Molecular mechanical computer design 100 billion times more energy efficient than best conventional computer.
Several new paradigms are waiting to be perfected: photonic and quantum computing in particular. Together with the "demiurge" of artificial intelligence we can build a real demiurge machine (see Captain Future, EP 12, 1979) that turns energy into matter. (see Escaflowne, The Atlantis Machine)
Saturn (BINAH in Kabbalah) sits on the borderline between spirit (silence) and matter (movement) and through the enforced hardship this demiurge imposed upon humanity (sin = separation), we will slowly but surely regain our lost state of unity. We can see how the punishment for Prometheus (Lucifer) - who separated himself from Christ consciousness, which is a supra-consciousness asleep in the majority, and imprisoned himself into his own intellect - contains in itself the way to reunion. Through analytical research we can uncover the lost secrets of nature that lead to longevity, youth, regeneration, abundance.
Decades ago a method to produce matter out of light was devised known as the Breit-Wheeler process. Assuming that we can somehow create functional atoms out of pure energy (light) we could build a machine that uses zero-point energy to create photons that in turn are transformed into atoms to create molecules until any object we desire emerges. Until then, however, our own intelligence needs to be augmented with neural network technology to make everyone into a supergenius.
The real power of connecting brains to computers lies not in a supposed "immortality" (that can never exist because any form, regardless of how it is composed, can be destroyed by something else, not least when the entire universe should collapse. Maybe we can escape into another universe, but even then we will never be "immortal" - only indefinitely alive if we are lucky). The real key of this technology lies in making everybody a Tesla-style creative genius. (see Lawnmower Man, 1992)
Imagine a world in which everyone has effortless brilliance on par with Tesla or even beyond. A world of several billion geniuses. It would be the exact opposite of the world today in the early 21th century (Third Millennium - Age of the Holy Spirit). There would be no more limits of any kind. This would be the fulfillment of religion. The transformation of the fallen world of Saturn (Kronos: time limits, vicious circles, slavery in matter) into paradise (timeless, limitless, no divisions). Division was the fall: from ourselves, from each other, from nature, from life, from God.
Science and technology are the key that opens the doors into heaven (freedom). It is how they are harmoniously integrated with everything that is of critical importance. Not technology against life but science in service of life. A null value (stand-by mode) will be required when connecting brains to AI (and the harmonization with brain regions, see "Lilly's wave") to prevent loss of self.
IRJET-A Review on Trends in Multicore Processor Based on Cache and Power Diss...IRJET Journal
K.Aruli, B.Nivetha, G.N.Jayabhavani, M.Saravanan "A Review on Trends in Multicore Processor Based on Cache and Power Dissipation", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
A multi-core processor is an integrated circuit to which two or more processors attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks. Multi-core processing is a growing industrial trend as single core processors rapidly reach the physical limits of complexity and speed. It exploits increased feature-size and density. It increases functional units per chip and limit energy consumption per operation. This paper provides the review of various papers in multicore architecture, discussing various parameters like number of cores, cache coherence and power dissipation.
Low power network on chip architectures: A surveyCSITiaesprime
Mostly communication now days is done through system on chip (SoC) models so, network on chip (NoC) architecture is most appropriate solution for better performance. However, one of major flaws in this architecture is power consumption. To gain high performance through this type of architecture it is necessary to confirm power consumption while designing this. Use of power should be diminished in every region of network chip architecture. Lasting power consumption can be lessened by reaching alterations in network routers and other devices used to form that network. This research mainly focusses on state-of-the-art methods for designing NoC architecture and techniques to reduce power consumption in those architectures like, network architecture, network links between nodes, network design, and routers.
IRJET-A Review on Trends in Multicore Processor Based on Cache and Power Diss...IRJET Journal
K.Aruli, B.Nivetha, G.N.Jayabhavani, M.Saravanan "A Review on Trends in Multicore Processor Based on Cache and Power Dissipation", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net
Abstract
A multi-core processor is an integrated circuit to which two or more processors attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks. Multi-core processing is a growing industrial trend as single core processors rapidly reach the physical limits of complexity and speed. It exploits increased feature-size and density. It increases functional units per chip and limit energy consumption per operation. This paper provides the review of various papers in multicore architecture, discussing various parameters like number of cores, cache coherence and power dissipation.
Low power network on chip architectures: A surveyCSITiaesprime
Mostly communication now days is done through system on chip (SoC) models so, network on chip (NoC) architecture is most appropriate solution for better performance. However, one of major flaws in this architecture is power consumption. To gain high performance through this type of architecture it is necessary to confirm power consumption while designing this. Use of power should be diminished in every region of network chip architecture. Lasting power consumption can be lessened by reaching alterations in network routers and other devices used to form that network. This research mainly focusses on state-of-the-art methods for designing NoC architecture and techniques to reduce power consumption in those architectures like, network architecture, network links between nodes, network design, and routers.
A micro chip could be a pc processor which contains the functions of.pdfangelnxcom
A micro chip could be a pc processor which contains the functions of a computer\'s central
process unit (CPU) on one microcircuit (IC),[1] or at the most many integrated circuits.[2] The
micro chip could be a useful , clock driven, register based mostly, programmable device that
accepts digital or binary knowledge as input, processes it in step with directions keep in its
memory, and provides results as output. Microprocessors contain each combinatory logic and
ordered digital logic. Microprocessors care for numbers and symbols delineate within the binary
numeral system.
The integration of a full {cpu|central process unit|CPU|C.P.U.|central
processor|processor|mainframe|electronic equipment|hardware|computer hardware} onto one
chip or on many chips greatly reduced the value of processing power. microcircuit processors
square measure created in massive numbers by extremely automatic processes leading to a coffee
per cost. Single-chip processors increase responsibleness as there square measure several fewer
electrical connections to fail. As micro chip styles get quicker, the value of producing a chip
(with smaller parts designed on a semiconductor chip an equivalent size) typically stays an
equivalent.
Before microprocessors, little computers had been designed victimization racks of circuit boards
with several medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors combined this into
one or many large-scale ICs. continuing will increase in micro chip capability have since
rendered alternative types of computers virtually fully obsolete (see history of computing
hardware), with one or additional microprocessors utilized in everything from the tiniest
embedded systems and hand-held devices to the most important mainframes and
supercomputers.
The internal arrangement of a micro chip varies betting on the age of the look and also the
supposed functions of the micro chip. The complexness of associate degree microcircuit (IC) is
delimited by physical limitations of the quantity of transistors that may be place onto one chip,
the quantity of package terminations that may connect the processor to alternative components of
the system, the quantity of interconnections it\'s potential to create on the chip, and also the heat
that the chip will dissipate. Advancing technology makes additional complicated and powerful
chips possible to manufacture.
A lowest theoretical micro chip would possibly solely embody associate degree arithmetic logic
unit (ALU) and an effect logic section. The ALU performs operations like addition, subtraction,
and operations like AND or OR. every operation of the ALU sets one or additional flags during a
standing register, that indicate the results of the last operation (zero worth, negative range,
overflow, or others). The management logic retrieves instruction codes from memory and
initiates the sequence of operations needed for the ALU to hold out the instruction. one computer
code would possibly have an effect on several .
Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
Automatic generation of power system network diagram(Mimic diagram) from a CI...Nikhil Valiveti
The common information model of power system network will be written for a power system network, using that details we have to generate the network in a software. My work is given in this document.
Call for Chapters- Edited Book: Real World Challenges in Quantum Electronics ...Christo Ananth
Most experts would consider this the biggest challenge. Quantum computers are extremely sensitive to noise and errors caused by interactions with their environment. This can cause errors to accumulate and degrade the quality of computation. Developing reliable error correction techniques is therefore essential for building practical quantum computers. While quantum computers have shown impressive performance for some tasks, they are still relatively small compared to classical computers. Scaling up quantum computers to hundreds or thousands of qubits while maintaining high levels of coherence and low error rates remains a major challenge. Developing high-quality quantum hardware, such as qubits and control electronics, is a major challenge. There are many different qubit technologies, each with its own strengths and weaknesses, and developing a scalable, fault-tolerant qubit technology is a major focus of research. Funding agencies, such as government agencies, are rising to the occasion to invest in tackling these quantum computing challenges. Researchers — almost daily — are making advances in the engineering and scientific challenges to create practical quantum computers
Empirically Derived Abstractions in Uncore Power Modeling for a Server-Class...Arun Joseph
Uncore power and identification of power reduction opportunities is a critical aspect of future power-efficient micro-processor design.
We present a practical methodology for use in an industrial setting for deriving abstract analytical power models for selected key uncore elements.
We show that even with very few power event markers and a small set of stress marks, it is possible to develop accurate power models for uncore elements of a modern day chip.
We quantify the accuracy such models have in providing improved power proxies and predicting worst-case bounds on chip level inductive noise in future technologies.
This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
Over the centuries, there have been countless attempts to answer the questions, to diagnose the possible cause for man's (self) destructive tendency by invoking the Biblical Fall, or Freud's 'death wish', or Marx's 'Class War', or 'Patriarchy' and what have you. But none of these carry much conviction, because, as Arthur Koestler would say, 'none of them started from the hypothesis that homo sapiens may be an aberrant biological species, and evolutionary misfit, afflicted by an endemic disorder'. Not only the incontrovertible evidence from man's past record, but also research strongly suggests that at some point during the biological evolution of Homo sapiens something went wrong. 'There is a flaw,' insists Kosteler. 'Some potentially fatal engineering error built into the native equipment - more specifically, into the circuits of our nervous system - which would account for the streak of paranoid running through our history.'
― The Other Side of Belief, Rao
A micro chip could be a pc processor which contains the functions of.pdfangelnxcom
A micro chip could be a pc processor which contains the functions of a computer\'s central
process unit (CPU) on one microcircuit (IC),[1] or at the most many integrated circuits.[2] The
micro chip could be a useful , clock driven, register based mostly, programmable device that
accepts digital or binary knowledge as input, processes it in step with directions keep in its
memory, and provides results as output. Microprocessors contain each combinatory logic and
ordered digital logic. Microprocessors care for numbers and symbols delineate within the binary
numeral system.
The integration of a full {cpu|central process unit|CPU|C.P.U.|central
processor|processor|mainframe|electronic equipment|hardware|computer hardware} onto one
chip or on many chips greatly reduced the value of processing power. microcircuit processors
square measure created in massive numbers by extremely automatic processes leading to a coffee
per cost. Single-chip processors increase responsibleness as there square measure several fewer
electrical connections to fail. As micro chip styles get quicker, the value of producing a chip
(with smaller parts designed on a semiconductor chip an equivalent size) typically stays an
equivalent.
Before microprocessors, little computers had been designed victimization racks of circuit boards
with several medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors combined this into
one or many large-scale ICs. continuing will increase in micro chip capability have since
rendered alternative types of computers virtually fully obsolete (see history of computing
hardware), with one or additional microprocessors utilized in everything from the tiniest
embedded systems and hand-held devices to the most important mainframes and
supercomputers.
The internal arrangement of a micro chip varies betting on the age of the look and also the
supposed functions of the micro chip. The complexness of associate degree microcircuit (IC) is
delimited by physical limitations of the quantity of transistors that may be place onto one chip,
the quantity of package terminations that may connect the processor to alternative components of
the system, the quantity of interconnections it\'s potential to create on the chip, and also the heat
that the chip will dissipate. Advancing technology makes additional complicated and powerful
chips possible to manufacture.
