This document discusses key challenges for effective monitoring, learning, and evaluation (MLE) in adaptive programming. It notes some challenges with monitoring including gaps in teams and complicated frameworks. It provides examples of output and outcome indicators. It emphasizes that learning should be done for, from, and with partners and programs. Evaluation criteria discussed include relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability. It concludes that an enabling environment, skills, culture and resources are needed for successful MLE and notes its connection to results-based programming, adaptive programming, and working politically.