Module four notes for blockchain technology

Usha M
Asst. Prof. Dept. of MCA,
BIT, Bangalore
MODULE 4
CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

Usha M
Asst. Prof. Det. Of MCA,
BIT, Bangalore
INTRODUCTION
• Utility oriented data centers are outcomes of Cloud computing
• Services they serve are
– virtual h/w
– development platform or application software
• Cloud can be implemented using
o Data center
o Cluster
o Heterogeneous distributed system composed of desktop PC,
workstations and servers
• Different layers provide different services

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
INTRODUCTION
• Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and Internet-centric
way of delivering IT services on demand.
• These services cover the entire computing stack:
–from the hardware infrastructure packaged as a set of
virtual machines to
–software services such as development platforms and
–distributed applications

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BIT, Bangalore
Cloud Reference model
Provides Horse /
computing power
100s or 1000s
nodes stacked
together to
make data
centre
Heterogeneous
in nature.
Formed with the
help of
• Clusters
• n/wd PCs
Provides storage
as well as
database

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BIT, Bangalore
Middleware
manages physical
infrastructure
Provides runtime
environment to
utilize resources
below
Virtualization
guarantees
• Runtime env
customization
• Application
isolation
• Sand boxing
• QoS

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BIT, Bangalore
Functionality of
Middleware
• Infrastructure
management
• Negotiation of
QoS
• Admission
control
• Execution
management
• Monitoring,
• Accounting
• Billing

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BIT, Bangalore
Cloud reference model
• Hypervisor - Hardware virtualization
• Programming level virtualization
• We can organize examples of IaaS into two categories:
o Some of them provide both the management layer and the physical
infrastructure
o Some provide only the management layer (IaaS (M)) - In this the
management layer is often integrated with other IaaS solutions that
provide physical infrastructure and adds value to them.
• PaaS provides platform for application

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BIT, Bangalore
PaaS provides tools
such as
• Web based
interface
• Command line
tools
• Framework for
concurrent and
distributed
programming
PaaS includes
Infrastructure as
well

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BIT, Bangalore
Pure PaaS
provides only user
level m/w

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BIT, Bangalore
SaaS provides
web based
applications to
end user

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BIT, Bangalore
Cloud reference model
• XaaS – Everything as a service
Table 4.1 Cloud computing service classifications
Category Characteristics Product Type Vendors and products
IaaS/Haas Customers are provided with
virtualized hardware and
storage on top of which they
can build their infrastructure.
Virtual machine
management
infrastructure, Storage
management,
Network management
Amazon EC2 and S3
GoGrid
Nirvanix
PaaS
Customers are provided with
a platform for developing
applications hosted in the
cloud
Programming APIs and
frameworks,
Deployment systems
Google AppEngine
Microsoft Azure
Manjrasoft Aneka
Data Synapse
SaaS
Customers are provided with
applications that are
Accessible from anywhere
and anytime
Web applications and
services (Web 2.0)
SalesForce.com(CRM)
Clarizen.com (project
management) Google
Apps

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BIT, Bangalore
Infrastructure/Hardware as a service
• They deliver customizable infrastructure on demand.
• The available options range from
o Single servers to entire infrastructures, including network devices
o Load balancers
o Database and Web servers
• All these solutions delivered using h/w virtualization : Requires
one or more virtual machines on top of which applications are
installed and deployed
• Virtual machines also constitute the atomic components that
are deployed and priced according to the specific features of
the virtual hardware: memory, number of processors, and disk
storage

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BIT, Bangalore
• Benefits if Iaas/HaaS
o Workload partitioning
o Application isolation
o Sandboxing
o Hardware tuning
o Secured environment to run 3rd party applications
• From user perspective Reduces
o Administration and maintenance cost
o Capital costs allocated to purchase hardware.
o Provides full customization

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BIT, Bangalore
• Additional services includes
o SLA resource-based allocation
o Workload management
o Support for infrastructure design through advanced Web interfaces
o Ability to integrate third-party IaaS solutions.
• Fig 4.2 provides overall view
o the Physical infrastructure,
o the Software management infrastructure,
o the User interface