A lowest theoretical micro chip would possibly solely embody associate degree arithmetic logic
unit (ALU) and an effect logic section. The ALU performs operations like addition, subtraction,
and operations like AND or OR. every operation of the ALU sets one or additional flags during a
standing register, that indicate the results of the last operation (zero worth, negative range,
overflow, or others). The management logic retrieves instruction codes from memory and
initiates the sequence of operations needed for the ALU to hold out the instruction. one computer
code would possibly have an effect on several .
Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
Automatic generation of power system network diagram(Mimic diagram) from a CI...Nikhil Valiveti
The common information model of power system network will be written for a power system network, using that details we have to generate the network in a software. My work is given in this document.
Call for Chapters- Edited Book: Real World Challenges in Quantum Electronics ...Christo Ananth
Most experts would consider this the biggest challenge. Quantum computers are extremely sensitive to noise and errors caused by interactions with their environment. This can cause errors to accumulate and degrade the quality of computation. Developing reliable error correction techniques is therefore essential for building practical quantum computers. While quantum computers have shown impressive performance for some tasks, they are still relatively small compared to classical computers. Scaling up quantum computers to hundreds or thousands of qubits while maintaining high levels of coherence and low error rates remains a major challenge. Developing high-quality quantum hardware, such as qubits and control electronics, is a major challenge. There are many different qubit technologies, each with its own strengths and weaknesses, and developing a scalable, fault-tolerant qubit technology is a major focus of research. Funding agencies, such as government agencies, are rising to the occasion to invest in tackling these quantum computing challenges. Researchers — almost daily — are making advances in the engineering and scientific challenges to create practical quantum computers
Empirically Derived Abstractions in Uncore Power Modeling for a Server-Class...Arun Joseph
Uncore power and identification of power reduction opportunities is a critical aspect of future power-efficient micro-processor design.
We present a practical methodology for use in an industrial setting for deriving abstract analytical power models for selected key uncore elements.
We show that even with very few power event markers and a small set of stress marks, it is possible to develop accurate power models for uncore elements of a modern day chip.
We quantify the accuracy such models have in providing improved power proxies and predicting worst-case bounds on chip level inductive noise in future technologies.
This slide is an introductory part of the course Computer Application in Power system. it will describe the basic tasks of a computer and different computer application areas.
Over the centuries, there have been countless attempts to answer the questions, to diagnose the possible cause for man's (self) destructive tendency by invoking the Biblical Fall, or Freud's 'death wish', or Marx's 'Class War', or 'Patriarchy' and what have you. But none of these carry much conviction, because, as Arthur Koestler would say, 'none of them started from the hypothesis that homo sapiens may be an aberrant biological species, and evolutionary misfit, afflicted by an endemic disorder'. Not only the incontrovertible evidence from man's past record, but also research strongly suggests that at some point during the biological evolution of Homo sapiens something went wrong. 'There is a flaw,' insists Kosteler. 'Some potentially fatal engineering error built into the native equipment - more specifically, into the circuits of our nervous system - which would account for the streak of paranoid running through our history.'
― The Other Side of Belief, Rao
"We are talking about real-life hardware, we are talking about experiments in science that are telling us beyond any reasonable doubt that we have technologies that will enable us to be free from the bondage that we now feel. Free from some of these economic constraints that we have created for ourselves, because you see if energy is free - and it will be very shortly - food is free, housing is free, then we are free to express our creative gifts and not be like drones and we are also free to explore our greater selves and it is going to be a very exciting time coming up."
-Brian O'Leary, Free Energy: The Race To Zero Point, 1997
"This is crazy but true: The world we now inhabit is a world clearly headed towards totalitarian destruction, yet the world we could have—one of great abundance—waits in the wings for when the ruling big men and the obedient masses let go. Then we won’t need any big men except for ones benevolently piloting Spaceship Earth with compassion. It is difficult to grasp this potential reversal of our fates at a time of mass hallucinations with which enough of us can trust tyrants to guide us into such distraction and despondency. Yet that is what is happening.
So what’s going to happen to us and when? I predict we’ll know a lot more about the collapse of Western civilization before you read this. The ship of state is sinking so fast, any speculation about the next disasters will undoubtedly be inaccurate, because We the People don’t yet hold the cards. So why bother to guess?
What we can know now are the dynamics underlying the collapse and the need to get back to basics regarding our social and individual health. "
-O'Leary, Energy Solution Revolution, 2008
"We need to undo ten thousand years of tyranny and transform our taker-dominated culture into a giver-dominated culture." -O'Leary on the emergence of agriculture & corrupted civilization
“I believe that free energy can only be pursued by the fully sentient, or those closely so. I think that is the intent of whoever set up this earth game. As you know, people at a high level of sentience are extremely hard to find these days, which is part of the conundrum. So, my approach has been to seek people who genuinely seek the truth and solutions, and give them something to chew on. I had not seen that approach tried yet, which is why I ended up doing my site." -ahealedplanet.net
In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a method for changing the geometry of space by creating a wave that would cause the fabric of space ahead of a spacecraft to contract and the space behind it to expand. The ship would then ride this wave inside a region of flat space, known as a warp bubble, and would not move within this bubble but instead be carried along as the region itself moves due to the actions of the drive.
In a recent study, physicist Dr Erik Lentz outlined a way that a rocket could theoretically travel faster than light – or over 186,000 miles per second. At that speed, astronauts could reach other star systems in just a few years, allowing humanity to colonise faraway planets. Current rocket technology would take roughly 6,300 years to reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Sun. So-called “warp drives” have been proposed before, but often rely on theoretical systems that break the laws of physics. That’s because according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it’s physically impossible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Dr Lentz, a scientist at Göttingen University in Germany, says his imaginary warp drive would operate within the boundaries of physics. While other theories rely on “exotic” concepts, such as negative energy, his gets around this problem using a new theoretical particle. These hyper-fast “solitons” can travel at any speed while obeying the laws of physics, according to a Göttingen University press release. A soliton – also referred to as a “warp bubble” – is a compact wave that acts like a particle while maintaining its shape and moving at constant velocity.
Dr Lentz said he cooked up his theory after analysing existing research and discovered gaps in previous warp drive studies. He believes that solitons could travel faster than light and “create a conducting plasma and classical electromagnetic fields”. Both of these concepts are understood under conventional physics and obey Einstein’s theory of relativity. While his warp drive provides the tantalising possibility of faster-than-light travel, it’s still very much in the idea phase for now.
The contraption would require an enormous amount of energy that isn’t possible using modern technology. “The energy savings would need to be drastic, of approximately 30 orders of magnitude to be in range of modern nuclear fission reactors,” Dr Lentz said. The research was published in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity.
It appears from our writings and from our history the first that occurred was debt. There are couples of types of debt and I want to go into this because it has significance for how powerful a concept it is for us.
The first thing is, there was a debt in many religions and many languages. Debt is the same word as sin.
And so, there was a primordial debt, a debt to the universe, a debt to God, a debt to existence.
And in many cultures and many religions, it was expected that you bring sacrifices, whether that was an animal sacrifice, you put time, you prayed, you did something else to try to return your debt to the universe. But ultimately it was understood that the only way you could return the debt to the universe for the resources you were using that made up your body and your existence was through dying.
What's also interesting is because debt as culture evolved and we had civilizations and organization we find that debt and this primordial debt is associated with rulers and governments and they use this same representation saying they were close to God, they were close to and represent society, the community, in order to have contributions of taxes, fees, and so forth.
So, we actually see that debt came first. People loaned things to each other and they didn't worry about getting payback right away, they just wrote it down.
And they said Oh I know you're good for it, next week, next month or whatever. Then we had barter, barter came in because sometimes what you owed was too great. Or because indeed you did want to trade some goods and services. Money came later.
―Lawrence Bishop
The belief in lack, sin, guilt, separation, sacrifice, disease, etc. is the central deformation of human consciousness that the Demiurge Saturn forced upon humanity.
You are a sinner and must pay to the idol of government (Satan) for the sin of being alive. Your birth was the sin that can only be redeemed through death. The state assumes the power to decide over everyone's life what is right and what is wrong.
While ancient cultures practiced human sacrifice to a deity or idol (things that only occur after AGRICULTURE is introduced among people) - market civilization has secularized this religious notion into the idolatry of money and made it universal. This absurdity is given a scientific coat and taught as "economics" in universities!!!
Paradise is a world without separations, duality, binaries. We can see how Saturn as the "Grim Reaper" symbolizes both aging leading to death (the skeleton) - the Fall into the illusion of Time - and the separation from work-free life into the drudgery and toil of agriculture (the scythe) - the slavery of matter, of artificial development - Prometheus/Lucifer/Thinking Brain - leading to empires, kings, priests, wars, patriarchy, churches, and artificial intelligence - Pandora the Ego. Thought separated from life and turned against it. The ouroboros of self-destruction.
We built our own prison and must leave it.
Written in 1996 by Christ/Satan - claims the elixir of life and teleportation technology as well as the possession of "all knowledge", among other things.
JUDGEMENT DAY: Solar Eclipse and Grand Cross in August 1999 - A condemnation of condemnation - of the "carnal mind" (Romans 8:7) - Saturn/Satan/Kronos/666 - the state, police, prisons, laws, markets, money system, the whole corrupt bourgeoisie control apparatus - Babel, Moloch, Sodom, Babylon - that build up its satanic power over centuries.
Decades later the miracles this German Jesus claims to know (eternal youth, teleportation, time travel) are still not realized. People who could have been saved have died unnecessarily of old age. Mankind is truly destroying itself by the tyranny of money and marketing. Nonsense is supported, idiots worshiped as saints (typical for the Kali Yuga), while the real inventions are shunned. All those self-proclaimed "Christians" are still looking for an external Jesus (looking to uphold their own dogmas) not knowing that you yourself are Jesus, that anyone can become greater than him... and astrologers still don't understand what the Grand Cross Eclipse 1999 signified, the blind masses don't care one way or the other... do you think they will accept these revelations from God? Not at all. Do you believe they will accept rebels like Vaneigem, Tim Leary, Jesus/Japan the Son/Sun etc. as saviors? Never. Do you think they will abandon the worldly power of their churches and turning them into museums or libraries? Not a chance.
Luke 17:26-30 (Describing the end of the 20th century)
2 Timothy 3:1-13 (The Great Tribulation which we are now living through)
Only the 144.000 - those that have evolved beyond the mortal monkey-mind 666 - will accept and experience an eternal Heaven on Earth.
In other words: the economy, the markets, the police, the prisons, the courts, the governments, the religions, the families, the money changers, the bourgeoisie, but also those animalized masses that believe in all of this - all of them have been judged and exposed in 1996-1999 for what they are: servants of Saturn/Satan/666/Kronos/Anti-Christ who are being punished for their hubris - losing all of their age-old material power and fighting tooth and nail to retain it.
