The document provides details about the Constitution of India:
1) It establishes the framework of the government of India, outlines fundamental rights and duties of citizens, and is the longest written constitution in the world.
2) It was passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950.
3) The constitution has undergone many amendments over time to update and adapt it to changing needs.
The document summarizes the White Pine County bill, which designated over 558,000 acres of new wilderness areas in eastern Nevada through 11 new wilderness designations and additions to 3 existing areas. It established boundaries for the new wilderness areas, withdrew them from commercial uses, and provided for their administration and protection as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System while allowing for continued livestock grazing and without asserting new water rights.
Hong kong human_rights_and_democracy_act__h.r._3289ikarocampos
This document is a bill being considered in the US Senate that aims to amend the Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. Key points:
1) It would require the Secretary of State to annually certify to Congress whether Hong Kong continues to warrant separate treatment from China under US laws based on its autonomy.
2) The certification would consider factors like rule of law, civil liberties, and obligations in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Hong Kong Basic Law.
3) It also outlines US policy goals of supporting Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy and democratic freedoms as guaranteed in the Joint Declaration and Basic Law.
The document discusses Hawaii's goal of generating 100% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2045 to improve the economy, environment and energy security. It announces a Call for Information and Nominations from parties interested in obtaining commercial wind energy leases offshore of Oahu. Responses are due by August 8, 2016. The document also provides background on Hawaii's renewable portfolio standards and the state's jurisdiction over submerged lands under federal law.
This document discusses Indonesian laws related to land rights and mortgages. It provides definitions of key concepts like property rights, building use rights, and types of land. It also summarizes principles from laws like the Civil Code and Basic Agrarian Law. The document outlines the mortgage registration process and notes that mortgages can be transferred to other parties. It concludes with observations from BTN bank about common types of loans secured by land titles or building permits.
Malaya also known as Malaysia: Membership In UN In 1963SSKMSSU
On 16 September 1963 the Secretary-General received a letter from H. E. Dato'Ong Yoke Lin, who was accredited to the United Nations as Permanent Representative of the Federation of Malaya, notifying him that by the constitutional process of amendment the name of the "Federation of Malaya" had been changed to Malaysia. While not dealt with in this letter, the change of name had been accompanied by the addition of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak to the Federation of Malaya. Changes in the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya were also made "so as to provide for the admission of those States and for matters connected therewith" (Preamble to Malaysia Bill).
This document summarizes the ongoing legal issues surrounding R.S. 2477 rights-of-way claims on federal lands. It discusses the historical context of R.S. 2477 and its repeal through FLPMA in 1976. It also analyzes the different approaches taken by the Ninth and Tenth Circuits in determining the validity of R.S. 2477 claims. Finally, it proposes alternative legal schemes, including congressional authorization for DOI to adjudicate claims or judicial modification to allow federal preemption of conflicting state laws. The key debate centers around the proper interpretation of terms in R.S. 2477 like "construction," "highway," and "public lands not reserved."
This document is an agreement relating to the formation of Malaysia signed in 1963. It outlines the constitutional arrangements and agreements between the UK, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore regarding the federation of these territories as the states of Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore to form Malaysia. Key points include outlining the new name and composition of the federation, citizenship rules, legislative and financial arrangements between the federal and state governments, and transitional provisions to integrate the new states and address things like public services, courts, and elections. Annexes to the agreement include the new state constitutions and various bills to implement the agreements.
Rule Aliens; Legal Assistance Restrictions Legal Assistance To Citizens Of Mi...legalservices
This document amends regulations regarding the eligibility of citizens from the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Republic of Palau to receive legal aid services. It revises definitions related to compost and fertilizer made from recovered organic materials. It also details that the changes to eligibility regulations will take effect on October 15, 2007.
The document summarizes the White Pine County bill, which designated over 558,000 acres of new wilderness areas in eastern Nevada through 11 new wilderness designations and additions to 3 existing areas. It established boundaries for the new wilderness areas, withdrew them from commercial uses, and provided for their administration and protection as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System while allowing for continued livestock grazing and without asserting new water rights.
Hong kong human_rights_and_democracy_act__h.r._3289ikarocampos
This document is a bill being considered in the US Senate that aims to amend the Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. Key points:
1) It would require the Secretary of State to annually certify to Congress whether Hong Kong continues to warrant separate treatment from China under US laws based on its autonomy.
2) The certification would consider factors like rule of law, civil liberties, and obligations in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Hong Kong Basic Law.
3) It also outlines US policy goals of supporting Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy and democratic freedoms as guaranteed in the Joint Declaration and Basic Law.
The document discusses Hawaii's goal of generating 100% of its electricity from renewable energy by 2045 to improve the economy, environment and energy security. It announces a Call for Information and Nominations from parties interested in obtaining commercial wind energy leases offshore of Oahu. Responses are due by August 8, 2016. The document also provides background on Hawaii's renewable portfolio standards and the state's jurisdiction over submerged lands under federal law.
This document discusses Indonesian laws related to land rights and mortgages. It provides definitions of key concepts like property rights, building use rights, and types of land. It also summarizes principles from laws like the Civil Code and Basic Agrarian Law. The document outlines the mortgage registration process and notes that mortgages can be transferred to other parties. It concludes with observations from BTN bank about common types of loans secured by land titles or building permits.
Malaya also known as Malaysia: Membership In UN In 1963SSKMSSU
On 16 September 1963 the Secretary-General received a letter from H. E. Dato'Ong Yoke Lin, who was accredited to the United Nations as Permanent Representative of the Federation of Malaya, notifying him that by the constitutional process of amendment the name of the "Federation of Malaya" had been changed to Malaysia. While not dealt with in this letter, the change of name had been accompanied by the addition of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak to the Federation of Malaya. Changes in the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya were also made "so as to provide for the admission of those States and for matters connected therewith" (Preamble to Malaysia Bill).
This document summarizes the ongoing legal issues surrounding R.S. 2477 rights-of-way claims on federal lands. It discusses the historical context of R.S. 2477 and its repeal through FLPMA in 1976. It also analyzes the different approaches taken by the Ninth and Tenth Circuits in determining the validity of R.S. 2477 claims. Finally, it proposes alternative legal schemes, including congressional authorization for DOI to adjudicate claims or judicial modification to allow federal preemption of conflicting state laws. The key debate centers around the proper interpretation of terms in R.S. 2477 like "construction," "highway," and "public lands not reserved."
