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借助 MongoDB 实现扩展
Thomas Boyd
MongoDB 解决方案体系结构主管
MongoDB 扩展
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
操作数/秒
节点数
MongoDB 集群 吞吐量
议程
• 优化技巧
– 架构设计
– 索引
– 监视
– WiredTiger
• 纵向扩展
• 横向扩展
• 扩展运维团队
优化技巧:架构设计
文档模型
• 匹配应用程序对象
• 灵活
• 高性能
{ "customer_id" :123,
"first_name" : ”John",
"last_name" :"Smith",
"address" : {
"street": "123 Main Street",
"city": "Houston",
"state": "TX",
"zip_code": "77027"
}
policies: [ {
policy_number :13,
description: “short term”,
deductible:500
},
{ policy_number :14,
description: “dental”,
visits: […]
} ]
}
架构设计的重要性
• 与 RDBMS 架构设计截然不同
• MongoDB 架构:
– 反规范化数据
– 通过预先知道的实际(而不是预计)查询模式
创建(可能很复杂的)架构
– 编写简单查询
真实示例
销售遍布 20 个国家/地区的零售商产品目录
{
_id:375,
en_US: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
en_GB: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
fr_FR: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
fr_CA: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
de_DE: …,
<… and so on for other locales …>
}
未能很好地匹配访问模式
实际应用程序查询:
db.catalog.find( { _id: 375 }, { en_US: true } );
db.catalog.find( { _id: 375 }, { fr_FR: true } );
db.catalog.find( { _id: 375 }, { de_DE: true } );
…其他区域以此类推
资源利用效率低
红色数据正在使用。蓝色
数据占用内存,但并非所
需。
{
_id:375,
en_US: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
en_GB: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
fr_FR: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
fr_CA: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
de_DE: …,
de_CH: …,
<… and so on for other locales …>
}
{
_id:42,
en_US: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
en_GB: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
fr_FR: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
fr_CA: { name: …, description: …, <etc…> },
de_DE: …,
de_CH: …,
<… and so on for other locales …>
}
重新设计架构的结果
• 查询引起最低内存开销
• 多于 20 倍的产品同时装入 RAM
• 磁盘 IO 使用率降低
• 应用程序延迟减少
{
_id:"375-en_GB",
name: …,
description: …,
<… the rest of the document …>
}
架构设计模式
• 模式:理想情况下,为每次写操作预计算关注的量
• 模式:将无关项放入不同集合以便充分利用索引
• 反模式:无限制地附加到数组
• 反模式:将关系型架构直接导入 MongoDB
架构设计资源
• 深入探讨数据建模,下午 2 点
Robertston 礼堂 1
• 博客系列,“6 rules of thumb”
– 第 1 部分:http://goo.gl/TFJ3dr
– 第 2 部分:
http://goo.gl/qTdGhP
– 第 3 部分:http://goo.gl/JFO1pI
• 网络讲座、培训、咨询等…
优化技巧:编制索引
B 树索引
• 文档的树形结构引用
• 单个最大可协调性能因素
• 索引编制和架构设计齐头并进
索引编制错误及其修复
• 无法构建所需索引
– 运行 .explain(),检查较慢查询日志、mtool、
system.profile 集合
• 构建不必要的索引
– 与应用程序开发人员讨论用法
• 在生产中运行即席查询
– 使用模拟环境,使用从节点
mongod 日志文件
Sun Jun 29 06:35:37.646 [conn2]
query test.docs query:
{ parent.company:"22794",
parent.employeeId:"83881" }
ntoreturn:1 ntoskip:0
nscanned:806381 keyUpdates:0
numYields: 5 locks(micros)
r:2145254 nreturned:0 reslen:20