"Goodness does not create, lacking imagination; it takes imagination to put together a world, however botched." —E.M.Cioran
"The centrifugal force - outward moving power - is the force of creativity and manifestation wielded by the Demiurge Saturnus, which is an expression of that force." —S.L.Flowers
This is the A.I. or material intellect functioning on universal cybernetic principles (the Ouroboros, Saturn's Ring). Man's lower mind or carnal mind (Romans 8:7-9). The power of imagination, but without a higher observer to guide it into the right direction, thus wreaking havoc on the world. (Genesis 6:5-7)
Pandora is the thinking brain, the "all giving" of all evil in the world. Prometheus is the same as Lucifer, the first thinking man who changed the world through work - the intellect that separates itself from the eternal now and into this artificial civilization of blackmail and extortion - the market economy is build on Saturn (Kronos/Time = Money) and death. "Those who don't work shall not eat" is the direct result of agriculture and the basis of our universal enslavement. The Grim Reaper as symbol for Saturn combines the images of death (the programmed aging process) and of agriculture (the scythe). We are blackmailed to participate in our own demise through our need to buy food. Entire empires are built on this basic extortion, on the denial of paradise, the denial of a life free of charge. The brutal denial of paradise by conditioning the masses of people to freely submit to this satanic reality and to believe in the worldly power structures, the dead buildings with spiritually dead people inside that are controlling our lives (in Tarot the external world is the devil, also symbolized by a self-destroying Ouroboros). The market is the warzone in which mankind competes against itself for the illusion of money, because no awareness of unity or love or freedom exists on this planet...
סתור "satur", 60-400-6-200 (= total value: 666) means "wild" and "disordered". This word describes the arrogant rationality of a "human-like animal", which "develops" only after "his own insight" into a "real human" according to my image and only then becomes a "divine master". So it describes "you" as you are "at this moment"! It describes a still unaware "living creature", which is usually only a self-aggrandizing and therefore very short-sighted "dumb dictator" of his own existence, although it is actually a Child of God!
"NOT TO BE" is your unaware perpetual cycle through rebirth, conflict resolution, and death. "Non-existence" means "to always wanting to bite in one's own tail".
A person who only believes that he exists in (electrical-neurological?) "circuits" is therefore also a person expelled from paradise. He directs his "concentration" only on his own "self-seeking" rather than on his "self-finding".
—Holofeeling 1996
The snake in paradise is the diabolical mind. A finite system of 666 ouroboros circuits.
To travel between the stars in reasonable times, control of gravity (i.e. the curvature of spacetime itself) is an absolute necessity. However, it is extremely impractical (and perhaps nearly impossible) to manipulate bulk matter with neutron star densities or of planetary sizes in order to achieve this control. Furthermore, hypothetical travel devices such as warp drives, negative mass drives and wormholes all require very large negative energy densities to function. This means that as prospective travelers we have our work cut out for us.
First of all we must discover and learn how to manipulate a coupling between gravity and another fundamental force or forces that allows us to generate ultrastrong gravitational fields in the terrestrial laboratory. Secondly, we must discover a method of generating ultrahigh negative energy densities. A thorough understanding of methods of achieving these requirements must be the base of any future gravitational engineer’s knowledge.
If we begin by assuming that these requirements are possible, then our next step is to find a coupling to focus on. Since there are only two other fundamental forces (the electroweak force and the strong nuclear force), there are only two possibilities for this coupling.
This site examines some of the strongest evidence for these couplings and provides simple and extremely direct methods of testing for their existence. It is my hope that real Gravitational Engineering classes on these subjects will be a reality soon.
GRAVITATIONAL ENGINEERING PAGE
Kedrick F. Brown, 1998
We already have the means to travel among the stars, but these technologies are locked up in black projects, and it would take an act of God to ever get them out to benefit humanity. Anything you can imagine, we already know how to do it.
We now have technology to take ET home. No it won’t take someone’s lifetime to do it. There is an error in the equations (NOTE: Maxwell? Einstein?). We know what it is. We now have the capability to travel to the stars. First, you have to understand that we will not get to the stars using chemical propulsion. Second, we have to devise a new propulsion technology. What we have to do is find out where Einstein went wrong.
We have things out in the desert that are fifty years beyond what you can comprehend. If you have seen it on Star Wars or Star Trek, we’ve been there, done that, or decided it wasn’t worth the effort.
It is time to end all secrecy on this, as it no longer poses a national security threat, and make the technology available for use in the private sector. There are many in the intelligence community who would like to see this stay in the black, and not see the light of day.
I wish I could tell you about the projects we are currently working on. They are both fascinating and fantastic. They call for technologies once only dreamed of by science fiction writers.
-Ben Rich, Lockheed Skunkworks
"Sensational data obtained from the inventor's most private papers and kept under wraps by military and big business concerns."
But I really felt that there was a message coming through strongly from something that was touching me saying: "Be free, have joy and live!" and you know, that something here was trying to keep us down, keep us in darkness, keep us under control, keep us away from the magic, keep us away from the knowledge which is the greatest power of all.
Another message is about time, that we are caught up in linear time and a perception of linear time which we look at in moments. What they tell is that that's not how it really is, that in the stream of particles which make up the atomic structure we perceive as reality, that when you really break it down at the subatomic level, there is nothing solid, there's nothing that's solid in nature, and so really based on that there can't be time the way we perceive it, at least this is what they tell me, this is the kind of communications I get.
―Alien Contactee via Nina Smith, 1998
(NOTE: Americans are so indoctrinated with capitalism that the right-wing conspiracy/spirituality scene creates phantoms like "the cabal" or "Illuminati" to lead away from libertarian/anarchist theory and class consciousness which would use the proper terms like the proletariat against the bourgeoisie or ruling class. The problem with right-wing conspiracy/spirituality is the inability to question market civilization, capitalism and the state themselves or their origins - it has no solid theory and as such relies on putting the blame on scapegoats and minority groups which can be extremely dangerous. The market and the state are the two devil horns of this world. Satan/Saturn/666 is the reason why the same system governs everywhere and why people are enslaved to it in a hive mind state of trance or sleep.
The worst evil is to put a meter on everything: water, electricity, communication, transportation, food, housing etc. - things that are FREE in nature.)
The work of the Demiurge produced corruption and death. Then the Ophis-Christos, born to the Virgin Mariaumne, intervened. The universe and the individual knew an experience subjected to astral influences that the Perates identified with the power of the Archons, agents of the Demiurge. The art of the Serpent-Logos consisted in escaping from it. ―Vaneigem
Corruption is water and nothing destroys the cosmos as rapidly as water; water extends itself under the spherical form of the world (NOTE: Archimedean Dynasty, 1996). It is Chronos (understood to be the external planetary sphere of Saturn, that which encloses all the others). It is a power the color of water and, from this power, that is to say, from Chronos, no creature can escape, because it is thanks to Chronos that all creatures incur corruption and no generation has a place that doesn’t have Chronos as an obstacle along its route. ―Odyssey
We move from lead to gold: Saturn to Sun.
A battle has been raging on this planet for thousands of years. The battle for control of the minds and wills of humanity. Many have been taught that it is a battle between God's angels and Satan's demons. The truth of the matter is something much more insidious.
A conspiracy of cosmic proportions has been orchestrated against the inhabitants of this planet by an alien influence which is so deceptive, elusive, cunning and evil that even the most brilliant minds have failed to detect its presence. Over the past fifty years, technological advances by "ungodly" scientists have caused the alien presence to step up its plans for the human race. In so doing, the veil of deception has begun to fall away and the truth has finally been exposed.
A group of rebel human/alien hybrids had once again established a base on Earth and had set up a genetic laboratory to help mankind break free of the genetic bonds of aging which the Elohim had programmed into our DNA (NOTE: telomerase). Today we read more and more about alien abductions and reproductive and genetic experimentation being conducted on humans against their will by aliens.
Realizing that man would eventually grow beyond the shackles that the Gods have forged for us, the alien masters have channeled visions of an impending apocalypse in the minds of many humans. The book of Revelations in the Bible is a popular example of this imagery. In this channeled vision, the author describes a world leader who will rise to power and bring mankind under a single world government. This leader is given scary titles such as "The Antichrist" or "The Beast" to keep people afraid and to prevent them from using reason to judge the value of this leader's actions. Once again we see our alien masters using that age-old tool: FEAR, to cause people to react irrationally.
The current Masters realize that their key to keeping mankind enslaved is to keep man subdued and at war with himself. Religion has been used as a tool to keep man from becoming a threat to the Gods.
― LuciferianLiberationFront.org (defunct)
Adam and Eve “fell” when the archons programmed them with prohibitions and commandments, changing them from primates living in the eternal “now” to “soft machines” – biological automata at war with their own instincts, parasitised by selfish replicators and paralysed by double-binds.
―The Eden Experiment, Rev. Illuminatus Maximus, 2008
Jones, called "Frater Achad" (Brother One) within the Order, whom Crowley regarded as his "magical son", also discovered that Aiwass (Grey archon/alien), the revealer of the Crowley religion, is in fact the evil enemy who, with the help of Crowleyanity, wants to lead humanity to self-destruction. (note: "Doctrines of Demons"!)
―The Gnosis of Evil, Przbyszewski, 2000
The police in your world are under the control of the ancients - avoid them at all costs.
―Darkseed
As you'll soon discover, our planet functions solely on mechanized human components.
―Galaxy Express 999
The fundamental problem of political philosophy is still precisely the one that Spinoza saw so clearly (and that Wilhelm Reich rediscovered): Why do men fight for their servitude as stubbornly as though it were their salvation?
―Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism & Schizophrenia
Deleuze & Guattari understand the Oedipus complex as a culture-specific, namely occidental-bourgeois phenomenon.
One of the most fascinating perspective corrections that Anti-Oedipus has made in this field consists in further advocating the thesis of the prematurity of the adult in relation to the child and the constant transfer of his or her own limitations to the child. Oedipus is the privileged example of this transference: an adult-erating infantilization, since the child is never able to appear as anything other than what the adult allows.
The state of maturity is only a standstill of development, the state of the human being which is placed under the protection of institutions and laws. In reality this state should be called more correctly "childhood," for the human being has been diminished in history to the extent that he imposed artificial constraints upon himself: "We were created to be adults; the laws and society have thrown us back into the state of childhood."
Inasmuch as the teacher is entrusted with the task of watching over the process of maturation and, accordingly, infantilization - which bourgeois society (capital) performs on individuals in order to seize them and incorporate them into generalized exchange - the child is constituted in him as an object exposed to a controlling gaze; the child here stands for every individual degraded to an object in this way.
The child as a symbol of socially accepted castration, accepted by a society organized around a central scarcity, i.e. a deliberate annihilation of sexuality, in which instead only the phantom-like shadow of the law rises, which is manifested in the general police or other surveillance.
The death wish against the child is, we maintain, present everywhere and all the more so as everything strives to "protect" it.
―R.Schérer
Why would I need to tell my mother what I do? Because that's the way it's set up. The whole setup is to be set up to be controlled.
As children we learn to identify with those things that aggress against us. By identifying with them it gives us a sense of power and we feel less frightened. When we do identify with them we take on their personalities and characteristics. So every time I have a thought I have multiple censors come in and censor that thought and every time I'm about to do something I have multiple censors come in and analyze what I'm about to do.
―C.S. Hyatt
"Saturn takes 29.5 years to return to it’s birth position, entering you into adulthood, brings out themes of responsibility, duty, discipline. The inner child is sacrificed, the adult mind is set." (666 fake persona/A.I./mask!)
Adult comes from adult-erated and adult-ery (breaking unity with God).
In the Saturn-Gnosis the planet and archetype of Saturnus is the focal point for the manifestation of the Demiurge.
Saturnus is seen as the breaker of cosmic order and unity - thus he instituted death, causing regeneration and change to come into being. Thus in many ways Saturnus is identical with Prometheus of Greek tradition, and is certainly to be identified as well with the Serpent of Paradise.