This document is an agreement relating to the formation of Malaysia signed in 1963. It outlines the constitutional arrangements and agreements between the UK, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore regarding the federation of these territories as the states of Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore to form Malaysia. Key points include outlining the new name and composition of the federation, citizenship rules, legislative and financial arrangements between the federal and state governments, and transitional provisions to integrate the new states and address things like public services, courts, and elections. Annexes to the agreement include the new state constitutions and various bills to implement the agreements.
Rule Aliens; Legal Assistance Restrictions Legal Assistance To Citizens Of Mi...legalservices
This document amends regulations regarding the eligibility of citizens from the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Republic of Palau to receive legal aid services. It revises definitions related to compost and fertilizer made from recovered organic materials. It also details that the changes to eligibility regulations will take effect on October 15, 2007.
This document outlines the Town and Country Planning Act of Mauritius which establishes rules and procedures related to urban planning and land development. Some key points:
- It establishes the Town and Country Planning Board to oversee planning processes and issue permits.
- The Board can declare areas as "planning areas" where outline schemes will be developed to guide development.
- Anyone developing land in a planning area must obtain a Building and Land Use Permit from the local authority, which must consider any applicable outline or detailed schemes.
- Appeals processes are outlined for challenging local authority permit decisions or Board cancellation of permits.
- Guidelines on land development and planning will be issued by the Board.
This document outlines various chapters from the Administrative Code of 1987 regarding national territory, citizenship, state immunity from suit, national symbols, operation of laws, official holidays, weights and measures, public officers, oaths of office, official reports, and public contracts. Key points include:
- The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and areas under Philippine sovereignty.
- Citizenship is defined, as well as loss or reacquisition of citizenship.
- The state is generally immune from suit except with its consent. Public officers have liability protections but also obligations like declaring assets.
- National symbols like the flag and anthem are established. Official languages are Pilipino and English.
- Laws take effect 15 days after publication,
The document summarizes key aspects of Philippine laws, including its constitution, branches of government (legislature, executive, judiciary), elections, political parties, administrative divisions, and notable laws. It discusses the Philippine government's evolution over time from American sovereignty to independence, and lists important laws passed on topics like the flag, citizenship, education, and deregulation of industries.
This document summarizes Mongolia's Law on Concessions, which regulates granting concessions over state and local property. Key points:
1. It defines concessions as exclusive rights to possess, operate, create and renovate state/local assets to provide basic services via agreements.
2. It establishes different types of concessions like Build-Operate-Transfer.
3. It outlines the process for creating a list of concession items, organizing tenders to grant concessions, and the roles and powers of different government entities in managing concessions.
4. It specifies rules around ownership rights related to concession items, activities prohibited for government, and procedures for announcing and conducting tenders.
This document is the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act of 1976 which aims to impose a ceiling on vacant urban land, acquire land held in excess of the ceiling limit, regulate building construction on urban land, and bring about equitable distribution of urban land. It applies to several states that passed legislative resolutions allowing Parliament to regulate urban land issues. Key terms like "urban land", "urban agglomeration", and "ceiling limit" are also defined.
Vested property settlement policy in BangladeshNur E Sowrove
This document outlines the Vested Property Act passed in Bangladesh in 2001. Some key points:
- The act reverts some government-owned "vested property" back to their original Bangladeshi owners or successors. Vested property includes property confiscated under previous defense and enemy property acts.
- It establishes tribunals to review claims for properties to be reverted and determine rightful owners. District commissioners are tasked with implementing tribunal decrees.
- The act prohibits new claims for inclusion on the revertible property list after the act's passage and transfer of ownership of revertible properties until reversion is complete.
- It outlines the process for property owners to apply for reversion and appeal
This document outlines regulations related to stamp duty land tax avoidance schemes in the UK. It prescribes certain arrangements related to non-residential property valued at £5 million or more that must be disclosed to tax authorities. The regulations define relevant terms, prescribe the arrangements, and outline an excluded arrangements schedule listing specific steps that do not require disclosure if used alone but would if combined in certain ways. It was made by the Treasury and came into force on August 1, 2005.
The document summarizes a resolution that approves a covenant establishing the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States of America. It gives the Northern Mariana Islands internal self-government and U.S. citizenship while allowing the U.S. to fulfill its security and defense responsibilities in the region. The covenant was approved by the U.S., Northern Mariana Islands legislature, and people of the Northern Mariana Islands.
Arvind Lavkare has researched with intensity and presented actual facts about Article 370 with reference to Kashmir. He brings out the myths and lies on this topic. This is required reading for all Indians who believe in our Nation and it's Constitution.
This document summarizes the key provisions of Mongolia's Law on Land from 2002. It establishes that all land in Mongolia is owned by the state except land given to citizens for ownership. It classifies land into categories including agricultural land, land in urban areas, land for infrastructure, forest land, and water resources land. It outlines the authorities and responsibilities of government bodies including the State Ikh Khural, Cabinet, and local governments in managing land use, planning, and dispute resolution according to the principles of public oversight, unified territories, fairness, and sustainable use.
This document provides details about The Advocates Act of 1961 in India, which aims to consolidate and amend the laws relating to legal practitioners. Some key points:
1. It establishes the Bar Council of India and State Bar Councils to regulate legal practice and practitioners.
2. The Act implements recommendations from the 1953 All India Bar Committee report and the Law Commission to reform the legal system.
3. It introduces a common roll of advocates to allow practice across courts, establishes qualifications for advocates, and divides advocates into senior and other categories.
4. The Act repeals previous laws on the subject and received assent on May 19, 1961, coming into effect through state-by-state notifications.
This document is Mongolia's Land Law, which establishes classifications and regulations regarding land ownership, possession, and use. It defines key terms and establishes principles for land governance, including maintaining territorial integrity and ensuring equitable access. The law establishes that all land is state property except where granted to citizens for ownership. It classifies land into categories including agricultural, urban, roads and networks, forests, water resources, and special needs. Foreign citizens and entities can access land through use contracts. Citizens, companies and organizations must pay land fees to possess or use land.
This document summarizes the Rongowhakaata Claims Settlement Act 2012, which settles historical claims of the Rongowhakaata iwi. The Act acknowledges wrongs committed by the Crown against Rongowhakaata and Ngā Uri o Te Kooti Rikirangi. It provides cultural redress through vesting of land and protocols, and commercial redress through property transfers and rights of first refusal on land sales. The Act binds the Crown, defines key terms, and outlines the redress and acknowledgements contained in the deed of settlement between Rongowhakaata and the Crown.
