
oil and 2,447 tonnes of expeller cake, based on 300 working days and 3 shifts per day.
2. Production Programme
Considering the gradual development of processing skill and marketing, the rate of
capacity utilization during the 1st
and 2nd
year of production will be 70 and 90%
respectively. Full capacity will be attained in the third year then after. Table 3.3 shows
the production program of the proposed project.
Table 3.3
PRODUCTION PROGRAM (Tonnes)
Sr. Production Year
No. Product 1 2 3-10
1 Moringa Oleifera Oil 1050 1350 1500
2 Expeller Cake 1712.9 2202.3 2,447
3 Capacity Utilization Rate (%) 70 90 100
IV MATERIAL AND INPUTS
A. RAW AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS
The principal raw and auxiliary materials are moringa oleifera seed and packing materials
such ass drums (200kg capacity) for oil and pp bags for expeller cake. The total annual
requirement of raw and auxiliary and cost of these materials is indicated in Table 4.1.
8. 200-8
Table 4.1
ANNUAL RAW AND AUXILIARY MATERIALS
REQUIREMENT & COST
Sr. Cost (1000 Birr)
No. Materials Unit Qty. LC FC TOTAL
1 Moringa Oleifera Tonne 660 3,947 - 9868
2 Caustic Soda Kg 2,400 36 - 36
3 Bleaching Earth Kg 5,280 - 60 60
4 PP bags (50kg) Kg 5,448 100.33 - 100.33
5 Replacement of Drums -
(2%) 2%
Pcs 20 18 - 18
Total 10,020.33 60 10,080.33
B. UTILITIES
Electricity, furnace oil and water are utilities of the proposed project. Table 4.2 indicates
the annual utility requirement and cost at full capacity. Process water shall be supplied by
submersible pumps installed by the project.
Table 4.2
ANNUAL UTILITIES REQUIREMENT & COST
Sr.
No.
Utility Unit Qty Cost (1000 Birr)
1 Electricity kWh 670,000 317.58
2 Furnace oil Tonne 120,000 649.2
3 Water m3
2,000 20
Total 986.78
9. 200-9
V. TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
A. TECHNOLOGY
1. Process Description
Edible oil processing can be classified in two groups of manufacturing stages: crude and
refined oil production.
Moringa oleifera seeds first enter into cleaning unity where vibratory screens and
pneumatic cleaners are involved. The cleaned seed then passes through conditioning
process. The cooked and conditioned seed will be pressed to produce crude oil which
shall be screened and filtered before entering the refinery unity.
In the refinery there exists three major operations: neutralization, bleaching and
deodorization. In the neutralizer the free fatty acid content of crude oil shall be lowered
by adding caustic soda. The colour of oil shall be controlled in the bleacher using
bleaching earth. Finally, the odors are removed by the deodorization process. The final
refined oil is then dispatched for sales.
2. Source of Technology
Different machinery manufacturers and suppliers can be requested for their offer. For
example the following company may be interested to supply parts or the whole plant, in
turn-key basis.
Dayal Impex
Website: http://www.indiamart.com/oilexpellerspare.
10. 200-10
B. ENGINEERING
1. Machinery and Equipment
The list of machinery and equipment is indicated in Table 5.1. The total cost of
machinery is estimated at Birr 17,014,900, of which Birr 14,179,000 is required in
foreign currency.
Table 5.1
LIST OF MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT
Sr.
No.
Description Qty.
(No.)
1 Vibratory Screen 1
2 Expeller Press 1
3 Filter / press 1
4 Storage Tank 2
5 Neutralizer & Bleacher 1
6 Lye Tank 1
7 Deodorizer 1
8 Boiler 1
9 Cooling Tower 1
10 Submersible Pump 1
11 Water Reserve oir
2. Land, Building and Civil Works
The total area of the project is about 1,500 m2
of which 1,500 m2
is a built-up area. The
cost of buildings is estimated at Birr 2,2250,000. The lease value of land is Birr 400,000
at a rate of 1 Birr per m2
for 80 years.
11. 200-11
3. Proposed Location
Selam Bere town is the best location to establish the envisaged plant, for its proximity to
raw material sources.