―Fire & Ice, 1995
NOTE: Pandora/Prometheus are moons of Saturn. It's the beast, AI psycho, binary logic, man's brain, carnal mind, ego/intellect, serpent/ouroboros, 666, evil, blind machine controlling & being controlled by the material world. The old man devouring the child. The superego that denies the timeless now of paradise. The figleaf crime against love. The external power structure people obey. Saturn governs measurements which is how science/technology are developed, by quantifying/rationalizing. It's everything costs money (debt/sin). Time=Money=Kronos. Today numbers are nothing but a control device to oppress life with time. Leary/RAW said "The Promethean brain thinks its thoughts are reality" and so money is thought to be real. Vaneigem said "Prometheus/Lucifer stem from the intellect" whose reason enslaves, justifying hierarchy, slavery, religion, government, etc.
Saturn is the opposite to Jupiter; his symbol is the cross above the sign of Luna. He is the Satan, the Tempter, or rather the Tester. His function is to chastise and tame the unruly passions in the primitive man.
―Freemasonry & the Ancient Gods
NOTE: This is the function of civilization (i.e. end times market economy or Sodom/Babylon which is not God's Kingdom or the New Atlantis mankind must create), of police, prison & punishment. The origin of guilt over one's own desires/body which is how to gain power over others to put them to work. Patriarchy enabled by agriculture (in Japanese Saturn is called Dosei the soil star). The devil creates vicious cycles: laws/punishments which are the opposite of Christ's love/forgiveness. The self-destructive pattern behavior of the herd which doesn't know what it does or why it's doing it. Religion/Tradition. The symbol means that the soul (half-circle) is oppressed under matter (cross). Saturn is toxic lead: EGO.
In ancient times it has been called The Great Malefic which was opposed to Jupiter The Great Benefic. Saturn is esoterically associated with man’s limitations, restrictions, death & decay. His Greek name was Kronos the ruler of time, time being the main factor inevitably leading to the death of mortals.
NOTE: Saturn & Jupiter will merge. Love will tame the machine, creating a Golden Age.
Alan Harrington said the devil copies nature, this is technology's purpose. Intellect forms matter into computers that show us the spirit. Gene therapy cures aging processes. We cross the Threshold to Uranus, Heaven & the Sun, Freedom, Gold.
Saturn as Kabbalistic BINAH can be positive: individuality/originality/creativity.
At the beginning of 1700's, Satan and all his spirit counselors held a Great General Council with one purpose in mind: it was to prepare for the great industrial age that was soon to break upon the world and Lucifer also foresaw another age, that was to follow that, where tremendous scientific discoveries would be made by people and it would enter a unique age that would change the way that everybody lives. It would also serve to usher in the End Times and the close of the Great Controversy between the forces of good and evil. ―Roger Morneau
With the rule of the Elect of the Joachimite Third Age, the reign of the Church would be abolished. There would no longer be Father, nor Son, nor rites, nor sacrifices, nor sacraments, just one law, the lex libertatis. ―Vaneigem
(as opposed to lex talionis, law & punishment is the opposite of love & forgiveness)
Brain circuits juvenilized by weightlessness will mediate a concomitantly juvenilized subjectivity. The psychedelic, or entheogenic, experience provides a preview of the de-differentiated consciousness likely to characterize the juvenilized minds of extraterrestrials. ―Exo-Psychology Revisited
Tim Leary a modern Jesus (the SON is the SUN, Japan) influenced under Uranus invented SMi²LE (antigravity, gnosis, immortality) to combat Saturn's Iron Triangle: agriculture, ego, aging. Limited space, intelligence, time. The 4 Horseman are results of agriculture.
The same Nordic group that contacted Orfeo probably contacted Roestenberg in 1954 too. Nordics are also mentioned by people like Schnoebelen and Delicado.
Under capitalism, the energy producing companies simply have no interest in the emergence of these energy converters, because these companies would then become obsolete. But even under authoritarian socialism, they have no interest in them. Any authoritarian society must fear losing control through such technologies. Just as modern means of communication and devices for duplicating writings are a danger in very authoritarian societies, the new energy machines are also a danger for today's Western models of society. The bourgeoisie does not like to hear the term "social progress". And in Western society, where the bourgeoisie has dominated all mass media and perfected its advertising of political directions, this term must forever remain a foreign word. The independence that people would gain with the energy converters would completely change the structure of today's society. And so the developers of such machines must work alone and without financial help. If such technology existed in a socialist country and people could become independent from society with their own energy source, the destructive policy of the capitalist countries would immediately take effect and the socialist state would soon cease to exist. ―Sarah Connor, Nuclear War in Parallel Quantum Universes
Money = Time = Kronos/Saturn/Satan/666 (police/prison/punishment/politics). Get rid of time and you get rid of money!
Thule/Haunebu: Rotating, magnetized iron ring around a sphere/gyro + 3 charged hollow spheres below.
Vril/Schumann Levitator: 2 counter rotating disks between static disk with magnetisable iron ring around it.
―Sarah Connor, Nuclear War in Parallel Quantum Universes
These entities themselves are slaves. All these entities are set up under that entity who has presented himself in the midst of the seat of power known as the Anti-Christ. This Awareness indicates this entity as having control upon this hierarchy system, intent upon gaining power and control of the earth, in order to set up his realms. These entities have great power in terms of physical and occult controls. These entities have machines which allow them to listen to the thoughts of others, which allow them to teleport. These powers these entities use comes from an understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum and the super spectrum. In these various vibratory rates there are powers that echo and reflect from one octave to another. This Awareness suggests that entities read the book by John Keel, called ‘The Eighth Tower.’ ―Cosmic Awareness Communications, 1979
Everything that surrounds us, ourselves included, can be described as macroscopic collections of fluctuations, vibrations, and oscillations in quantum mechanical fields. Matter is confined energy, bound within fields, frozen in a quantum of time. Therefore, under certain conditions (such as the coupling of hyper-frequency axial spin with hyper-frequency vibrations of electrically charged systems) the rules and special effects of quantum field behavior also apply to macroscopic physical entities (macroscopic quantum phenomena). ―NextBigFuture, If These US Navy Patents are Made Then We Are in a Star Trek World
Salvatore Cezar Pais 2017 Patent US20180229864A1: High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Generator
The thrust of this theory was a string of sixteen incredibly complex quantities (tensors: 10 for gravity and 6 for electromagnetism). A pure gravitational field can exist without an electromagnetic field, but a pure electromagnetic field cannot exist without an accompanying gravitational field. An electric field created in a coil induces a magnetic field at right angles to the first; each of these fields represents one plane of space. But since there are three planes of space, there must be a third field, perhaps a gravitational one. By hooking up electromagnetic generators so as to produce a magnetic pulse, it might be possible to produce this third field through the principle of resonance. ―Einstein's Unified Field Theory, The Philadelphia Experiment
And now imagine a technology that allows you to move through space and time like the transporter in the Star Trek movies and which is so genuinely simple and inexpensive to manufacture, that every human being could afford it. ―HOLOFEELING 1996
Teleport system US20060071122A1
Project Pegasus: Portal Tech
They Live: Gravity Lens
Event Horizon: EM-Field+Gravitons
Why isn't this world a paradise? Because humanity lives under Saturn's influence. Everything in this world is tainted by Satan. This means concretely that material oppression separates us from the abundance and timelessness of carefree life.
The anarchists are the only ones who came close to a true analysis of our condition. They identified agriculture as the main problem that leads to all others. Agriculture is the separation from nature, ourselves and each other. Now the revelation is that Saturn is the Roman god of agriculture & civilization!
Interestingly, the advent of agriculture is dated at ~10.000 years ago which is also where Tim Leary & Bob Wilson place the emergence of the 3rd Circuit - the Promethean brain or 666 mind. In Space Odyssey terms, this is the point where the ape-men start thinking and transform the Prima Materia through their own work. This is the "fall" from the former tribal, unconscious paradise. The black monolith is Saturn's dark gate, Saturn being the Guardian of the Threshold behind which waits the lost paradise!
Prometheus is Lucifer - intellectual reasoning and logic which separates us from the child-like state of mind, of stillness and observation and drags us into the external world (the devil) and into the illusions of thoughts - into evil. All brains are controlled by Maya and we forget who we really are (God's Image). We believe in separation even though it's impossible.
In our perfect state we are ageless, without ego and agriculture. There was no need for tech. The 666 is the ego/brain/Saturn, which is a material, finite system that can be simulated (most people are Sims, SIMulated SIMians!). Atoms are empty space so the brain is unreal. HAL kills the crew - the living dead of mankind: their egos implode.
But because Saturn or its demons genetically corrupted us - Saturn is Kronos or time - our cells are programmed to age and die. Time is symbolized by water in the Bible. We live inside of Leviathan or Ouroboros (Saturn's Rings). The Orphic Egg symbolizes how our world is hatched by the snake. Our intellect & science slowly restores the lost knowledge necessary for our transmutation - through technology - into God's Image. Transhumanism is Saturn-Gnosis.
This is Saturn's irony. Although it is evil and has separated us from our ageless paradise - the way itself leads us back into paradise. The snake creates its own destruction. This point has already been reached at the end of the 20th century. We are now in the 3RD millennium. Christ has returned (HOLOFEELING) and judged the world (Saturn) at the Grand Cross Solar Eclipse in August, 1999. Jesus the son is also Japan the sun - a creative mind beyond good & evil.
Saturn's slavery is the iron triangle (inverted SMI²LE): limited space, intelligence and time. Concretely this means: agriculture, ego, and aging.
Behind Saturn lies Uranus (Heaven/Freedom): immortality (telomerase), enlightenment (holofeeling), space travel (antigravity)
The movies Videodrome and Lawnmower Man deal with the relationship between inner and outer reality controlled by "demiurgic" or "alchemical" media technology. The ability to change reality to our wishes. To input a wish, a magic word, and get a result, getting instant cybernetic feedback - which is how today's Internet works, it's an alchemagickal machine, the point of the apocalypse.
The first movie uses TV and videos, the second uses computers and VR to re-establish a re-ligious link between mind and matter. In both of them the initial positive use of the technology gets corrupted by an evil establishment, (shadow) government, for destructive purposes.
Videodrome's Brian (Brain) Oblivion is Marshall McLuhan. Modern media "spiritualizes" the material world - however the interface to form the world according to our wishes is still blocked by the bourgeoisie - the owners of the world that force us to use money.
Then there is Serial Experiments Lain in which computers and global networks help the main character to become god-like in consciousness - everywhere and nowhere. This can be achieved today by anyone with internet access who possesses a soul - a drive to knowledge.
A similar event is portrayed in Neon Genesis Evangelion although here it's less about the technology and more about the pure consciousness itself that unites all of mankind into a single unity - into God. It's about the Magnum Opus, the Great Work. Return to paradise and obliteration of space and time, which is what the internet represents in a microcosm, but like everything, it is held captive by worldly powers - state, police, etc. thus blocking the last transmutation to a heaven on earth.
"Media is mind manifest" - we see how the computer mirrors spiritual principles.
The key to understanding the relationship between the computer and Saturn is the myth of Prometheus who is often equated with evil. It is man's dividing mind at work. Exponentially progressing, intellectual knowledge multiplication - the mind focused on the external world instead on the inner world. The mind that transforms matter the dead Prima Materia - by thinking The man who sleeps and dreams a dark dream of competition, war, decay, scarcity, and so on.
Prometheus is thus associated with alchemy. Technology is the result of an alchemical process. Concretely this means the ability to change reality through devices. It means to extract an essence of life (Gold - Sun) from that which denies it (Lead - Saturn), to perfect nature. This is the whole body of scientific knowledge, a modern large-scale alchemy. It was born out of the Fall from Grace but ironically leads us back into paradise.