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BIT, Bangalore
• Fig 4.2 Infrastructure-as-a-Service Reference Implementation
Physical
infrastructure
Software
management
infrastructure
User interface
3 layers

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BIT, Bangalore
Interface is based
on web 2.0
technologies such
as Web Services,
RESTful APIs and
mash ups
UI provides access to
services exposed by
s/w management
infrastructure

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BIT, Bangalore
Web services and
RESTful APIs allow
program to interact
with services
without human
intervention
Web 2.0 allow
developing full
featured
management

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BIT, Bangalore
Allocates VM
instances
Also interacts with
other components
Management of VMs
is important function
of this layer
Takes care of cost
of executing each
VM instance keeps
data used to
charge user
Tracks the
execution of each
VM instance and
maintains data for
reporting and
analysing
performance of the
system

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BIT, Bangalore
Keeps track of all
live instance
It stores the
information of all
VMs that have been
executed or will be
executing
Keeps repository of
SLAs made with
users
Makes sure that
VM executes with
given QoS
Integration of
additional resources
belonging to 3rd
party IaaS
Provides catalogue
of VM images that
user can use to
create virtual
instances

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BIT, Bangalore
Bottom layer physical
infrastructure
Data centre with 100s
or 1000s of nodes
Clusters for small or
medium sized
enterprise with in
university
Heterogeneous
environment- PCs,
Workstations and
clusters

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BIT, Bangalore
Platform as a Service
• Provides development and deployment platform for running application on cloud
• This is middleware on which application is built

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BIT, Bangalore
• Application management is the core functionality
• PaaS provides
o Runtime environment
o Automate the process of deploying application
o Configuring the application component
o Provisioning and configuring supporting technologies such as load
balancers and databases
o Managing changes based on policies set by users
o Manages the resources
o Scaling application on demand according to users need

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BIT, Bangalore
• PaaS model provides 2 types of environment
o Rapid prototype environment – assembling mash-ups (web pages
developed using different functional components
o Complete Object model – programming language based approach –
takes more development time
• PaaS solutions offer
o Middleware for developing applications together with the
infrastructure or
o Provide users with the software that is installed on the user
premises.
• In the first case, the PaaS provider also owns large datacenters where
applications are executed
• In the second case, Pure PaaS, the middleware constitutes the core
value of the offering.

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Below table 4.2 shows classification of implementation of PaaS
Category Description Product Type Vendors and Products
PaaS-I Runtime environment with Web-
hosted application development
platform. Rapid application
prototyping.
Middleware+Infrastructure
Force.com
Longjump
PaaS-II Runtime environment for scaling
Web applications. The runtime could
be enhanced by additional
components that provide scaling
capabilities E.g. website
Middleware
Middleware
Google AppEngine (java
python)
AppScale(open source)
Heroku
Engine Yard(Ruby)
Joyent Smart Platform
GigaSpaces XAP
PaaS-III Middleware and programming model
for developing distributed
applications in the cloud.
Middleware
Middleware
Middleware
Middleware
Middleware
Microsoft Azure (SOC )
Data Synapse
Cloud IQ
Manjrasof Aneka
Apprenda SaaS
Grid
GigaSpaces ,DataGrid

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BIT, Bangalore
Characteristics that identify a PaaS Solution
a) Runtime Framework
o Represent s/w stack of PaaS model
o Executes end user code according to the policies set by user and provider
b) Abstraction
o Higher level of abstraction compared to IaaS
o IaaS concentrates on raw physical infrastructure and Paas concentrates on
application
o PaaS solution allows to deploy and manage application on the cloud
rather than VMs on top which IT infrastructure is built
c) Automation
o Automate the process of deploying applications to the infrastructure
o Scaling them by provisioning additional resources when needed.
o This process is performed automatically according to the SLA made
between the customers and the provider.