This document summarizes key aspects of Article 370 of the Indian constitution regarding the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It discusses the historical context for Article 370, including the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947. It outlines the main provisions and special features of Article 370, such as Jammu and Kashmir having its own constitution and the limited applicability of parts of the Indian constitution to the state. The document also discusses the text of Article 370 and the autonomy it provides Jammu and Kashmir in certain matters compared to other Indian states.
Amendment to Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957Sriharsh N. Bundela
The Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 aims to:
1. Improve transparency in allocation of mineral resources, obtain fair value for resources, attract private investment, and eliminate delays in administration.
2. Key changes include shifting iron ore, bauxite, limestone and manganese ore to a new Schedule IV, dispensing the need for central approval for these minerals, granting longer mining leases for 50 years, and auctioning leases upon expiration.
3. Other changes are establishing District Mineral Foundations and a National Mineral Exploration Trust, preserving rights of prospecting license and permit holders, mandatorily granting mining leases if central approval was previously acc
THE PROFESSIONAL PILOT'S CHOICE FOR RELIABLE DOCUMENTATION.
Designed with both single-aircraft operators and large fleet operators in mind, Aviation Docs™ is a must-have app for pilots using Apple iPads or Windows tablet EFBs.
Leveraging On-Board Data System's high- performance Aviation Cloud technology, Aviation Docs™ is a TYPE A EFB application that allows fleet managers and tech pubs departments to distribute and update aircraft manuals, flight plans, forms, checklists, training manuals, ICAO annexes, insurance certificates, medical certificates, MELs, charts, NOTAMS, regulation changes, rescue and firefighting procedures, SMS docs, weather information, dangerous goods procedures… virtually every doc your pilots need, securely, reliably and compliantly, to one aircraft or thousands.
The document provides details on developing a new aviation portable GPS unit called the AirMap 3000. It outlines key design objectives such as minimizing buttons, supporting portrait and landscape modes, and accessorizing for easy panel installation. A gap analysis identifies needed features like improved screens, mapping capabilities, and certifications. Engineering feedback notes the product could be built by the stated deadline if additional resources and outsourcing are provided.
In this program FAA's Director of NextGen Performance and Outreach, Gisele Mohler, discusses how NextGen initiatives impact general aviation, and how they can enhance safety.
Here you will find everything that you need to know about Aviation Charts right from their history, evolution and the type of charts that we use today.
This document outlines the Town and Country Planning Act of Mauritius which establishes rules and procedures related to urban planning and land development. Some key points:
- It establishes the Town and Country Planning Board to oversee planning processes and issue permits.
- The Board can declare areas as "planning areas" where outline schemes will be developed to guide development.
- Anyone developing land in a planning area must obtain a Building and Land Use Permit from the local authority, which must consider any applicable outline or detailed schemes.
- Appeals processes are outlined for challenging local authority permit decisions or Board cancellation of permits.
- Guidelines on land development and planning will be issued by the Board.
This document outlines various chapters from the Administrative Code of 1987 regarding national territory, citizenship, state immunity from suit, national symbols, operation of laws, official holidays, weights and measures, public officers, oaths of office, official reports, and public contracts. Key points include:
- The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago and areas under Philippine sovereignty.
- Citizenship is defined, as well as loss or reacquisition of citizenship.
- The state is generally immune from suit except with its consent. Public officers have liability protections but also obligations like declaring assets.
- National symbols like the flag and anthem are established. Official languages are Pilipino and English.
- Laws take effect 15 days after publication,
The document summarizes key aspects of Philippine laws, including its constitution, branches of government (legislature, executive, judiciary), elections, political parties, administrative divisions, and notable laws. It discusses the Philippine government's evolution over time from American sovereignty to independence, and lists important laws passed on topics like the flag, citizenship, education, and deregulation of industries.
This document summarizes Mongolia's Law on Concessions, which regulates granting concessions over state and local property. Key points:
1. It defines concessions as exclusive rights to possess, operate, create and renovate state/local assets to provide basic services via agreements.
2. It establishes different types of concessions like Build-Operate-Transfer.
3. It outlines the process for creating a list of concession items, organizing tenders to grant concessions, and the roles and powers of different government entities in managing concessions.
4. It specifies rules around ownership rights related to concession items, activities prohibited for government, and procedures for announcing and conducting tenders.
This document is the Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act of 1976 which aims to impose a ceiling on vacant urban land, acquire land held in excess of the ceiling limit, regulate building construction on urban land, and bring about equitable distribution of urban land. It applies to several states that passed legislative resolutions allowing Parliament to regulate urban land issues. Key terms like "urban land", "urban agglomeration", and "ceiling limit" are also defined.
Vested property settlement policy in BangladeshNur E Sowrove
This document outlines the Vested Property Act passed in Bangladesh in 2001. Some key points:
- The act reverts some government-owned "vested property" back to their original Bangladeshi owners or successors. Vested property includes property confiscated under previous defense and enemy property acts.
- It establishes tribunals to review claims for properties to be reverted and determine rightful owners. District commissioners are tasked with implementing tribunal decrees.
- The act prohibits new claims for inclusion on the revertible property list after the act's passage and transfer of ownership of revertible properties until reversion is complete.
- It outlines the process for property owners to apply for reversion and appeal
This document outlines regulations related to stamp duty land tax avoidance schemes in the UK. It prescribes certain arrangements related to non-residential property valued at £5 million or more that must be disclosed to tax authorities. The regulations define relevant terms, prescribe the arrangements, and outline an excluded arrangements schedule listing specific steps that do not require disclosure if used alone but would if combined in certain ways. It was made by the Treasury and came into force on August 1, 2005.
The document summarizes a resolution that approves a covenant establishing the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States of America. It gives the Northern Mariana Islands internal self-government and U.S. citizenship while allowing the U.S. to fulfill its security and defense responsibilities in the region. The covenant was approved by the U.S., Northern Mariana Islands legislature, and people of the Northern Mariana Islands.
Arvind Lavkare has researched with intensity and presented actual facts about Article 370 with reference to Kashmir. He brings out the myths and lies on this topic. This is required reading for all Indians who believe in our Nation and it's Constitution.