The goal is NOT the technology for its own sake - it is the reunification with the Holy Spirit - with Christ. Thus the fallen lost son Lucifer who was punished like Adam re-creates paradise by his own hands - exactly what organized religion fears. From the darkness of matter/evil into the light of spirit/love.
Saturn: Roman God of Agriculture & CivilizationVapula
The worst mistake of the whole human story has been adopting agriculture. Moving to domestication. What that is, is extremely fundamental. It has all the implications and everything really flows from that in so many ways. That is the move from taking what is available in nature, what nature freely gives us, in general, to controlling nature. To making the earth work, to making humans work, to engineering nature at an ever greater level. This is the fundamental thing. And there is an inner logic that is unbroken as Paul Shepard has put it so well, the current step to nanotechnology, genetic engineering and all the rest of it is implicit in the first step. Once you adopt the logic of domestication, you get all the rest, all the way, complete control, surveillance society, it's all of the control things. It's the ethos of control from top to bottom unless it's interrupted, unless it's about de-domestication, about getting off this path. And it isn't just in terms of the physical environment. Agriculture is the triumph of estrangement and the definite divide between culture and nature and humans from each other. ―Zerzan
And was it not a result of agriculture and commerce, installed by the “neolithic revolution”, that the vermin kings and priests appeared? ―Vaneigem
Agriculture, the age we are still in, is at most 1% of the whole human story.
Agriculture is the only radical new technology that ever appeared in the world; what it amounts to is a cutting into the earth.
There is no doubt that this technology leads inevitably and fairly quickly to social hierarchies, separation, class structure, property, and religion as we understand it—a priest class that tells everybody else what to do and how to think. It leads, in other words, to authoritarianism and, ultimately, to the state itself.
Economy, money, all the misery of civilization, we owe to agriculture. Before that, you have two million years of hunting and gathering, the beautiful cave art, a world that looks suspiciously utopian, a golden age by comparison with a lot of the problems that agriculture brings about. In some sense, agriculture is fall from grace. ―Cybernetics & Entheogenics
If SATURN/KRONOS was the reason for agriculture & civilization (separation from paradise) we can observe how this FALL turns itself INSIDE OUT now: agriculture created wars and technology culminating in ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: Saturn's incarnation on Earth that is used to automate everything including its own origin FARMING! Liberation from work.
Saturn as COMPUTER teaches people that life is a divine simulation. You are then God of your own world again without EGO.
The INTERNET transcends borders and unites mankind, creating a virtual heaven or hell. REMEMBER that Saturn teaches spiritual maturity through SUFFERING.
Other Saturn technologies will eventually right all wrongs that were intentionally created for the FALL like bad genes (aging etc.) turned on and good genes (regeneration) turned off.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
2. 2 Molecular Mechanical Computing Systems
IMM Report No. 46 April 2016
Table of Contents
Mechanical Computing Background........................................................................................3
Computing With Only Two Parts.............................................................................................4
4-Bar Linkages............................................................................................................................. 4
The “Lock”................................................................................................................................... 5
The “Balance”.............................................................................................................................. 8
Universal Combinatorial Logic .................................................................................................. 10
Sequential Logic ........................................................................................................................ 12
A Shift Register Cell............................................................................................................... 13
Connecting Cells ................................................................................................................... 16
Summary: Computing with Only Two Parts.............................................................................. 17
Why Mechanical Computing?...............................................................................................19
Molecular-Scale Implementation ............................................................................................. 19
Atomic Bonds as Rotary Joints.............................................................................................. 19
Friction in Single-Bond Rotary Joints.................................................................................... 20
Links...................................................................................................................................... 21
An Atomic-Scale Lock............................................................................................................ 21
Summary: Why Mechanical Computing?.................................................................................. 23
Limits of Computing Efficiency..............................................................................................24
Reversible Computing ..........................................................................................................25
Reversible Logic Gates .............................................................................................................. 25
The Fredkin Gate .................................................................................................................. 25
Other Reversible Mechanisms.................................................................................................. 27
Reversible Clocking ................................................................................................................... 28
Summary: Reversible Computing.............................................................................................. 28
Conclusions and Future Work...............................................................................................29
Appendix.............................................................................................................................31
Additional Traditional Logic Gate Designs ................................................................................ 31
Computational Chemistry Simulations ..................................................................................... 34
The Landauer Limit ................................................................................................................... 34
Energy Dissipation Calculations ................................................................................................ 34
Translating Between Logical Operations and GFLOPS.............................................................. 36
References...........................................................................................................................38
3. Molecular Mechanical Computing Systems 3
IMM Report No. 46 April 2016
Mechanical Computing Background
Methods for mechanical computation have been known for centuries. Simple examples include
function generators and other devices which are not capable of general purpose (Turing-
complete) computing, as well as those capable of general purpose computing. For review of
various types of mechanical computing devices, see [1].
The earliest example of a general purpose computer (which is referred to as “Turing-Complete,”
and requires both combinatorial and sequential logic) is probably Babbage’s Analytical Engine
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine), which was described in 1837. However, with
the advent, and subsequent rapid progress, of electronic computing, mechanical computing
became largely relegated to a curiosity.
While previous designs for mechanical computing vary greatly, the few designs capable of
general purpose computing require a substantial number of basic parts, such as various types of
gears, linear motion shafts and bearings, springs (or other energy-storing means), detents,
ratchets and pawls, and clutches. These mechanisms dissipate substantial energy due to friction.
The use of many parts may also increase the mass and complexity of the devices, thereby
making them more difficult to manufacture, and potentially requiring the devices to operate at
lower frequencies than would otherwise be necessary. However, reducing the number,
complexity, and mass of parts in a mechanical computer is not a simple task due to the need to
provide the sophisticated functions of both combinatorial logic (e.g., AND, NAND, NOR, etc.) and
sequential logic (memory).
Sequential logic in particular, being the basis for memory, requires the ability to conditionally
couple and decouple parts of a computer from the current inputs. This is because memory
cannot be required to be a deterministic result of just the current inputs, otherwise all previous
information is erased. Storing information, which is easily accomplished in electronic systems
using latches or flip-flops, is not as easily accomplished in a mechanical system which may have
to actually connect and disconnect parts of the system from each other (e.g., using a clutch-like
mechanism) at appropriate times.
Issues such as these are presumably among the reasons for the relatively complex designs of
existing mechanical computational systems. This is also perhaps the reason that electronic
computing eventually became the standard, even though designs for mechanical computers pre-
dated the advent of the transistor (or vacuum tube).
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This raises the question as to whether it is possible to substantially simplify the design of
mechanical computing systems, and if so, what benefits would accrue.
Computing With Only Two Parts
Our work shows that existing designs for mechanical computing can be vastly improved upon in
terms of the number of parts required to implement a complete computational system. Only
two types of parts are required: Links, and rotary joints. Links are simply stiff, beam-like
structures. Rotary joints are joints that allow rotational movement in a single plane.
Perhaps counterintuitively, no type of
clutch-like mechanism is required. All
parts of the system can remain
permanently connected and yet still
provide all necessary combinatorial
and sequential logic.
4-Bar Linkages
To demonstrate how this can be
accomplished, we start with a simple,
well-known mechanism, the 4-bar
linkage (also referred to as a 3-bar
linkage – the 4th
bar is provided by the
anchor block or base and is sometimes
ignored for naming purposes). The 4-
bar linkage relies only upon links and
rotary joints (see Figure 1).
A 4-bar linkage can rotate around its
anchored rotary joints (denoted by a
circle with a triangle, while
unanchored rotary joints are just
circles), allowing, for example a “left-
leaning” configuration to rotate into a
“right-leaning” configuration (see
Figure 2).
Note that, while a 4-bar linkage could assume many positions, we focus on the use of two
distinct positions. This is because two positions can be used to signify 0 and 1, which is
Figure 1: 4-Bar Linkage, Left-leaning
Figure 2: 4-Bar Linkage, Right-leaning
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convenient when creating a system for binary computing. The actual angle traversed by the links
when moving from, e.g., left-leaning to right-leaning is not critical. As diagrammed, it is
approximately 45 degrees, but could be more or less as long as the design supports reliably
differentiating between two positions; one representing 0, and the other representing 1.
Subsequently, examples will be shown that use other positions.
It is important to note that in a parallelogram-type 4-bar linkage (meaning, the two side links
must be the same length) if an additional link is added to the center of the linkage, as long as the
length and angle is the same as the side links, the linkage will still rotate around the anchored
rotary joints (see Figure 3).
However, if the additional link is not the same length, or is not at the same angle, as the existing
side links, the mechanism will not move (see Figure 4). This is because the additional link will be
attempting to pivot through a different arc than the side links. The effect of this is that the side
links and the center link are trying to move the top link in two different directions at once. This
results in the mechanism binding up, or “locking.” As will be described, this is actually a
desirable property.
Figure 3: Mobile Linkage Figure 4: Non-mobile Linkage
The “Lock”
A “Lock” is a mechanism composed of two 4-bar linkages, rotated 180 degrees with respect to
each other, and connected in the center via a connecting link (see Figure 5). The connecting link
is the same length as the two side links of each 4-bar linkage, and, in the starting position, is
parallel to all four side links.
The connecting link is held on the top and bottom side by two extra links, each pair of which
form a rigid triangle with the rest of the respective 4-bar linkage. This triangular projection
allows the connecting link to be the same length as the side links. If the triangular projection
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were not present and so the connecting link had to connect directly to the horizontal links of the
4-bar linkages, it would not be the same length as the side links. As already mentioned, this
would cause the 4-bar linkages to bind up, or “lock” (hence the name). To function in the
intended manner, all of the vertical links attached to the horizontal links must be the same
length and must, at least initially, be parallel to the other vertical links.
As previously noted, linkages need not have their two positions be left-leaning and right-leaning.
Rather, for binary computing purposes, they just need to have two distinct positions which can
represent 0 and 1. Figure 5 uses the convention that an input of “0” results in the side links
being straight up, while an input of “1” would cause them to lean to the right.
Figure 5: A lock in the (0,0) position
Representative inputs have been added to Figure 5, to show the direction of actuation and
where input could be connected. It is assumed that there is one input for each 4-bar linkage, or
one input each for the “top” and “bottom” of the lock. Note that the inputs are depicted as
linear slides that can push one of the 4-bar linkages from the 0 position to the 1 position. In an
actual system, the inputs would be connected to other parts of the system (e.g., data from
memory, or clock signals, would normally provide actuation). Linear slides are not required.
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The lock position depicted in Figure 5 would be called the (0,0) position, referring to the state of
the inputs. See Figure 6 for a depiction of the (1,0) state, where Input 0 has been set to 1 and
thereby pushed its respective 4-bar linkage into the right-leaning configuration. Flipping the
figure upside down would represent the (0,1) state.
Figure 6: A lock in the (1,0) position
The (1,1) state is not possible, and this is a key aspect of a lock. Once one of the inputs has been
set to 1, one side of the lock rotates around both its anchored rotary joints, and its connecting
link. Crucially, while the connecting link never changes length, it does change angle. As depicted
in Figure 6, once the lock moves into the (1,0) position, the connecting link is still parallel to the
side links of the top 4-bar linkage, but is no longer parallel to the side links of the bottom 4-bar
linkage. Due to the requirement that, if a 3rd
central link is present, this link be both the same
length and at the same angle as the side links, once either the top or bottom 4-bar linkage
moves, the other cannot; it is “locked.”