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BIT, Bangalore
d) Cloud services
o Provide developers and architects with services and APIs
o Helps to simplify the creation and delivery of elastic and highly
available cloud applications.
o They include specific components for developing applications,
advanced services for application monitoring, management, and
reporting.
(+) Cost cut down in development , deployment and management of
applications
(-) Vendor-lock-in
(-) Application completely dependent on provider becomes obstacle in
retargeting application to another environment

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BIT, Bangalore
Software as a Service
• SaaS Provides access to application over internet as web based
services
• User
– need not worry about hardware and software complexity
– need not install anything on their premises nor pay any upfront cost
to purchase software
– Use their credential to access the application
• Provider side maintains customer’s application details
• SaaS Provides “One to Many” delivery model – one application among
many user. E.g. CRM and ERP
• Every enterprise has same requirements for basic features. Further
needs can be satisfied with further customization. So SaaS are multi-
tenant

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
• The Software Information & Industry Association (SIIA) gave following
connotation for SaaS:
– In the software as a service model, the application, or service, is
deployed from a centralized datacenter across a network—Internet,
Intranet, LAN, or VPN—providing access and use on a recurring fee
basis.
– Users “rent,” “subscribe to,” “are assigned,” or “are granted access
to” the applications from a central provider.
– Business models vary according to the level to which the software is
streamlined, to lower price and increase efficiency, or value-added
through customization to further improve digitized business
processes.

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
• SIIA was mainly oriented to cover Application Service Providers (ASPs)
ASPs already had some of the core characteristics of SaaS:
o The product sold to customer is application access.
o The application is centrally managed.
o The service delivered is one-to-many.
o The service delivered is an integrated solution delivered on the
contract, which means provided as promised.
• Initially ASPs offered packaged applications which were served to
multiple customers.
• Later Web-based integration of third-party application services- these
lead to deliver applications as a service: the SaaS model.
• This applications as a service provided access to packaged software
solution which addressed need of many users

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BIT, Bangalore
• SaaS approach introduces
o Flexible way of delivering application services that are fully
customizable by the user by integrating new services, injecting
their own components, and designing the application and
information workflows.
• This is possible with the support of Web 2.0 technologies
• The benefits delivered initially by SaaS
o Software cost reduction and total cost of ownership (TCO) were
paramount
o Service-level improvements
o Rapid implementation
o Standalone and configurable applications
o Data integration
o Subscription and pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pricing

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BIT, Bangalore
• Later advancement of SaaS was SaaS 2.0
o Provided most robust infrastructure and application platform
o Rapid achievement of business objectives - with existing
technologies
• Existing SaaS provides
o Development and customization of applications
o Integration of services by other parties
o Ensures attached SLA so that customer decide which component
they want to customize and integrate
• Eg : CRM, ERP, social networking applications
• SalesForce.com provides CRM service
– CR and HR management
– ERP
– Latest applications includes integration of chat to web communities

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BIT, Bangalore
• Another important SaaS applications comprises social networking
applications - as Facebook and LinkedIn.
• Along with basic features they allow integrating third-party
applications. Eg Facebook - users, who can select which applications
they want to add to their profile.
• Office automation applications : Google Documents and Zoho they
address user needs for documents, spreadsheets, and presentation
management.
• They offer a Web-based interface for creating, managing, and
modifying documents that can be easily shared among users and
made accessible from anywhere.

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Types of clouds
• Clouds are outcome of Clod Computing
• They are a type of parallel and distributed system harnessing physical
and virtual computers presented as a unified computing resource
• Clouds build the infrastructure on top of which services are
implemented and delivered to customers.
• Infrastructures can be of different types and provide useful
information about the nature and the services offered by the cloud:
o It identifies the boundaries within which cloud computing services
are implemented
o It provides hints on the underlying infrastructure adopted to
support such services, and qualifies them

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BIT, Bangalore
Types of clouds
The different types of cloud:
• Public clouds: The cloud is open to the wider public.
• Private clouds: The cloud is implemented within the private premises of
an institution and made accessible to the members of the institution or a
subset of them.
• Hybrid or heterogeneous clouds: The cloud is a combination of the two
previous solutions and identifies a private cloud that has been
augmented with resources or services hosted in a public cloud
• Community clouds: The cloud is characterized by a
– multi-administrative domain
– involving different deployment models (public, private, and hybrid),
and
– it is specifically designed to address the needs of a specific industry.