VI. MANPOWER AND TRAINING REQUIREMENT
A. MANPOWER REQUIREMENT
The list of manpower and the labour cost are indicated in Table 6.1. The total annual cost
of labour is estimated at Birr 417,000.
B. TRAINING REQUIREMENT
Training shall be carried out during plant erection by the experts of machinery suppliers.
The total cost of training is estimated at Birr 30,000
Table 6.1
MANPOWER REQUIREMENT & LABOUR COST
Sr.
No. Manpower
Req.
No.
Monthly Salary
(Birr)
Annual Salary
(Birr)
1 General Manager 1 3,000 36,000
2 Sales Officers 2 2,500 30,000
3 Accountant 1 2,000 2,400
4 Production Head 1 2,000 2,400
5 Operators 12 8,400 100,800
6 Laborers 20 6,000 72,000
7 Guards 3 900 10,800
8 Lab. Technicians 3 3,000 36,000
Sub-total 43 27,800 333,600
Benefit (25%BS) 6950 83,400
Total 34,750 417,000
12. 200-12
VII. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
The financial analysis of the moringa oleifera oil project is based on the data presented
in the previous chapters and the following assumptions:-
Construction period 1 year
Source of finance 30 % equity
70 % loan
Tax holidays 5 years
Bank interest 8%
Discount cash flow 8.5%
Accounts receivable 30 days
Raw material local 30days
Work in progress 5 days
Finished products 30 days
Cash in hand 1 days
Accounts payable 30 days
A. TOTAL INITIAL INVESTMENT COST
The total investment cost of the project including working capital is estimated at Birr
3.79 million, of which 31 per cent will be required in foreign currency.
The major breakdown of the total initial investment cost is shown in Table 7.1.
13. 200-13
Table 7.1
INITIAL INVESTMENT COST
Sr. Total Cost
No. Cost Items (‘000 Birr)
1 Land lease value 120.0
2 Building and Civil Work 750.0
3 Plant Machinery and Equipment 1,800.0
4 Office Furniture and Equipment 100.0
5 Vehicle 250.0
6 Pre-production Expenditure* 331.7
7 Working Capital 443.0
Total Investment cost 3,794.7
Foreign Share 31
* N.B Pre-production expenditure includes interest during construction ( Birr 181.70 thousand ) training
(Birr 15 thousand ) and Birr 135 thousand costs of registration, licensing and formation of the company
including legal fees, commissioning expenses, etc.
B. PRODUCTION COST
The annual production cost at full operation capacity is estimated at Birr 2.96
million (see Table 7.2). The material and utility cost accounts for 73.37 per cent,
while repair and maintenance take 3.83 per cent of the production cost.
14. 200-14
Table 7.2
ANNUAL PRODUCTION COST AT FULL CAPACITY ('000 BIRR)
Items Cost %
Raw Material and Inputs 2,011.13 67.80
Utilities 165.5 5.58
Maintenance and repair 113.65 3.83
Labour direct 97.92 3.30
Factory overheads 40.8 1.38
Administration Costs 65.28 2.20
Total Operating Costs 2,494.28 84.08
Depreciation 313.5 10.57
Cost of Finance 158.7 5.35
Total Production Cost 2,966.48 100
C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION
1. Profitability
According to the projected income statement, the project will start generating profit in the
first year of operation. Important ratios such as profit to total sales, net profit to equity
(Return on equity) and net profit plus interest on total investment (return on total
investment) show an increasing trend during the life-time of the project.
The income statement and the other indicators of profitability show that the project is
viable.
15. 200-15
2. Break-even Analysis
The break-even point of the project including cost of finance when it starts to operate at
full capacity ( year 3) is estimated by using income statement projection.
BE = Fixed Cost = 61 %
Sales – Variable Cost
3. Pay Back Period
The investment cost and income statement projection are used to project the pay-back
period. The project’s initial investment will be fully recovered within 5 years.
4. Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value
Based on the cash flow statement, the calculated IRR of the project is 17 % and the net
present value at 8.5% discount rate is Birr 1.64 million.
D. ECONOMIC BENEFITS
The project can create employment for 43 persons. In addition to supply of the
domestic needs, the project will generate Birr 998,110 in terms of tax revenue.
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