It is for this reason that the (1,1) position is impossible. Once the lock has moved from (0,0) to
(1,0) or (0,1), the only possible movement is back to the (0,0) position. Once back to the (0,0)
position, either input could be set to 1, but both inputs can never be set to 1 at the same time.
The lock is one of two key mechanisms on which link- and rotary-joint computing is based. The
other is the balance.
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The “Balance”
A balance, so named because it is superficially similar to a classic pan balance, connects an input
to a link which has three rotary joints: one at each end, and one in the center. The input is
connected to the center rotary joint. The two end rotary joints are connected to other
structures, most commonly, locks (and more specifically, generally a set of locks where one of
the locks is locked, while the other is not).
The result is that, when the balance input is changed, one of the side rotary joints remains
stationary, while the other moves. Which side is stationary and which side moves can be
determined by data inputs.
How this works in practice is best illustrated by example. Figure 7 depicts a balance (green)
connected to two locks (blue and gray). While the diagrammatic representations have been
simplified slightly, it will be obvious that each lock corresponds to the lock mechanism depicted
in Figure 5.
Figure 7: A balance coupled to two locks
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The only difference between the locks in Figure 7 and the lock in Figure 5 is that in Figure 7,
rather than having two individual inputs, each lock has one input that is specific to a given lock,
and the other input is supplied indirectly by the balance, which also has an input.
Note that input to balances will often be supplied by a clock system. It is worth mentioning that,
like conventional computers, a multi-phase clocking system is required for the described
computing system. Such a clocking system is assumed to be present; describing how to
implement such a system is beyond the scope of this document.
There are two main rules governing the mechanism shown in Figure 7, and these rules are
enforced by the overall system design; they are not inherent in the mechanism depicted:
• Either the Lock 0 Input, or the Lock 1 Input, but never both, must be set to 1.
• The lock inputs and the balance inputs must be set sequentially, not simultaneously.
Given these rules, the operation of the mechanism is as follows. Each step could be thought of
as a different clock phase (which implicitly enforces the second rule above):
1) The mechanism starts with all inputs set to 0.
• This means that neither lock is locked.
2) Either the Lock 0 Input is set to 1, or the Lock 1 Input would be set to 1.
• This results in locking one of the locks.
• Locking one of the locks constrains which side of the balance can move.
3) The balance’s input is set to 1.
• Since only one side of the balance is free to move at this point, the balance
input is transmitted down the path which is free to move.
• This produces an output of 1 at either Output 0 or Output 1, depending on
which lock input was set to 1.
This provides one example of performing simple logic that can, for example, be used to route
data, shunting inputs down one path or another based on the states of Lock 0 and Lock 1. For
this reason, this mechanism may be referred to as a switch gate.
Note that this simple logic and conditional routing has been accomplished using only links and
rotary joints, which are solidly connected at all times. No gears, clutches, switches, springs, or
any other mechanisms are required (keeping in mind that the input mechanisms shown are
representative; an actual system does not require linear slides).
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Universal Combinatorial Logic
Although the previous example could be thought of as performing simple logic, it is perhaps
more useful for routing data. The mechanism in Figure 7 cannot provide all the logic necessary
for a complete computational system. However, it is possible to create all necessary logic using
nothing but locks and balances (and a few extra links and rotary joints to route and/or copy
data).
Any traditional 2-input logic gate, including AND, NAND, NOR, NOT, OR, XNOR and XOR, can be
created directly from the appropriate combination of locks and balances. While most of these
gates are illustrated in the Appendix, there is no need to address each in detail to prove that
universal logic can be created using links and rotary joints. This is because it is well-known that
NAND alone suffices to create all necessary combinatorial logic (i.e., all other logic can be
created from combinations of NAND gates[2]). Therefore, as a proof of the fact that links and
rotary joints suffice to create the combinatorial logic required for a Turing-complete computing
system, Figure 8 shows how a NAND gate can be implemented.
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Figure 8: A balance- and lock-based NAND Gate, using a two-link per bit input/output design, and
duplicated inputs for diagrammatic clarity.
While substantially more complex than the previous example, the NAND gate functions on the
same principle of using locks and balances to implement logic. In this example, a set of inputs
are connected to a set of locks. The inputs determine which side of each lock is locked. Another
input (a clock signal in this example) is then used to actuate a main balance, the movement of
which cascades through a series of additional balances and locks. Each balance moves either its
top side or its bottom side, in accordance with the state of the locks to which it is connected.
This results in a final output lock either having its top half or its bottom half move forward.
In Figure 8, conceptually there are two binary inputs, A and B, and one binary output, O. The
physical model used for the inputs and output is that a single 1-bit input or output is broken into
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two separate input or output links (we will refer to this as the “two-input system”). For example,
the A input is composed of inputs A0 and A1. If the value of A is to be set to 0, the A0 input
moves. If the value of A is to be set to 1, the A1 input moves. A0 and A1 are not permitted to
move simultaneously (which is logically obvious since a value cannot be set to 0 and 1 at the
same time). The same applies to the input B and output O.
Note that each input is used twice to implement the desired logic, and so each input is
represented twice in the diagram. While duplicating inputs in this manner is convenient for
diagrammatic purposes, in an actual system it is simple enough to use a link and rotary joint
structure that forks an input line, effectively copying the data to multiple locations as needed.
There need not be actual duplicate inputs.
Similarly, the geometry of the links that connect the locks and balances is not what would be
optimal in an actual system, but rather the use of straight, non-crossing lines has been favored
for diagrammatic clarity.
Although complex, the outputs that will result from any allowable set of inputs can be deduced
by tracking which side of each lock locks, and which side of the balances move. It can be seen
that the truth table replicates that expected from a NAND gate:
Inputs Output
A A1 A0 B B1 B0 O O1 O0
zero 0 1 zero 0 1 one 1 0
zero 0 1 one 1 0 one 1 0
one 1 0 zero 0 1 one 1 0
one 1 0 one 1 0 zero 0 1
Note that this is just a single example, used as a proof due to the well-known universal nature of
NAND. Using multiple NAND gates to create other logical functions may not always be efficient,
and as previously mentioned, we have also shown that any of the standard 2-input logic gates
can be implemented directly using locks and balances (see Appendix: Additional Traditional
Logic Gate Designs).
Sequential Logic
Having demonstrated that all necessary combinatorial logic can be created using only links and
rotary joints (assembled into locks and balances), we turn to sequential logic. The outputs of the
NAND gate depicted in Figure 8 are dependent solely upon the current inputs. Such a
mechanism provides no way of storing previous inputs or the results of previous logical
operations; it provides no means for creating memory. To demonstrate the creation of a simple
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memory mechanism, we describe the design of a small shift register, again, only using links and
rotary joints.
A shift register can be built by combining locks and balances to create “cells” which are the
logical equivalent of electronic flip-flops. Each cell of a shift register is related to its neighbor by
virtue of relying upon a preceding or succeeding clock phase, as appropriate. This enables the
copying and shifting of data through the shift register, rather than deterministically setting the
contents of the entire shift register simultaneously.
A Shift Register Cell
Figure 9: Shift register cell in the (0,0) blank state
Figure 9 depicts a single shift register cell with an input of (0,0), or what may be referred to as
the blank state. This state is often to be avoided, and at times, logically impossible. This is
because, using the two-input system, an input of zero is represented as (1,0), while an input of 1
is represented as (0,1); there is no (0,0) or (1,1). However, starting from the blank state can be
useful to demonstrate how cells function, and may be required when cells are initialized.
Before delving into the actual use of shift register cells, a brief description of the major parts of a
cell is in order. First, it is notable that the left-hand portion of a cell is identical to the switch
gate of Figure 7, consisting of a balance which is connected to a top lock (“Holding Area Lock 0”)
and a bottom lock (“Holding Area Lock 1”). The balance is actuated by a clock signal, again, just
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like Figure 7. The only difference is the addition of an extra lock, the “Output Lock,” which is
connected to the outputs of the left side of the mechanism and in turn provides the final output
for the cell. The easiest way to visualize how a cell works is to step through the movements.
Starting from the blank state, an input is set. Since this mechanism uses the two-input system,
either the Lock 0 input is set to 1, or the Lock 1 input is set to one, but not both. If we assume
that Lock 0 is set to 1, the movement results in the mechanism being in the state depicted in
Figure 10.
Figure 10: Shift register cell with input (1,0), prior to clock actuation
In Figure 10, Holding Area Lock 0 has moved its upper side. This results in the lower side of that
lock locking. However, since shift registers are dependent upon multi-phase clocking, note that
the input at Lock 0 has not yet had any effect on the Output Lock. For that to occur, the balance
must be actuated, which does not occur until the next clock phase.
During the next clock phase, the balance is actuated (set from 0 to 1, in this case). Since Lock 0
has locked its lower half, which is connected to the upper side of the balance, upon actuation,
the balance can only move its lower side. This movement propagates to the Output Lock,
resulting in the state depicted in Figure 11.
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Figure 11: Shift register cell with input (1,0) after clock actuation
The reason the left two locks are referred to as “Holding Area Locks” may now be apparent:
They temporarily hold the input data prior to clock actuation. An input to these locks does not
instantly result in an output at the output lock. Rather, the clock must actuate first, which
results in copying the value, be it 0 or 1, from the holding area locks to the output lock.
Note that we adopt the convention that, with respect to the input locks, the top lock is
associated with an input of 0, while on the output lock, the top half is associated with an output
of 1. This is because, due to how the mechanism works, when an input of 1 is set at the top
input lock, an output of 1 ends up at the bottom half of the output lock, and vice-versa. The
mechanism could be easily altered to change this, but as it is currently represented, from a
naming perspective it is easiest to have the 0 input result in a 0 output, and the 1 input result in
a 1 output.
Thus far, we have only needed two clock phases: On the first phase, the inputs are set, and on
the second phase, the balance actuates and the inputs are copied from the holding locks to the
output lock. However, in an actual system, additional phases would be used. The subsequent
example assumes 4-phase clocking.
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Connecting Cells
Figure 12: A Two-Cell Shift Register
Figure 12 depicts a two cell shift register to illustrate how two cells would be connected and to
explain how data would move from one cell to the next. In this figure, Cell 1 and Cell 2 are each
equivalent to the mechanism depicted in Figure 9 - Figure 11. Both cells have a connection to a
clock signal (depicted as a partial link to indicate connection to a clock system that is not
shown). The connecting links connect the output from Cell 1 to the inputs to Cell 2.
The operation of a single cell has already been described. Now, demonstrating how Cell 1 passes
data to Cell 2 will illustrate the function of a minimal shift register. The sequence of events is as
follows:
1) As phase 1 begins, the clock input for Cell 1 is presumed to have already been set to 0.
During phase 1, the data inputs are set for Cell 1.
• Either the upper or lower lock of Cell 1 locks, depending on which input was set
to 1.
2) During phase 2, the clock signal for Cell 1 is set to 1.
• This results in the unlocked side of the Cell 1 balance moving, which in turn
moves the upper (if the input value was 1) or the lower (if the input was 0) half
of the output lock.
• Cell 1’s output lock in turn moves the appropriate connecting link, locking one
of Cell 2’s holding area locks. This has effectively copied the data from Cell 1’s
output lock into one of Cell 2’s holding area locks.
• Note that the output lock of Cell 2 still has not moved.
3) During phase 3, the clock signal for Cell 2 is set to 1.
• This copies the data from Cell 2’s holding area locks into Cell 2’s output lock.
4) During phase 4, the final phase, the clock signal for Cell 1 is set back to 0.