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BIT, Bangalore
Public Clouds
• The services offered are made available to anyone, from anywhere,
and at any time through the Internet.
• They are a distributed system, most likely composed of one or more
datacenters connected together on top which services are
implemented
• User sign in with their credentials and billing details
• The advantages of Public clouds
o Minimizes IT infrastructure costs
o Serves as an option to take care of peak load
o Small enterprises- no upfront investment
o Grow or shrink according to the need

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BIT, Bangalore
Public Clouds
o Fundamental characteristics of public cloud is Multi-tenancy. Which
serves
 Virtual computing environment
 Isolated environment from other users
 Effective monitoring of user activity
 Guarantees desired performance
 QoS – monitor cloud resources and according to the contract
made
• A public cloud can offer any kind of services: infrastructure, platform,
or applications. For example
– Amazon EC2 is a public cloud that provides IaaS
– Google AppEngine is a public cloud that provides an application
development Paas
– SalesForce.com is a public cloud that provides SaaS

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Public Clouds
• Public clouds can be composed of geographically dispersed
datacenters to share the load of users and better serve them according
to their locations
• Amazon Web Services has datacenters installed in the United States,
Europe, Singapore, and Australia

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
• With respect to Public cloud
(+) Cuts down IT cost
(+)Reduces capital expenses
(-) But there exist loss of control
(-) Provider is in the control of
– infrastructure,
– customers core logic and
– sensitive data
(-) Therefore Threat or unacceptable risk
(-) Government and military agencies cant rely on public clouds – security
problem

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
(-) Geographic distribution of data center – variation and regulation
Ex: USA PATRIOT Act5 provides its government and other agencies with
virtually limitless powers to access information, including that belonging
to any company that stores information in the U.S. territory.
• Existing enterprises that has large infrastructure do not want to switch
to public clouds and wants to maintain with their existing IT resources
• Private clouds are
– Virtual distributed systems
– Rely on a private infrastructure
– Provide internal users with dynamic provisioning of computing
resources.
– Instead of pay-as-you-go other schema’s for usage of cloud for the
different departments or sections of an enterprise

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
• The advantages of Private cloud includes
o Keeping the core business operations in-house by relying on the
existing IT infrastructure
o Reducing the burden of maintaining it once the cloud has been set
up.
o Security concerns are less critical, since sensitive information does
not flow out of the private infrastructure.
o Existing IT resources can be better utilized because the private
cloud can provide services to a different range of users.
o Testing applications and systems at a comparatively lower price
rather than public clouds
•

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
Advantages of using a private cloud computing infrastructure
a) Customer information protection
o In-house security is easier to maintain and rely on.
b) Infrastructure ensuring SLAs
o QoS implies specific operations such as
 Appropriate clustering and failover,
 Data replication
 System monitoring and maintenance,
 Disaster recovery, and other uptime services

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
c) Compliance with standard procedures and operations.
o If organizations are subject to third-party compliance standards,
specific procedures have to be put in place when deploying and
executing applications.
• Architectural point of view private clouds can be implemented on
heterogeneous hardware this could be cluster or enterprise desktop
grid or combination of them

Private Clouds
Private cloud stack
Virtual technology stack
serves as foundation
cloud
Eucalyptus, Open nebula,
VMWare vcloud,
provides IaaS solution

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
Private cloud stack IaaS solution
VMWare Vcloud –
proprietary solution
Eucalyptus – open source
compatible with AWS
Open Nebula- open
source easy to integrate 3rd
party IaaS
OpenPEX –reserves VMs
Intergrid – reserve VMs and
manage domains

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
Private cloud stack PaaS solution
Data Synapse – to build
cloud on pvt. data center
Elastra cloud server –
configure and deploy
distributed applications
Zimory – automate use of
resource
Aneka – complete software
development platform

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
• Bottom layer - virtual machine technologies such as Xen
,KVM ,and VMware serve as the foundations of the cloud.
• Virtual machine management technologies such as VMware
vCloud, Eucalyptus and OpenNebula can be used to control the
virtual infrastructure and provide an IaaS solution.
• VMware vCloud is a proprietary solution
• Eucalyptus, open source provides full compatibility with
Amazon Web Services interfaces and supports different virtual
machine technologies such as Xen, KVM, and VMware.