This document summarizes the key provisions of Mongolia's Law on Land from 2002. It establishes that all land in Mongolia is owned by the state except land given to citizens for ownership. It classifies land into categories including agricultural land, land in urban areas, land for infrastructure, forest land, and water resources land. It outlines the authorities and responsibilities of government bodies including the State Ikh Khural, Cabinet, and local governments in managing land use, planning, and dispute resolution according to the principles of public oversight, unified territories, fairness, and sustainable use.
This document provides details about The Advocates Act of 1961 in India, which aims to consolidate and amend the laws relating to legal practitioners. Some key points:
1. It establishes the Bar Council of India and State Bar Councils to regulate legal practice and practitioners.
2. The Act implements recommendations from the 1953 All India Bar Committee report and the Law Commission to reform the legal system.
3. It introduces a common roll of advocates to allow practice across courts, establishes qualifications for advocates, and divides advocates into senior and other categories.
4. The Act repeals previous laws on the subject and received assent on May 19, 1961, coming into effect through state-by-state notifications.
This document is Mongolia's Land Law, which establishes classifications and regulations regarding land ownership, possession, and use. It defines key terms and establishes principles for land governance, including maintaining territorial integrity and ensuring equitable access. The law establishes that all land is state property except where granted to citizens for ownership. It classifies land into categories including agricultural, urban, roads and networks, forests, water resources, and special needs. Foreign citizens and entities can access land through use contracts. Citizens, companies and organizations must pay land fees to possess or use land.
This document summarizes the Rongowhakaata Claims Settlement Act 2012, which settles historical claims of the Rongowhakaata iwi. The Act acknowledges wrongs committed by the Crown against Rongowhakaata and Ngā Uri o Te Kooti Rikirangi. It provides cultural redress through vesting of land and protocols, and commercial redress through property transfers and rights of first refusal on land sales. The Act binds the Crown, defines key terms, and outlines the redress and acknowledgements contained in the deed of settlement between Rongowhakaata and the Crown.
This document summarizes key aspects of Article 370 of the Indian constitution regarding the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It discusses the historical context for Article 370, including the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India in 1947. It outlines the main provisions and special features of Article 370, such as Jammu and Kashmir having its own constitution and the limited applicability of parts of the Indian constitution to the state. The document also discusses the text of Article 370 and the autonomy it provides Jammu and Kashmir in certain matters compared to other Indian states.
Amendment to Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957Sriharsh N. Bundela
The Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015 aims to:
1. Improve transparency in allocation of mineral resources, obtain fair value for resources, attract private investment, and eliminate delays in administration.
2. Key changes include shifting iron ore, bauxite, limestone and manganese ore to a new Schedule IV, dispensing the need for central approval for these minerals, granting longer mining leases for 50 years, and auctioning leases upon expiration.
3. Other changes are establishing District Mineral Foundations and a National Mineral Exploration Trust, preserving rights of prospecting license and permit holders, mandatorily granting mining leases if central approval was previously acc
THE PROFESSIONAL PILOT'S CHOICE FOR RELIABLE DOCUMENTATION.
Designed with both single-aircraft operators and large fleet operators in mind, Aviation Docs™ is a must-have app for pilots using Apple iPads or Windows tablet EFBs.
Leveraging On-Board Data System's high- performance Aviation Cloud technology, Aviation Docs™ is a TYPE A EFB application that allows fleet managers and tech pubs departments to distribute and update aircraft manuals, flight plans, forms, checklists, training manuals, ICAO annexes, insurance certificates, medical certificates, MELs, charts, NOTAMS, regulation changes, rescue and firefighting procedures, SMS docs, weather information, dangerous goods procedures… virtually every doc your pilots need, securely, reliably and compliantly, to one aircraft or thousands.
The document provides details on developing a new aviation portable GPS unit called the AirMap 3000. It outlines key design objectives such as minimizing buttons, supporting portrait and landscape modes, and accessorizing for easy panel installation. A gap analysis identifies needed features like improved screens, mapping capabilities, and certifications. Engineering feedback notes the product could be built by the stated deadline if additional resources and outsourcing are provided.
In this program FAA's Director of NextGen Performance and Outreach, Gisele Mohler, discusses how NextGen initiatives impact general aviation, and how they can enhance safety.
Here you will find everything that you need to know about Aviation Charts right from their history, evolution and the type of charts that we use today.
5.15 Typical electronic digital aircraft systemslpapadop
This document provides an overview of typical electronic and digital aircraft systems. It discusses computer maintenance systems, ACARS, EFIS, EICAS/ECAM, fly-by-wire, flight management systems, GPS, inertial navigation systems, traffic collision avoidance systems, and flight data recorders. It also describes built-in test equipment, on-board maintenance facilities, and how various systems monitor aircraft data and perform tests. Finally, it provides details on electronic flight instrument systems, cockpit displays, and how fly-by-wire replaces manual flight controls with electronic signaling.
Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to support flight operations. They include communications, navigation, monitoring of aircraft systems, weather detection, collision avoidance, autopilot, radar, and management of other aircraft functions. Avionics originated from systems developed during World War 2 for functions like radar and autopilot. Modern avionics play an important role in air traffic management through improved navigation and safety systems.
Strategy consultants are often engaged to analyze company profit and find ways to improve it. This slide deck contains data-driven charts that help to explain company profit and to present approaches for profit improvement. The slides in this solution toolkit will provide charting and data presentation ideas you can adopt for your own work.
Each chart is presented on two slides. The first contains an example of how the chart is used. The second contains an explanation of the chart and information on how to create it. All charts are created using Mekko Graphics; and you can copy, edit, and reuse them in your own presentations.
Avionics systems include the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to manage communications, navigation, and all other onboard systems. The document discusses six key avionics systems: 1) Basic flight instruments like the altimeter, attitude indicator, magnetic compass, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator provide pilots with critical aircraft data. 2) Cabin pressurization and 3) air conditioning systems are necessary for crew and passenger safety and comfort. 4) The aircraft fuel system manages fuel storage and delivery to engines. 5) Autopilot systems use gyroscopes, servos, and controllers to automatically guide and fly aircraft without constant pilot assistance. 6) Electrical power systems use batteries for starting aircraft and emergencies.
ESRI Mapping & Charting Solution: ArcGIS 10 Production Mappingmmarques_esri
This document describes mapping and charting solutions for efficiently producing standardized geospatial data and maps. It discusses workflows for capturing, managing, validating, and disseminating geospatial data and maps. Key components of the solutions include rules-based geodatabases, product libraries for managing map specifications and documents, validation tools like ArcGIS Data Reviewer, and workflow management tools like ArcGIS Workflow Manager. The solutions are designed to streamline production processes and improve data quality for organizations that produce high volumes of maps and geospatial datasets.