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• As a result, Cell 1’s output lock, and hence the connecting links to Cell 2, retract
to the 0 position (regardless of the values still stored in Cell 1’s holding area
cells). This unwrites Cell 1’s data using the data from Cell 2’s holding area.
This cycle then repeats itself as new data is input into cell 1. In step 2 above, it is noted that the
output lock of Cell 2 still has not moved. This behavior allows shift register cells to store previous
data. This is a key difference between combinatorial and sequential logic. The state of the NAND
gate described previously is completely determined by the current data inputs. However, this is
not true of the cells of a shift register. A cell can contain not only a previous input (which ends
up being shifted to its output lock during subsequent phases) but also the current input, which is
stored in the holding area locks. As a result, the state of the shift register is a function of both
the current inputs and the previous inputs. This allows the mechanism to act like a mechanical
analog of an electronic flip-flop, thereby forming the basis for memory storage.
To aid in the visualization of how such a mechanism works, an animated model has been
prepared using AutoDesk. See Figure 13.
Figure 13: A working 4-cell shift register (click for animation)
Summary: Computing with Only Two Parts
We have demonstrated that, using only links and rotary joints, universal combinatorial logic and
sequential logic can be created. Universal combinatorial logic has been demonstrated with the
design of a NAND gate, while sequential logic, mimicking electronic flip-flops and sufficient to
create memory, has been demonstrated using cells and by combining those cells into shift
registers.
It is well-known that universal combinatorial logic and sequential logic together suffice to create
a general purpose, or Turing-complete, computational system. Meaning, subject to practical
limits of time and memory (as in any computer), such a system can compute anything that can
be computed.
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One might wonder why anyone should care about these findings. While certainly interesting
from a theoretical perspective, what practical problems can be solved by realizing that general
purpose computing can be implemented with such simple parts and mechanisms?
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Why Mechanical Computing?
Mechanical computers have remained curiosities at least in part because in previous designs for
mechanical computers, friction wastes more energy than is wasted by electrical resistance in an
electronic computer. There is little value in pursuing mechanical computing if it is clearly inferior
to electronic computing. However, the design for mechanical computing described above, by
using only rotary joints as the basis for movement, keeps friction very low.
One everyday example of the efficiency of rotary joints is the Vee Jewel bearings used in
watches. In general, the smaller the point of contact in such a bearing becomes, the less energy
is lost to friction. And, as small as watch movements are, they are enormous compared to
molecular implementations of rotary joints. At the molecular scale, properly designed rotary
joint-based logic can be much more energy-efficient than comparable electronic mechanisms.
Molecular-Scale Implementation
In the section “Computing With Only Two Parts,” we described the general mechanical
principles behind link- and rotary-joint based computation. We now address a particular
implementation. Specifically, we describe an implementation where the basic parts are
molecular-scale.
Atomic Bonds as Rotary Joints
Molecular-scale bearings, rotors, and motors are well-known in the literature [3-8] and one of
the smallest implementations of a rotary joint could pivot around single atomic bonds. In Figure
14, an upper housing and a lower housing are shown, connected via acetylenic bonds to a
central rotor. The rotor and housing are essentially diamond, although some oxygen atoms have
been used (in red) where different valences were appropriate. Computational chemistry
simulations indicate that the rotor in a structure like that in Figure 14 rotates with very little
friction.
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Figure 14: A rotary joint using two atomic bonds
Note that in Figure 14, the number of atoms has been minimized to make the structure
amenable to detailed simulation. In an actual system, the housings would be larger (potentially
scaffolds that surround the entire system, providing anchor points for any rotary joints requiring
them), and the rotor might be a more massive flywheel, or a link (e.g., a rod-like piece of
diamond, or a carbon nanotube).
Friction in Single-Bond Rotary Joints
In theory, rotation around atomic bonds themselves has no friction. But, due to the thermal
motion of individual atoms, some rotational motion will be converted into, e.g., lateral or tilting
motions, resulting in a small amount of friction or drag.
A system composed of just links and rotary bonds provides 1.28 x 1012
GFLOPS/Watt
(considering only frictional losses and ignoring the Landauer Limit, which is addressed later; see
Appendices for computations). The most efficient conventional supercomputers as of August
2015 provide 6-7 GLFOPS/Watt.[9] In other words, the proposed system is, ideally (caveats to
this figure are discussed later), 1.8 x 1011
times more efficient.
This should perhaps not be too surprising when we consider that (1) there is no known
theoretical limit to the energy efficiency of reversible computation and (2) conventional
computers are not fabricated via molecular manufacturing. To the second point, our designs for
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a mechanical computer might more properly be compared with other proposals enabled by
molecular manufacturing (e.g., rod logic[15]).
Now that the frictional dissipation of the proposed link- and rotary-joint-based computers has
been computed, we return to the question of why such computers are of more than theoretical
interest. The reason is efficiency: Electrical systems are subject to power dissipation from
electrical resistance. Mechanical systems are subject to power loss from friction. By avoiding
both electrical resistance (by simply not being electrical), and the major sources of mechanical
friction (e.g., surfaces sliding over one another, by using only rotary joints), our proposed
mechanical computational systems can be designed to dissipate far less energy than any existing
method of electrical computing.
Note that the efficiency of our proposed mechanical computers increases as the operating
temperature is lowered. This is for several reasons. For example, reduced thermal motion of the
atoms which form the rotary joints reduces friction. And, reduced thermal motion decreases the
positional uncertainty of the links, allowing shorter distances between the 0 and 1 positions
without errors occurring. At very low temperatures, advantageous quantum effects may also aid
in decreasing energy dissipation. Computing exactly how much more efficient a mechanical
system can be at lower temperatures is certainly a topic of interest, but for now, it is enough to
realize that even at moderate temperatures, the performance increase of link- and rotary-joint-
based computers as compared to electrical computers can be striking.
Links
Little has been said about links, as opposed to rotary joints. This is because links have no moving
parts. The only requirement of links is that they be stiff enough for the mechanisms to work as
intended. And, given the extremely high strength of materials like diamond and carbon
nanotubes, unparalleled stiffness can be obtained even at the molecular scale – far in excess of
the everyday materials with which we are familiar.
An Atomic-Scale Lock
Figure 15 and Figure 16 provide an atom-by-atom example of how diamond can be used to
create a lock from links and rotary joints. Note that the familiar “triangle” structure which holds
a lock’s connecting link is solid in this model, rather than being composed of three beams.
Regardless, the function is identical. The left and right-side pointed structures (vertically in the
center) to which the side links attach would be part of a larger structure, providing an anchor
point.
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Figure 15: A molecular model of a diamond-based lock, top view.
Hydrogens are white, Carbons are green.
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Figure 16: A molecular model of a diamond-based lock, ¾ view
Summary: Why Mechanical Computing?
In “Computing With Only Two Parts” we described a design for mechanical computing far
simpler than any previously known, requiring only rotary joints and links. But, that left the
question as to why such a finding was of more than just academic interest.
With the description of how rotary joints can be made to rotate around individual atomic bonds
with very little friction, and using molecular-scale links as connections between rotary joints, we
have shown that the practical applications of this new mechanical computing paradigm are
quite important: Energy expenditure can be decreased greatly as compared to any other known
system for computing.
However, to be fair, we have thus far ignored an important aspect of energy dissipation during
computing: The Landauer Limit. It is to that topic that we now turn.
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Limits of Computing Efficiency
For decades it has been known that the only true limits on computational efficiency are those
posed by the need to expend energy to erase data [10-12]. It is not actually computation per se
that requires energy (the efficiency there is limited only by the device design; computation can
theoretically require zero energy), it is the erasure of data.
If we assume that most logical operations involve the input of two bits, which, absent some
mechanism to save the input data, are then erased after they are used, most logical operations
will expend a minimum of about 4 x 10-21
J (see Appendix, “The Landauer Limit”), regardless of
device design. However, in the real world, devices are not perfectly efficient, and this number
does not include the energy dissipated by electrical resistance, or friction.
This is quite important because, in conventional computers, losses due to electrical resistance
dwarf the thermodynamic penalty for erasing data imposed by the Landauer Limit. It is for this
reason that conventional computer designs give no heed to the energetic penalty of erasing
data; the penalty is, given the overall inefficiency of conventional logic gates, negligible.
However, if a logic gate could be designed so that it was inherently very efficient, it is possible
for the opposite situation to occur: Rather than the energetic penalty associated with the
Landauer Limit comprising a negligible portion of the energy dissipated by a gate, the Landauer
Limit could be the cause for almost all of the gate’s energy dissipation, with the gate’s inherent
inefficiency approaching 0. This nearly-perfect gate, if erasing 2 bits of data per logical
operation, would therefore dissipate about 4 x 10-21
J.
Due to the units used in most computer benchmarks, Joules / logical operation is not an easy
metric to use for comparisons with conventional computers. Translating this figure into J/GFLOP
(Appendix, “
Translating Between Logical Operations and GFLOPS”), a computer operating at the Landauer
Limit requires 8 x 10-8
J/GLFOP. The most efficient current supercomputers use about 0.142
J/GFLOP [9], indicating that they are about 1.77 million times less efficient than a computer
operating at the Landauer Limit. Given this, the design of efficient mechanical computers
obviously has great value even if all they do is reduce energy dissipation down to the level of the
Landauer Limit.
However, the Landauer Limit of 4 x 10-21
J per logical operation is quite large compared to the
energy lost to friction via a NAND gate of the link- and rotary-joint style (3.9 x 10-26
J per logical
operation). It makes little sense to have such an efficient mechanism, but to then operate it in
such a manner that power losses due to bit erasure reduce its effective efficiency by several
orders of magnitude.
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Reversible Computing
Conventional computers erase bits as a matter of course, being so otherwise inefficient that the
energetic penalty associated with bit erasure is meaningless to their operation. However, in a
scenario where the underlying mechanisms of the computer are so efficient that this is not true,
bit erasure becomes a concern. Luckily, bits do not have to be erased. Reversible computing is a
well-known way to circumvent the Landauer Limit. Using reversible computing schemes, bits are
stored, even if technically no longer needed to produce the final output, so that the penalty
associated with bit erasure is not incurred.
Reversible computing comes in different forms and degrees. In what might be considered the
ultimate form of reversible computing, all input, output, and intermediate bits are stored. Then,
once the desired computation is complete, rather than just “wiping” the memory (which
equates to the erasure of many bits), the whole computation is run backwards (or in reverse,
hence “reversible computing”), resetting inputs, outputs, and memory to its original state
without erasing any bits.
While this may sound quite unintuitive to those outside the field, reversible computing has been
known for decades. There are even programming languages and compilers made specifically to
ensure that programs are reversible (granted, they are not currently in widespread use since
avoiding the Landauer Limit is, for reasons described above, of mainly academic interest when
using conventional hardware).
Reversible Logic Gates
The rotary joint- and link-based system we propose is easily used to implement reversible
computing. It is well-known that any gate can be designed to avoid erasing bits by simply
carrying the inputs forward as additional outputs, ensuring that both the inputs and outputs are
always known. This results in additional “garbage” bits, and requires additional memory, but
avoids the energetic penalty inherent in bit erasure. In other words, it would be trivial to modify
the described NAND gate to be reversible.
Further, there are well-known gates that are inherently reversible. Such reversible gates include
the Toffoli gate and the Fredkin gate. And, not only are these gates reversible, but, like the
NAND gate, they are universal. Meaning, given the appropriate configuration of, e.g., Fredkin
gates, any desired logic can be implemented. These gates, like the more common irreversible
gates already discussed, are readily implemented using only rotary joints and links.