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
• OpenNebula is an open-source solution for virtual
infrastructure management that supports KVM, Xen, and
VMware, which has been designed to easily integrate third-
party IaaS providers.
• OpenPEX is Web-based system that allows the reservation of
virtual machine instances and is designed to support different
back ends
• InterGrid provides added value on top of OpenNebula and
Amazon EC2 by allowing the reservation of virtual machine
instances and managing multi-administrative domain clouds

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
• Platform services are provided by DataSynapse, Zimory Pools,
Elastra, and Aneka.
• DataSynapse is a global provider of application virtualization
software provides a flexible environment for building private
clouds on top of datacenters
• Elastra Cloud Server is a platform for easily configuring and
deploying distributed application infrastructures on clouds

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
• Zimory provides a software infrastructure layer that
automates the use of resource pools based on Xen, KVM, and
VMware virtualization technologies
• It allows creating an internal cloud composed of sparse private
and public resources and provides facilities for migrating
applications within the existing infrastructure.

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BIT, Bangalore
Private Clouds
• Aneka is a software development platform that can be used
to deploy a cloud infrastructure on top of heterogeneous
hardware: datacenters, clusters, and desktop grids
• It provides a pluggable service-oriented architecture that’s
mainly devoted to supporting the execution of distributed
applications with different programming models: bag of tasks,
MapReduce, and others.

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BIT, Bangalore
Hybrid Clouds
Public cloud
[+] Supports large user
[+] Provides large software and hardware infrastructure
[+] cost efficient
[-] security threat and administrative pit falls
Private cloud
[+] Processing with in premises
[+] uses existing hardware and software
[-] lacks in scalability on demand
[-] inefficient in addressing peak loads

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Hybrid Clouds
• Hybrid clouds allow
o Enterprises to exploit existing IT infrastructures,
o Maintain sensitive information within the premises
o Naturally grow and shrink by provisioning external resources and
releasing them when they’re no longer needed.
• Hybrid cloud is a
– heterogeneous distributed system
– resulting from a private cloud that integrates additional services or
resources from one or more public clouds.
• For this reason they are also called heterogeneous clouds.

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BIT, Bangalore
Hybrid Clouds
• Figure 4.5 provides a general overview of a hybrid cloud
Dynamic provisioning is a
fundamental phenomena

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BIT, Bangalore
Hybrid Clouds
• Dynamic provisioning is a fundamental component
• Hybrid clouds address scalability issues by leveraging external
resources for exceeding capacity demand. These resources or services
are temporarily leased for the time required and then released. This
practice is also known as cloud bursting.
• Hybrid cloud applies to IT infrastructure rather than software services
• SOC – integration paid software services
• IaaS – dynamic provisioning of virtual machines
• Infrastructure management software and PaaS solutions are the
building blocks for deploying and managing hybrid clouds

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BIT, Bangalore
Hybrid Clouds
• Private clouds - dynamic provisioning introduces a more complex
scheduling algorithm and policies, the goal of which is also to optimize
the budget spent to rent public resources.
• OpenNebula exposes the capability of integrating resources from
public clouds such as Amazon EC2
• Scheduling engine that’s able to differentiate these resources and
provide smart allocations by taking into account the budget available
to extend the existing infrastructure
• OpenNebula, advanced schedulers such as Haizea can be integrated to
provide cost-based scheduling

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BIT, Bangalore
Hybrid Clouds
• Dynamic provisioning is most commonly implemented in PaaS
solutions that support hybrid clouds.
• One of the fundamental components of PaaS middleware is the
mapping of distributed applications onto the cloud infrastructure
• Provisioning cooperates with scheduler to achieve Qos
• User application has a budget attached, and the scheduler uses that
budget to optimize the execution of the application by renting virtual
nodes if needed

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
• Community clouds are
– Distributed systems
– Created by integrating the services of different clouds to
– Address the specific needs of an industry, a community, or a
business sector
• The National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST)
characterizes community clouds as follows:
– The infrastructure is shared by several organizations and
– supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g.,
mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations).
– It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may
exist on premise or off premise”.