The airline industry began in the 17th century and has since grown significantly. It now facilitates economic growth and globalization. Major Indian airlines include Indian Airlines, Kingfisher Airlines, Jet Airways, and Air India, which together hold over 75% of the domestic market share. Airlines use service marketing techniques to attract and retain customers. Their marketing mix includes product offerings, pricing strategies, placement of services, and promotional activities. Core aspects of airline services involve ground services, in-flight services, and reliability, care, and facilities provided to customers.
This document provides an overview of the structure and contents of the Constitution of India. It summarizes that the Constitution consists of a preamble, 25 parts with 448 articles, 12 schedules, and 5 appendices. It has been amended 98 times. The parts cover topics like the union, states, citizens, fundamental rights and duties. The schedules provide additional details on states, salaries, oaths and more. The appendices relate to Jammu and Kashmir.
Bachelor of Journalism & Mass communication, Indian Govt. Politics, Bjmc i,jm...Rai University
1. The Constitution of India allows for amendments through a process that balances rigidity and flexibility. It categorizes articles based on the threshold for amendment, with some requiring only a simple majority while others require a two-thirds majority with state ratification.
2. During the first 16 years, the Constitution was amended 20 times to address practical difficulties in implementation and accommodate the reorganization of states. While critics saw this as a sign of weakness, there were compelling reasons for amendments during India's early years of independence and political consolidation.
3. Major amendments included those addressing fundamental rights like equality and property rights, legislative lists defining federal powers, and state reorganizations following independence. Later amendments dealt with issues like reservation of seats,
The document provides an overview of key environmental legislations and acts passed in India from pre-independence to present. It discusses how early laws during British rule focused on resource exploitation rather than conservation. Major legislations started being passed after the 1972 Stockholm Conference, including the Water and Air Pollution Acts of 1974 and 1981. The Bhopal gas tragedy spurred passage of the Environment Protection Act of 1986. Later policies have emphasized a mix of regulatory and economic instruments to control pollution.
The document provides details about The Advocates Act of 1961 in India. Some key points:
- It established the Bar Council of India and State Bar Councils to regulate the legal profession and set standards for legal education.
- The Act implemented recommendations from the 1953 All India Bar Committee report and the Law Commission regarding reforming judicial administration as it related to the legal bar and education.
- It integrated the legal profession into a single class of advocates with a uniform qualification for admission. Advocates would be entered on state or national rolls.
- The Bar Council of India oversees the profession at the national level while State Bar Councils regulate it for individual states. Councils have members including state
(50 YEARS OF AGE OF Pakistan constitution.pptxlodhisaajjda
34 AMENDMENTS IN PAKISTAN CONSTITUTION 1973 FROM 1973 TO 2023(50 YEARS OF AGE OF Pakistan constitutionThese rights include essential principles such as equality before the law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, and the freedom to practice religion.The Assembly passed the bill on 10th April, 1973 and at last the constitution came into force on 14th August 1973. The present constitution (1973) provides for the protection and preservation of Islamic Concept of life. It also attempts to propagate and implement the basic teachings of Islam.it is not in the public interest to furnish any documents, is
produced.
(7) Within a period of twenty-four months commencing on the
day of his first detention in pursuance of an order made under a law
providing for preventive detention, no person shall be detained in
pursuance of any such order for more than a total period of eight months
in the case of a person detained for acting in a manner prejudicial to public
order and twelve months in any other case :
Provided that this clause shall not apply to any person who is
employed by, or works for, or acts on instructions received from, the
enemy 1
[, or who is acting or attempting to act in a manner prejudicial to
the integrity, security or defence of Pakistan or any part thereof or who
commits or attempts to commit any act which amounts to an anti-national
activity as defined in a Federal law or is a member of any association
which has for its objects, or which indulges in, any such anti national
activity].
(8) The appropriate Review Board shall determine the place of
detention of the person detained and fix a reasonable subsistence
allowance for his family.
(9) Nothing in this Article shall apply to any person who for
the time being is an enemy alien.
10A. Right to fair trial
2
[10A. For the determination of his civil rights and obligations or
in any criminal charge against him a person shall be entitled to a fair trial
and due process.]
11. Slavery, forced labour, etc., prohibited
The document provides an overview of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, including:
- It was first introduced on August 31, 1957 as the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and later became the Constitution of Malaysia on September 16, 1963.
- The latest amendment was made in 2007. There have been numerous reprints of the Constitution since its introduction.
- It outlines the structure and contents of the Constitution, which includes 14 parts covering topics like citizenship, fundamental liberties, the federation, relations between the federation and states, financial provisions, elections, the judiciary, and general provisions.
The document summarizes the amendments that have been made to the Constitution of Bangladesh since its inception in 1972. It describes 15 total amendments, providing details on what each amendment changed or added to the constitution. Some of the key amendments included introducing Islam as the state religion, changing to and from parliamentary to presidential systems of government, establishing provisions for caretaker governments to oversee elections, and increasing reserved parliamentary seats for women.
This document discusses center-state relations in India based on the country's federal system. It covers three key areas: legislative relations, administrative relations, and financial relations between the central and state governments as outlined in the Indian constitution. For legislative relations, it describes the division of lawmaking powers between the union/central parliament and state legislatures. For administrative relations, it discusses techniques of central control over states and mechanisms for inter-state coordination. For financial relations, it outlines the allocation of tax revenues and financial resources between the center and states.
This document is the Land Readjustment Act B.E. 2547 from Thailand. It establishes a Land Readjustment Committee to oversee land readjustment projects. The Act also establishes Provincial Land Readjustment Committees to approve projects at the local level and register Land Readjustment Associations to implement individual projects. Key elements include defining land readjustment, establishing committees and their responsibilities, registration requirements for associations, and powers of the committees to approve and oversee projects.
Earlier And Later Legislations as Internal AidManish Kumar
The document discusses several principles of statutory interpretation used when interpreting and applying one statute in relation to another:
- Words used in an earlier statute that were authoritatively interpreted by courts are presumed to have the same meaning when used in a similar context in a later statute.
- If a statute uses words that appeared in an earlier statute on the same subject, the words are presumed to have the meaning given by previous judicial decisions.
- A later statute may help resolve ambiguity in an earlier statute, but does not alter the meaning of the earlier clear language.