The Fredkin Gate
Figure 17 depicts a Fredkin gate. As previously mentioned, in the same way that a NAND gate is
a universal gate for combinatorial logic, the Fredkin gate is as well. However, the additional
benefit of the Fredkin gate is that it is reversible. A Fredkin gate does not erase data as it
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performs logical operations. As a result, a Fredkin gate is not subject to the Landauer Limit; it
can operate as efficiently as the mechanism itself can be made.
While determining the detailed operation of the Fredkin gate will probably be obvious given the
earlier example of the NAND gate, some comments may help clarify its workings. First, a Fredkin
gate is a 3-input, 3-output gate. Using the two-input system, the inputs are A0, A1, B0, B1, C0,
and C1. The outputs are X0, X1, Y0, Y1, Z0, and Z1. Since it may be typical to think of the
operation of these mechanisms as proceeding from left to right, the fact that the X0 and X1 links
are not on the right might be confusing. This is for diagrammatic clarity only. There is no reason
that those outputs could not be on the far right side along with Y0, Y1, Z0, and Z1 – it just
requires crossing more lines. Two links are labeled “4-bar linkages” just to make it clear that
they are not balances. Rather, as they are pushed on by X0 or X1, they do not rotate with
respect to the overall diagram, but instead stay vertical as they are actuated. Where links meet
at right angles and there is a solid corner, this indicates that this corner is rigid. This is, again, for
diagrammatic clarity. In an actual device, these would probably not be efficient structures for
transmitting the desired movement.
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Figure 17: A Fredkin Gate
Note that, in a manner similar to how cells can be connected to form a shift register, Fredkin
gates can be connected to form a system of arbitrarily complex, but completely reversible, logic.
Other Reversible Mechanisms
It is worth noting that the same principles that apply to reversible combinatorial logic also apply
to sequential logic. Meaning, structures such as shift registers can be operated reversibly (click
for an animated example). The same comments apply to data lines and any other miscellaneous
structures that may be needed to build a complete system.
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Reversible Clocking
Having noted that any logic gate can be made reversible, and having explicitly shown that a well-
known, universal, reversible gate, the Fredkin gate, can be created directly from only links and
rotary joints, a brief mention of reversible clocking is in order.
Systems that are physically and logically reversible may rely upon particular clock schemes to
facilitate this reversibility. There are a variety of reversible clocking schemes, including Bennett
Clocking, and Landauer Clocking, which can be used to ensure that a reversible mechanism can
be run in reverse, “uncomputing” its previous results so that the system can be reset without
having to erase a substantial amount of data. These clocking schemes are not complex, or
controversial. They are simply different than the schemes used in irreversible systems, and so it
is worth noting that some such scheme would be incorporated into a reversible design.
Summary: Reversible Computing
In the section “Molecular-Scale Implementation,” we describe one method of implementing
rotary joint- and link-based logic with frictional losses so low that bit erasure becomes, by far,
the dominant factor in determining energy dissipation.
In the present section we have described how reversible computing can be used to avoid bit
erasure. Reversible computing thereby allows the described logic to attain its full potential,
operating with energy losses several orders of magnitude under the Landauer Limit.
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Conclusions and Future Work
We have described a method for mechanical computing based on the realization that there are
ways to lower friction to the point where it dissipates far less energy than the analogous
electrical resistance in a conventional electronic computer. And, as the computations have
shown, by “far less” we mean by a factor of billions.
It should be noted that these are early designs; almost arbitrary implementations of the new
design paradigm just to show proof of concept. The designs presented have not been optimized,
nor have they been vetted at all possible scales. Various avenues of research are still being
pursued.
For example, it is assumed that the links in a lock pivot 1 radian when moving between the 0
and 1 positions. Can this movement be substantially reduced while maintaining reliable device
functioning? If so, speed and energy benefits result directly from such an improvement.
Can the frequency of the mechanisms be substantially increased? Probably. Compared to the 18
GHz resonance frequency calculated, the assumed 0.1 GHz operating frequency is very low and
was chosen to err on the side of caution. The maximum working frequency for the designs
shown, or for future, more optimized designs, may be much higher.
Scale-related issues also warrant more investigation. For example, while the functioning of
single rotary joints, and small rotary joint- and link-based mechanisms, have been well-
characterized, it is possible that, when coupled together into larger devices, unforeseen issues
arise (e.g., long-distance resonances that operate at lower frequencies).
Low-temperature behavior remains to be investigated, and may offer substantial additional
benefits.
And, failure modes need to be investigated. For example, is it possible (especially when, e.g.,
trying to minimize the angle which a link traverses between 0 and 1) to have thermal
fluctuations cause an erroneous result, registering the link as being a 0 when it should have
been a 1, or vice versa? If so, the links may have to be stiffer, move farther, move more slowly,
or error correction techniques may have to be introduced. Similar questions might apply to the
possibility of a link simply breaking.
That all being said, we are not discussing incremental improvements to existing technology
where differences of 10%, or 20%, or even 90%, actually make much difference. Molecular
manufacturing should enable a new paradigm in energy-efficient computing millions or billions
of times more efficient than current computers.
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This is a new area of research, and as such, there are probably many design improvements to be
discovered. We therefore liken these early designs to the “Model T” of mechanical computers,
and anticipate that future designs will become faster and more efficient still. However, even
were this not the case, and we assumed that not only had we bizarrely stumbled upon the
perfect design already, but that yet-to-be-discovered problems are going to somehow lower
performance 10X, or even 100X – the improvement over the current state of the art in
electronic computing still cannot be overstated.
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Appendix
Additional Traditional Logic Gate Designs
Figure 18: AND Gate
Figure 19: OR Gate
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Figure 20: NOR Gate
Figure 21: XOR Gate
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Computational Chemistry Simulations
Computational chemistry simulations of the acetylenic rotary joint were used to determine its
drag coefficient. [13]
The Landauer Limit
The cost to erase data is kT ln(2) per erased bit, where k is Boltzmann’s constant, and T is
temperature in Kelvin. This principle is often referred to as the Landauer Limit, and has been
measured experimentally [12]. At 205K the Landauer Limit is 2 x 10-21
J / bit erased. At room
temperature, the Landauer Limit is about 2.8 x 10-21
J /bit erased.
To be clear, the erasure of a bit is not the same as a logical operation, nor is the erasure of a bit
the same as a floating point operation. A bit is erased when a state representing 0 or 1 is
irreversibly lost.
For example, assume the existence of a perfectly-efficient mechanical logic gate. This logic gate
has no friction whatsoever. A 2-bit input is provided to this gate, the result computed, and then
the gate is reset to its original state. No data about the inputs or the output has been saved,
meaning that the inputs have been erased. Even using a hypothetical, perfectly-efficient gate,
this erasure of 2 bits of information will incur the energetic cost of 2 bits x kT ln(2)/bit, or about
4 x 10-21
J at 205K.
Energy Dissipation Calculations
Computational chemistry simulations indicate that the drag coefficient, K_drag, of a single
rotary joint like that shown in Figure 14 is 5.5 x 10-36
J s.
However, most mechanisms use multiple rotary joints to accomplish a single logical operation.
The basic lock mechanism uses about 10 rotary joints (only half of which move for a given
input). Therefore, the overall K_drag for a lock is about 5 x 5.5 x 10-36
J s, or 2.75 x 10-35
J s.
The NAND gate, being composed of 11 locks plus several balances, consists of 125 rotary joints,
about 70 of which move for a given calculation. Therefore, the overall K_drag for a NAND gate is
about 70 x 5.5 x 10-36
J s, or 3.9 x 10-34
J s.
How much power does this translate into? The relevant formula is:
P_drag = K_drag x (V_drag)2
Equation 1: Rotational Energy Dissipation
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Where V_drag = rotational speed, in radians/second, between the housing and the rotor.
To use this formula, some estimates must be made about how far a link must rotate to
unambiguously be able to differentiate between the position representing “0” and the position
representing “1”. The frequency must also be chosen.
For the angle of rotation, we choose a conservative round number of 1 radian (about 57
degrees; this number could probably be reduced but this is not a parameter we have attempted
to optimize).
To better address limitations on how fast the links can rotate, calculations have been done to
determine the amount of force which needs to be applied to the system to achieve a given
acceleration, and the resonant frequencies of the system. Force is not the limiting factor; the
bonds are easily strong enough to tolerate forces which would allow sub-nanosecond switching
time.
However, exciting mechanical resonances is a concern. The major system resonance of an
exemplary system using rotary joints as depicted in Figure 14, and links composed of diamond
rods which are, on average, 20nm long, was determined to be at 18 GHz. To be extremely
conservative, we use a switching time of 10ns (0.1 GHz), which stays very, very far away from
the 18 GHz resonance frequency.
Plugging these values into Equation 1, for the lock we have:
P_drag = (2.75 x 10-35
J s) x (1 radian/10-8
s)2
= 2.75 x 10-19
watts
And for the NAND gate we have:
P_drag = (3.9 x 10-34
J s) x (1 radian/10-8
s)2
= 3.9 x 10-18
watts
Since Watts = J/s, to find out the energy consumed by a single logical operation, we multiply
Watts by the amount of time a single logical operation takes, here assumed to be 10-8
s. The final
figure will vary somewhat with the particular structure carrying out the logical operation, since
each structure may have a different number of moving rotary joints.
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For the NAND gate, the result is 3.9 x 10-26
J per logical NAND operation. For a single movement
of a lock, this same calculation gives a figure of 2.7 x 10-27
J.1
Obviously, these calculations consider only frictional losses. Any system would need to operate
reversibly to operate under the Landauer Limit. This can be done with NAND gates using the
proper clocking scheme, or reversible gates can be used (for which the calculations would be
slightly different due to varying numbers of rotary joints, but not different to a degree that is
meaningful to our conclusions).
Translating Between Logical Operations and GFLOPS
Joules per logical operation are not easy to interpret in terms of conventional computer
benchmarks because such benchmarks are normally provided in Watts/GIGAFLOP, or its
reciprocal. A FLOP assumes a 64-bit floating point operation.
Using 3.9 x 10-26
J per logical NAND operation as the example, to perform the necessary
conversion, it is assumed that about 20,000 logical operations (LogOps) are required per FLOP.
[14] Therefore, the computation becomes:
(J/LogOps * 20,000 LogOps/FLOP) * (109
FLOP/GFLOP)/ = J / GFLOP;
Or, to provide simple conversion factors:
(J/LogOps) x (2x1013
) = J/GFLOP; and
(J/GLFOP) / (2x1013
) = J/LogOps
Using these conversions, we conclude that using the rotary joint- and link-based designs
described herein, NAND-based LogOps consume 7.8 x 10-13
J/GFLOP. If we assume a number of
NAND gates operating in parallel so that, at a switching speed of 0.1ns per NAND gate, 1 GFLOP
of computation is provided in 1 second, then J becomes equal to J/sec, or Watts, so 7.8 x 10-13
1
These figures assume no loss from bit erasure. If bit erasure was frequently required, the
Landauer Limit would dominate the energy loss, no matter how efficient the mechanism was.
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J/GFLOP becomes equivalent to 7.8 x 10-13
Watts/GFLOP. Then we can simply take the reciprocal
of the previous number, showing that such a system provides 1.28 x 1012
GFLOP/Watt.1
As compared to a conventional supercomputer providing 7 GFLOPS/Watt (or 0.142 J/GFLOP at 1
GFLOP/sec), this is (1.28 x 1012
/ 7) = 1.8 x 1011
times more efficient.1
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