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
• Figure 4.6 provides a general view of the usage scenario of
community clouds

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
• The users of a specific community cloud share the same concerns or
needs; they can be
ogovernment bodies,
oindustries, or even
osimple users,
• but all of them focus on the same issues for their interaction with the
cloud
• Public cloud supports multitude of user with different need where as
community cloud same need
• Private clouds, where the services are delivered within the institution
that owns the cloud which is not true in community clouds

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
• Community clouds are implemented over multiple administrative
domains.
• This means that different organizations such as
– government bodies
– private enterprises
– research organizations
– even public virtual infrastructure
providers contribute with their resources to build the cloud
infrastructure.

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
Candidate sectors for community clouds are as follows:
a) Media industry
o Media looks for low-cost, agile, and simple solutions to improve the
efficiency of content production.
o In particular, the creation of digital content is the outcome of a
collaborative process that includes movement of large data,
massive compute-intensive rendering tasks, and complex
workflow executions.
o Community clouds can provide a shared environment where
services can facilitate business-to-business collaboration and offer
the horsepower in terms of aggregate bandwidth, CPU, and storage
required to efficiently support media production.

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
b) Healthcare industry
o Doesn’t reveal sensitive data maintained within the private
infrastructure.
o support the storing of patient-related data in a private cloud while
using the shared infrastructure for noncritical services and
automating processes within hospitals.
[ Eg: makes medical record-sharing easier and safer, even facilitates
the creation and maintenance of telehealth apps].
c) Energy and other core industries.
o Community clouds can bundle the comprehensive set of solutions
that together address management, deployment, and orchestration
of services and operations.
o Provide the right type of infrastructure to create an open and fair
market.

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
d) Public sector
o Legal and political restrictions in the public sector can limit the
adoption of public cloud offerings.
o Public sector have to provide strategic solutions at local, national,
and international administrative levels.
o They involve business-to-administration, citizen-to-administration,
and possibly business-to-business processes.
o Examples : invoice approval, infrastructure planning, and public
hearings.
o A community cloud provide a distributed environment in which to
create a communication platform for performing such operations.

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
e) Scientific research
o The common interest driving different organizations sharing a large
distributed infrastructure is scientific computing
The benefits of community clouds are the following
• Openness: By removing the dependency on cloud vendors, community
clouds are open systems in which fair competition between different
solutions can happen.
• Community : Being based on a collective that provides resources and
services, the infrastructure turns out to be more scalable because the
system can grow simply by expanding its user base.
• Graceful failures : Since there is no single provider or vendor in control
of the infrastructure, there is no single point of failure

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BIT, Bangalore
Community Clouds
• Convenience and control : Within a community cloud there is no
conflict between convenience and control because the cloud is shared
and owned by the community, which makes all the decisions through a
collective democratic process.
• Environmental sustainability : The community cloud have a smaller
carbon footprint because it harnesses underutilized resources and
these clouds can grow and shrink

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BIT, Bangalore
Economics of the cloud
• The main drivers of cloud computing are
o Economy of scale
o Simplicity of software delivery and its operation.
o Pay-as-you-go
o Reducing the capital costs associated to the IT infrastructure
o Eliminating the depreciation or lifetime costs associated with IT
capital assets
o Replacing software licensing with subscriptions
o Cutting the maintenance and administrative costs of IT resources

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BIT, Bangalore
Capital cost
o Purchasing an asset
o One time expense
o IT infrastructure and s/w are capital assets
o IT department- CRM, ERP, Payroll etc
o Capital cost should be kept low since leads to depreciation
oDepreciation cost of hardware – loss of value over time
oDepreciation cost of software – aging of software products
o Before CC many enterprise had their own data center which
introduced additional - operational cost , maintenance cost, IT
support centers

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BIT, Bangalore
Advantages of CC
• Shifting to CC converted purchasing cost to operation cost for renting
infrastructure
• Reduces administrative and maintenance cost
• Reduces IT support staff
• No depreciation cost
• In the case of a small startup, it is possible to completely leverage
the cloud for many aspects such as:
o IT infrastructure
o Software development
o CRM and ERP