1156ms
mtool
• http://github.com/rueckstiess/mtools
• 对性能较差的查询进行日志文件分析
– 显示从早上 6 点到晚上 6 点之间所用时间超过 1000
毫秒的查询:
– mlogfilter mongodb.log --from 06:00 --to
18:00 --slow 1000 > mongodb-filtered.log
索引编制策略
• 创建支持查询的索引!
• 创建选择性高的索引
• 消除具有复合索引的重复索引
– db.collection.ensureIndex({A:1, B:1, C:1})
– 允许查询使用最左前缀
• 排列索引列以支持扫描和排序
• 创建支持覆盖查询的索引
• 防止在预生产环境中进行集合扫描
db.getSiblingDB("admin").runCommand( { setParameter:
1, notablescan: 1 } )
优化技巧:监视
立即
行动吧
在预生产/压力环境中
MongoDB Management Service (MMS)
备份
监视
自动化
MMS:数据库指标
MMS 监视设置
MMS 云版本
1. 访问 http://mms.mongodb.com
2. 创建帐户
3. 在数据中心内安装一个代理
4. 在 Web 界面中添加主机
5. 尽情享用!
WiredTiger 存储引擎
提升 7 倍到 10 倍性能,减少 50% 到 80% 存储
原理:WiredTiger 存储引擎
• 相同数据模型,相同查询语言,
相同运维团队
• 文档级并发控制推动写性能提升
• 本地压缩推动存储节省
• 完全向后兼容
• 非破坏性升级
MongoDB 3.0MongoDB 2.6
性能
纵向扩展
因素:
– RAM
– 磁盘
– CPU
– 网络
我们愿帮助您进行扩展
主节点
从节点
从节点
复制集 主节点
从节点
从节点
复制集
工作集超出物理内存
真实示例
• 业务实体的状态更改
• 批量更改状态
– 有时更新 10% 的实体
– 有时更新 100%
初始架构
分片集群,旋转磁盘支持的 4 分片
应用程序 / mongos
mongod
横向扩展
快速增长的业务意味着更多分片
应用程序 / mongos
…16 个以上的分片…
mongod
纵向扩展
通过 SSD 扩展随机 IOPS
应用程序 / mongos
mongod SSD
增加硬件之前....
• 确保已解决正确的扩展问题
• 首先解决架构和索引问题
– 架构和索引问题可能看起来像硬件问题
• 调整操作系统
– 使用管理程序调整 ulimits、swap、NUMA、NOOP 计划程序
• 调整 IO 子系统
– ext4 或 XFS 对比 SAN、RAID10、readahead、noatime
• 参阅 MongoDB“生产说明”页面
• 留意日志文件启动警告
横向扩展
分片概述
主节点
从节点
从节点
分片 1
主节点
从节点
从节点
分片 2
主节点
从节点
从节点
分片 3
主节点
从节点
从节点
分片 N
…
查询路由器 查询路由器 查询路由器
……
驱动程序
应用程序
范围分片
mongod
读/写可扩展性
键范围
0..100
范围分片
读/写可扩展性
mongod mongod
键范围
0..50
键范围
51..100
分片
mongod mongod mongod mongod
键范围
0..25
键范围
26..50
键范围
51..75
键范围
76..100
读/写可扩展性
片键特征
• 好的片键应具有:
– 充足的基数
– 分布式写入
– 针对性读取(“查询隔离”)
• 片键应尽可能位于每个查询中
– 否则为分散聚合查询
• 选择好的片键非常重要!
– 影响性能和可扩展性
– 以后更改代价高昂
注意升序片键
• 单调递增片键值会导致插入上出现“热点”
• 例如:时间戳、_id
分片 1
mongos
分片 2 分片 3 分片 N
[ ISODate(…), $maxKey )
扩展运维团队
MongoDB Management Service (MMS)
轻松扩展满足 SLA
最佳实践、自动
化
削减管理开销
未使用 MMS
部署示例 - 12 台服务器
安装、配置
150 多个步骤
…错误处理、限制、告警
横向扩展、迁移服务器、调整 Oplog 大小等
10-180 多个步骤
升级、降级
100 多个步骤
使用 MMS
常见任务,执行时间以分钟为单位
• 部署 – 任意大小、大多数拓扑
• 升级/降级 – 无需宕机
• 扩展 – 添加/删除分片或复制集成员,无需宕机
• 调整 Oplog 大小 – 无需宕机
• 指定用户、角色、自定义角色
• 配置 AWS 实例并针对 MongoDB 进行优化
扩展 MonoDB
2.5 亿条分笔成
交数据/秒
30 多万次操作/
秒
50 多万次操作/
秒
联邦机构
性能
1400 台服务器
1000 多台服务器
250 多台服务器
娱乐公司
集群
千兆字节
数百亿对象
130 亿文档
数据
亚洲互联网公司
借助 MongoDB 实现扩展

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借助 MongoDB 实现扩展

Editor's Notes

  1. MMS 可以为 [运维团队] 完成许多工作。 最佳实践、自动化。MMS 采用运行 MongoDB 的最佳实践并自动执行任务。因此你将采用 MongoDB 工程师的方法来完成运维工作。这不仅能进一步防止错误,还有助于… 削减管理开销。无需自定义脚本或特殊设置。可以花较少的时间运行和管理手动任务,因为 MMS 会替您完成许多工作,让您能够专注于其他任务。 满足 SLA。自动执行关键管理任务可以更容易满足运行时间 SLA。其中包括管理故障转移和执行零宕机滚动升级。 轻松扩展。单击一下即可部署新节点和系统。
  2. 当然,没有 MMS 也可以执行这些操作。 但费工费时。通常需手动操作或自定义脚本。 无论使用哪种方式,这些操作都需要花费时间、需要您检查错误,并且它们更容易导致错误产生。
  3. 更多信息:http://www.mongodb.com/mongodb-scale