- Provisions incorporated by reference from one statute into another become part of the latter as if included verbatim.
The document discusses judicial activism in India, specifically the development of the judiciary from a passive institution to an active one through two innovations - the doctrine of basic structure and public interest litigation. It summarizes the Keshavananda Bharati case where the Supreme Court established the basic structure doctrine, limiting parliament's ability to amend the constitution in a way that damages its basic features. This created a balance of power between the judiciary, legislature and executive in India's constitutional system.
Deconstructing west bengal thika tenancyChenoy Ceil
The document summarizes the history of Thika Tenancy laws in West Bengal, beginning with the Calcutta Thika Tenancy Act of 1949. It discusses how the laws were amended over time, including the Calcutta Thika Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act of 1981. Key points of judicial interpretation are provided, such as the definition of "any structure" referring only to temporary structures. The document concludes with an overview of the current West Bengal Thika Tenancy (Acquisition and Regulation) Act of 2001 and remaining uncertainties around its implementation.
Constituent Assembly Debates Volume VIII 30 May 1949 - Discussion on draft Co...Life of A Public Auditor
Constituent Assembly Debates Volume VIII 30 May 1949 - Discussion on draft Constitution of India relating to provisions of C&AG of India - Discussion on Amendment No. 1975 to 1982 and Speech of Dr. B R Ambedkar on constitutional provisions relating to C&AG of India from the archive of C&AG's Central Archival Library and Museum....
74th Amendment of India.74th amendment is all about people of India who are in India since a long time .
It is necessary to know about it for people's welfare. Even you can make to learn more people from you.
- The Union of India consists of States and Union Territories according to the Constitution.
- Originally, States were categorized as Part A, B, C, and D but were later placed on equal footing.
- Parliament has powers to admit new States, alter State boundaries, and acquire new territories for the Union.
- In the Berubari case, the Supreme Court ruled that ceding part of West Bengal to Pakistan as part of a border agreement required parliamentary approval since it involved altering State territory.
- The Union of India consists of States and Union Territories according to the Constitution.
- Originally, States were categorized as Part A, B, C, and D but were later placed on equal footing.
- Parliament has powers to admit new States, alter State boundaries, and merge States using simple majority.
- In the Berubari case, the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament has implied powers to cede some national territory to another country as ceding territory is an attribute of sovereignty under international law and India's preamble.
The document discusses the following topics:
1. The powers and functions of the Supreme Court of India including its original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions.
2. The appointment of the Chief Justice of India.
3. The concept of judicial review which allows courts to review and invalidate legislative and executive actions that are incompatible with the constitution.
4. The concept of public interest litigation in India which allows litigation to be introduced by the court itself or by private parties for the protection of public interest rather than requiring the aggrieved party to directly approach the court.
The document discusses the following topics:
1. The judiciary module covers the powers and functions of the Supreme Court of India, including its original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. It also discusses the appointment of the Chief Justice of India.
2. Judicial review is explained as the doctrine where legislative and executive actions are subject to review and possible invalidation by the judiciary based on compatibility with the constitution.
3. Public interest litigation allows litigation in the public interest to be introduced by the court itself or private parties, without requiring the directly affected party to approach the court. It aims to help those without resources to seek justice.
4. Examples of public interest litigation include a case regarding uncertified films
This module covers important topics about the executive branch of the Indian government in a simple and straightforward manner. The topics that will be discussed include the election process and roles of the President, Prime Minister, Governors, and Chief Ministers. Links to Wikipedia pages are provided for more details on each topic, as the instructor has already explained them in class.
The document discusses different types of elections in India:
1) It explains the differences between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, as well as legislative assemblies and councils.
2) It provides details on the structure, powers, and functions of the Election Commission of India, which oversees all elections.
3) General elections are held every 5 years to elect members of parliament, while mid-term elections can occur if a government loses a vote of confidence before its term ends.
The document provides details about the Constitution of India:
1) It establishes the framework of the government of India, outlines fundamental rights and duties of citizens, and is the longest written constitution in the world.
2) It was passed by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950.
3) The constitution has undergone many amendments over time to update and adapt it to changing needs.
The document discusses different types of coalition governments that can form when no single party controls a parliamentary majority, using examples like the United Progressive Alliance and National Democratic Alliance ruling coalitions in India. It also examines the concept of separatism and some of the motivations that can drive separatist movements, such as protecting cultural identity, religious rights, or gaining economic self-determination. Types of separatism discussed include religious, ethnic, racial, and gender-based varieties.
Module 1 (Future of communication studies) This is just a topic in Module 1Rhea Gupta
This document discusses the future of communication studies. It notes that with the rise of new media like mobile internet, the world has become more connected. Communication is happening faster across more channels. As a result, communication studies are becoming more important and are being included in more university programs. There are also many opportunities for employment in communication fields like journalism, public relations, advertising and television.
Module 2 (Intro to traditional media) Zakia Ma'amRhea Gupta
Traditional folk media like folk dances, dramas, and songs are still important ways to communicate with rural populations in India given high illiteracy rates. These forms are integrated with local languages and customs and can effectively spread messages about development issues from health to education to rights. Government and nonprofit organizations increasingly utilize folk media for social marketing and development communication because these forms attract large audiences, are economical, and impart messages subtly without audiences realizing they are being taught.
Module 2 - Traditional Media (Ankit sir)Rhea Gupta
1) Traditional media exists in various forms throughout India and includes drama, street theatre, puppetry, dance, storytelling, song, music, painting, and motifs/symbols.
2) Some examples of traditional drama forms are tamasha in Maharashtra, nautanki in Northern India, and khayal in Rajasthan. Street theatre is performed in public spaces and aims to motivate audiences on social issues.
3) Puppetry includes glove puppets, string puppets, rod puppets, and shadow puppets, which are performed in many states. Traditional music and dance are deeply ingrained in Indian culture and celebrate important events.
This document discusses the four eras of mass communication theories:
1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) is a self-regulatory organization for the advertising industry in India. ASCI establishes and enforces a code of self-regulation for advertising content. The code aims to ensure truthfulness and honesty in advertising claims, prevent offensive or indecent content, and promote fairness in competition. ASCI encourages consumers to file complaints about ads that violate the code and has a Consumer Complaints Council that reviews complaints and issues rulings to bring ads into compliance.