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BIT, Bangalore
• Leasing IT infrastructure helps managing peak loads more efficiently-
owning and releasing resources
• Indirect costs that can be eliminated are s/w licensing and support and
carbon footprint emissions.
• Instead s/w licensing s/w subscription is used
Different pricing models of cloud computing are
a) Tiered pricing – CPU type, memory speed
b) Per-unit pricing – data transfer and memory allocation
c) Subscription-based pricing – periodic subscription

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BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
1. Cloud definition
• The most important definition of cloud computing is given by National
Institute of Standard and Technologies (NIST)
• Cloud computing is on-demand self-service, broad network access,
resource-pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service; classifies
services as SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS; and categorizes deployment models
as public, private, community, and hybrid clouds
• University of California, Santa Barbara cloud is dissected into 5 main
layers applications, software environments, software infrastructure,
software kernel, and hardware
• This shows cloud computing is in infancy and constantly eveloving

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BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
2. Cloud interoperability and standards
• CC service based model served as utility
• Objective is to provide interoperability between solutions offered by
different vendors
• Vendor lock-in is the main barrier
• Switching to another competitor is because customer want to find
suitable solution for his/her needs or vendor cannot provide the
service
• Switching incurs additional cost and time
• Early CC there was no common agreement on protocols and
technologies used and each organization had its own network

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
• The first steps toward a standardization process have been
made, and a few organizations, such as the Cloud Computing
Interoperability Forum (CCIF), the Open Cloud Consortium,
and the DMTF Cloud Standards Incubator are leading the path.
• Open cloud manifesto embodies view of different stake
holders
• The use of a proprietary virtual machine format in IaaS
constitutes the major reasons for the vendor lock-in

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
• The Open Virtualization Format (OVF) is an attempt to
provide a common format for
–storing the information
–metadata describing a virtual machine image.
• Even though the OVF provides a full specification for
packaging and distributing virtual machine images in
completely platform-independent fashion, it is supported by
few vendors that use it to import static virtual machine images

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
• Standardization should be provided with respect to
–supporting migration of running instances
–general reference architecture
• Right now the
i. Compatibility between different solutions is restricted
ii. lack of a common set of APIs make the interaction with
cloud-based solutions vendor specific

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
3. Scalability and Fault tolerance
• The ability to scale on demand is one of the most attractive
features of cloud computing
• To implement such a capability, the cloud middleware has to be
designed with the principle of scalability along different
dimensions in mind—for example, performance, size, and load
• The cloud middleware manages a huge number of resource and
users – requires huge amount of administration and maintenance
cost
• Fault tolerance is fundamental – should be efficient and optimized
• Designing scalable, fault tolerant , easily manageable and high
performance systems is big challenge

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
4. Security, trust, and privacy
• Cryptographic technologies – can be used to prevent data
tampering and access to sensitive information
• But threat – application hosted in cloud can access sensitive
information
• The data is stored in Cloud with advanced technology in
cryptography, to protect it and has to be decrypted to access
the that. But VMM which has access to memory of cloud
provide access to sensitive data

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
• New of using existing technologies creates additional threats
to security
• The lack of control over their own data and processes – control
will be in service providers hand
• One side we think whether to trust or not to trust provider
• Other side agreement or policies can help in providing security
• More over, cloud services delivered to the end user can be the
result of a complex stack of services that are obtained by
third parties as a result security is more vulnerable
• When violation is detected its difficult to identify who is liable

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
5. Organizational aspects
• Storage, computing power, network infrastructure and
application are delivered as metered services
• This is new for Enterprise IT department for billing. Here arises
few questions
oWhat is the new role of the IT department in an enterprise
that completely or significantly relies on the cloud?
oHow will the compliance department perform its activity
when there is a considerable lack of control over
application workflows?

Usha M
BIT, Bangalore
Open challenges
oWhat are the implications (political, legal, etc.) for
organizations that lose control over some aspects of their
services?
oWhat will be the perception of the end users of such
services?
(+) Moving IT infrastructure and services to the cloud is to
reduce or completely remove maintenance and support cost
(-) At the same time, the existing IT staff is required to have a
different kind of competency and, in general, fewer skills, thus
reducing their value because they don’t take care of trouble
shooting

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