This document provides a list of 24 common editing symbols used in document editing, including inserting commas, apostrophes, hyphens, and quotation marks as well as deleting words, transposing letters, capitalizing letters, indenting paragraphs, and indicating the end of a story. The symbols guide editors on how to format, punctuate, and correct text.
The document provides guidelines for writing effective newspaper headlines, including conveying essential information and enticing readers through structure, style and word choice. Headlines should herald important news, advertise key stories prominently, and summarize content concisely using active verbs and short words. Stylistic elements like capitalization, length, and placement also influence readability and attention-grabbing ability.
The document provides information on major international and Indian news agencies, including their founding dates, locations, services offered, and notable achievements. The Associated Press (AP) is one of the largest news agencies worldwide, founded in 1848 and serving over 1 billion people daily through over 1,700 newspapers and 5,000 radio/TV outlets. Agence France-Presse (AFP) was founded in 1835 and has bureaus in 165 countries. Reuters was founded in 1851 and is the largest international multimedia news agency with over 197 bureaus in 130 countries. Within India, key agencies include Press Trust of India (PTI), United News of India (UNI), and Indo Asian News Service (IANS).
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Module 2 IPS
1. Module 2- Constitution
The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the
framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure,
procedures, powers and duties, government and spells out the fundamental
rights, directive principles and duties of citizens. It is the longest written
constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing more than 395
articles in 24 parts, 12 schedules and 110 amendments, for a total of 117,369
words in the English language version. Besides the English version, there is an
official Hindi translation.
It was passed by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949; it came into
effect on 26 January 1950. 26 January was chosen to commemorate
the declaration of independence of 1930. It declares the Union of India to be
a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens
of justice, equality, and liberty and, endeavors to promote among them
all, fraternity. The words "socialist", "secular", and "integrity" were added to the
definition in 1976 by constitutional amendment. India celebrates the adoption
of the constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day. After coming into
effect, the Constitution replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the
governing document of India.
Constituent Assembly
The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected
by the elected members of the provincial assemblies.[9] Jawaharlal Nehru, C.
Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel,Sandipkumar
Patel Dr Ambedkar, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad
Mukherjee and Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, Balwant Singh Mehta were some
important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members
of scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community,
and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities
Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who
represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng
represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi
Krishnaswamy Iyer, B. R. Ambedkar, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M.
2. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankarwere also members of the Assembly. Sarojini
Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur were
important women members. The first president of the Constituent Assembly
was Dr Sachidanand Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of
the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for
the first time in 1946 on 9 December.
Drafting
In the 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various
committees was presented. Such committees included a Committee on
Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution
Committee. On 29 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed,
with Dr Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members. A Draft
Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on
4 November 1947.
The architects of India’s constitution, though drawing on many external
sources, were most heavily influenced by the British model of parliamentary
democracy. In addition, a number of principles were adopted from
the Constitution of the United States of America, including the separation of
powers among the major branches of government, the establishment of a
supreme court, and the adoption, albeit in modified form, of a federal structure
(a constitutional division of power between the Union (central) government and
state governments)
The Assembly met in sessions open to the public, for 166 days, spread over a
period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution.
[6]
After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the
Assembly signed two copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English)
on 24 January 1950. The original Constitution of India is hand-written with
beautiful calligraphy, each page beautified and decorated by artists from
Santiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and others. Two days later,
on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India became the law of all the States
and territories of India.
The Constitution has undergone many amendments since its enactment.
List of amendments of the Constitution of India
3. NOTE-Though I am sending you the list of all the amendments done so far, but you just
have to remember 4-5 important ones to substantiate your answer about the flexible
nature of Indian Constitution.
Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place
Amend articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372
reasonable restriction on freedom of speech. A new constitutional device, called
and 376. 18 June
1 Schedule 9 introduced to protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally
Insert articles 31A and 31B. 1951
guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom
Insert schedule 9.[2]
of speech and equality before law
A technincal amendment to fix the size of each parliamentary constituency between
2 Amend article 81.[3] 1 May 1953
650,000 and 850,000 voters.
Limits maximum no of seats in lok sabha up to 500.States would be divided into
22 February
3 Amend schedule 7.[4] constituencies such that one member of a constituency will represent not less than
1955
every 750000 people but not more than every 500000 people.
Amend articles 31, 31A and 305. 27 April Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the
4
Amend schedule 9.[5] 1955 constitution
24
Provide for a consultation mechanism with concerned states in matters relating to
5 Amend article 3.[6] December
the amendments to the territorial matters and in the re-naming of the state
1955
11
Amend articles 269 and 286.
6 September Amend the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes
Amend schedule 7.[7]
1956
Amend articles 1, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168,
170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.
1
Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, Reorganization of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and
7 November
372A and 378A. introduction of Union Territories
1956
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.[8]
5 January Clarify state's power of compulsory acquisition and requisitioning of private
8 Amend article 334.[9]
1960 property and include Zamindari abolishion laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution
28
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with
9 Amend schedule 1.[10] December
Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
1960
Amend article 240. 11 August Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to
10
Amend schedule 1.[11] 1961 acquisition from Portugal
Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both
19
[12] Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify
11 Amend articles 66 and 71. December
the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of
1961
existence of any vacancies in the electoral college
20
Amend article 240. Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to
12 December
Amend schedule 1.[13] acquisition from Portugal
1961
4. 1 December
13 Amend part 21.[14] Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article 371A
1963
Amend articles 81 and 240. 28
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative
14 Insert article 239A. December
Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa
Amend schedules 1 and 4.[15] 1962
Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311
and 316. 5 October Raise retirement age of judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for
15
Insert article 224A. 1963 rationalizing interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
Amend schedule 7.[16]
Amend articles 19, 84 and 173. 5 October Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian
16
Amend schedule 3.[17] 1963 Republic and prescribe the various obligtory templates
Amend article 31A. 20 June To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land
17
Amend schedule 9.[18] 1964 acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution
27 August Technical Amendment to include Unior Territories in Article 3 and hence permit
18 Amend article 3.[19]
1966 reorganisation of Union Territories
11
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High
19 Amend article 324.[20] December
Courts
1966
Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges
22 and to validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a
20 Insert article 233A.[21] December few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233. Amendment needed to
1966 overcome the effect of judgement invalidating appointments of certain judges in the
state of Uttar Pradesh
10 April
21 Amend schedule 8.[22] Include Sindhi as a National Language
1967
25
Amend article 275.
22 September Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam
Insert articles 244A and 371B.[23]
1969
23 January Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in
23 Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.[24]
1970 Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1980
5
Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the
24 Amend articles 13 and 368.[25] November
constitution
1971
Amend article 31. 20 April Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private
25
Insert article 31C.[26] 1972 property
Amend article 366. 28
Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were
26 Insert article 363A. December
incorporated into the Indian Republic
Remove articles 291 and 362.[27] 1971
Amend articles 239A and 240. 15 February Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of
27
Insert articles 239B and 371C.[28] 1972 ministers
Insert article 312A. 29 August Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to
28
Remove article 314.[29] 1972 Independence and post independence
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
29 Amend schedule 9.[30] 9 June 1972
constitution
5. 27 February Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from
30 Amend article 133.[31]
1973 value criteria to one involving substantial question of law
31 Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.[32] Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new
17 October
states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971
1973
Delimitation exercise
32 Amend article 371. 1 July 1974
Protection of regional rights in Telengana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra
Insert articles 371D and 371E.
Pradesh
Amend schedule 7.[33]
19 May Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures
33 Amend articles 101 and 190.[34]
1974 and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker
34 Amend schedule 9.[35] 7
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
September
constitution
1974
35 Amend articles 80 and 81. Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India
1 March
Insert article 2A.
1975
Insert schedule 10.[36]
Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 371F.
26 April
36 Remove article 2A. Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union
1975
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[37]
37 Amend articles 239A and 240.[38] 3 May 1975 Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly
Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352, 356, 359 and 360. 1 August
38 [39] Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances
1975
39 Amend articles 71 and 329. Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating
10 August
Insert article 329A. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament. Amendment placed
1975
Amend schedule 9.[40] restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest
the mineral wealth with Union of India
Amend article 297. 27 May
40
Amend schedule 9.[41] 1976 Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution
41 Amend article 316.[42] 7
Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Union and State Public
September
Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
1976
Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100,
102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191,
192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330,
Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for
352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F. 1 April
42 curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the
Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 1977
basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic
144A, 226A, 228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[43]
43 Amend articles 145, 226, 228 and 366.
13 April Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals
Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and
1978 some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42
228A.[44]
6. Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77,
83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172,
192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352,
6 Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Provides
356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F.
44 September for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and
Insert articles 134A and 361A.
1979 legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42
Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[45]
25 January Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in
45 Amend article 334.[46]
1980 Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990
Amend articles 269, 286 and 366. 2 February Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales
46
Amend schedule 7.[47] 1983 Tax
26 August Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
47 Amend schedule 9.[48]
1984 constitution
1 April
48 Amend article 356.[49] Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab
1985
49 11
Amend article 244. Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal
September
Amend schedules 5 and 6.[50] Areas Autonomous District Council
1984
50 Amend article 33.[51] 11 Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as
September prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and
1984 communication infrastructure
16 June Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
51 Amend articles 330 and 332.[52]
1986 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191. 1 March Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and
52
Insert schedule 10.[53] 1985 assembly in case of defection from one party to other
20 February
53 Insert article 371G.[54] Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
1987
Amend articles 125 and 221. 1 April Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for
54
Amend schedule 2.[55] 1986 determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment
20 February
55 Insert article 371H.[56] Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh
1987
30 May
56 Insert article 371I.[57] Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa
1987
57 Amend article 332.[58] 21
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
September
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
1987
Insert article 394A. 9 December Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and
58
Amend part 22.[59] 1987 provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments
59 Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of
Amend article 356. 30 March
Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in
Insert article 359A.[60] 1988
state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab
60 Amend article 276.[61] 20 Profession Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-
December
1988
7. 28 March
61 Amend article 326.[62] Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18
1989
20
Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in
62 Amend article 334.[63] December
Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000
1989
Amend article 356. 6 January Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per
63
Remove article 359A.[64] 1990 amendment 59 repealed
16 April Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in
64 Amend article 356.[65]
1990 the state of Punjab
12 March National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its
65 Amend article 338.[66]
1992 stututory powers specifed in The Constitution.
Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
66 Amend schedule 9.[67] 7 June 1990
constitution
4 October
67 Amend article 356.[68] Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab
1990
12 March
68 Amend article 356.[69] Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab
1991
1 February To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National
69 Insert articles 239AA and 239AB.[70]
1992 Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory
21
Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral
70 Amend articles 54 and 239AA.[71] December
college for Presidential Election
1991
31 August
71 Amend schedule 8.[72] Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as National Languages
1992
5 December
72 Amend article 332.[73] Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly
1992
24 April
73 Insert part 9.[74] Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as third level of administration in villages
1993
Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration
74 Insert part 9A.[75] 1 June 1993
in urban areas such as towns and cities
15 May
75 Amend article 323B.[76] Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals
1994
31 August Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant
76 Amend schedule 9.[77]
1994 Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution
17 June
77 Amend article 16.[78] A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees in promotions
1995
30 August Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the
78 Amend schedule 9.[79]
1995 constitution
25 January Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in
79 Amend article 334.[80]
2000 Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010
Amend articles 269 and 270. Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax
80 9 June 2000
Remove article 272.[81] structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and The Centre
8. 81 Amend article 16.[82] 9 June 2000 Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies
8
Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion
82 Amend article 335.[83] September
for SC / ST candidates
2000
8
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj
83 Amend article 243M.[84] September
institutions
2000
21 February Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise
84 Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.[85]
2002 distribution of parliamentary seats
4 January A technical amendment to protect seniority in case of promotions of SC/ST
85 Amend article 16.[86]
2002 Employees
12
Amend articles 45 and 51A. Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until
86 December
Insert article 21A.[87] the age of six
2002
22 June Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise
87 Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.[88]
2003 distribution of parliamentary seats
Amend article 270.
15 January
88 Insert article 268A. To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax
2004
Amend schedule 7.[89]
28 The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was
Amend article 338.
89 September bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National
Insert article 338A.[90]
2003 Commission for Scheduled Tribes
28
90 Amend article 332.[91] September Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area
2003
Amend articles 75 and 164.
1 January Restrict Cabinet size to 15 % of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection
91 Insert article 361B.
2004 laws
Amend schedule 10.[92]
Amend article 270.
7 January Enable Levy of Service Tax & Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as
92 Insert article 268A.
2004 National Languages
Amend schedules 7 and 8.[93]
20 January To enable provision of reservation for other backward classes (O.B.C.) in
93 Amend article 15.[94]
2006 government as well as private educational institutions
12 June To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkand and
94 Amend article 164.[95]
2006 Chattisgarh States