This document provides an introduction and overview of the Python programming language. It begins with a brief history of Python and discusses its growing popularity. The document then outlines the main topics that will be covered, including programming languages, the Python environment, basic data types, functions, conditions, loops, and common errors. It provides examples of representing different data types in bits and how Python encodes numbers, text, and other objects. The document also demonstrates how to set up a Python environment, write basic programs, use variables and built-in functions, and implement functions, conditions, and other core concepts.

1. Python
An Introduction
Year 2022
Quang-Vinh Dinh
Ph.D. in Computer Science
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

2.  Programming Languages
 Python Environment
 Basic Data Types
 Functions
 Conditions
 Loops
 Common Errors
Outline

3. References
 Books
Year 2022 Python 101 - 2020 Beyond the Basic Stuff with Python
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/x69
9xsfs8wnadny/AACMcdVGxen1l
4yNWwQzoF-Xa?dl=0
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4. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
Encode/Represent
Numbers
1, -2 …
-1.2, 2.7 …
Text
a, b, c
Hello
…
Objects
Real World
Year 2022 2
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5. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
A way to represent numbers using bits
With three bits
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
8 different
cases
Positive numbers
0, 7
8, 15
Negative numbers
−1, −8
…
Mixed
−3, 4
Year 2022 3
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6. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
A way to represent numbers using bits
With three bits
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
8 different
cases
Positive numbers Negative numbers
0, 7
8, 15
−1, −8
…
Mixed
−3, 4
How to distinguish the cases?
Year 2022 4
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7. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
A way to represent numbers using bits
With three bits
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
8 different
cases
+ Metadata
Type 1
Positive numbers
0, 7
Type 2
Negative numbers
−1, −8
Type 3
Mixed
−3, 4
Year 2022 5
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8. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
A way to represent numbers using bits
With eight bits
256
different
cases
+ Metadata
Type 1
unsigned char
0, 255
Type 2
char
−127, 128
Syntax for programmer
char a_number = 6;
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Year 2022 6
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9. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
How to represent floating-point numbers?
3.14
3 . 14
a set
of bits
a set
of bits
With 4 bytes
(32 bits)
float
With 8 bytes
(64 bits)
double
Syntax for programmer
float a_number = 3.14;
double another_number = 2.71;
Year 2022 7
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10. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
How to represent/store text using bits?
Need a mapping table!
Year 2022 8
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11. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
How to represent/store text using bits?
Syntax for programmer
char a_number = ‘A’;
A mapping table
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Decimal: 65
Year 2022 9
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12. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ASCII-Table-wide.svg
Year 2022 10

13. Programming Languages
 What should a programming language provide?
Numbers
1, -2 …
-1.2, 2.7 …
Text
a, b, c
Hello
…
Objects
Real World
Encode/Represent
…, 1, 2, 3 …
1.4, 2.7, …
‘A’
‘1’
char int
float
double
What’s more???
Year 2022 11
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14. Programming Languages
 C++ and Python
C++ example Python example 12
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15.  Programming Languages
 Python Environment
 Basic Data Types
 Functions
 Conditions
 Loops
 Common Errors
Outline

16. Introduction
 Python history
1
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17. Introduction
 Python ecosystem
2
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Year 2022 14

18. Introduction
 Top Programming Languages (2021)
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https://spectrum.ieee.org/top-
programming-languages/
Year 2022

19. Introduction
 First Python program
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Create a .py file
Write Python code
Run the file
Demo
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20. Introduction
 Virtual environment
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sudo apt-get install -y python3-venv
python3 -m venv a_name
source a_name/bin/activate
Python
Environment
Python 3.6
Tensorflow 1.4
Python 3.6
Tensorflow 2.1
Python 3.8
Pytorch
Year 2022 17

21. Introduction
 First Python program
 Using Google Colab
6
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https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/intro.ipynb#recent=true
Demo
Year 2022 18

22. Introduction
 First Python program
 Using Anaconda + Jupyter Notebook
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Demo
Year 2022
conda create -n test_env2 python=3.9
conda activate an_env
conda deactivate
Setting up environment
To check packages installed
pip list
Open the jupyter program
jupyter notebook
To install a package
pip install package_name
Some common commands

23. Introduction
 Install new package
pip install matplotlib

24. Variable
4
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variable_name = variable_value
Variable values
1, 2, 3, 0, -1, -2
Integer
1.5, 0.5, -3.21, 1.0
Float
'Joe', 'Schmoe', "Joe", "Schmoe"
String
True, False
Boolean
21
Year 2022

25. Variable
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variable_name = variable_value
variable_name
Should has a meaning
Cannot use keywords
Example
Demo
22

26. Built-in Functions
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print(parameters)
type(parameter)

27. Built-in Functions
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input(promt)
4
24
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28. Built-in Functions
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int() float()
Type Conversion
4
Demo 25
Year 2022

29. Random and Math Modules
4
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https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html
Demo
26
Year 2022

30. Random and Math Modules
4
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https://docs.python.org/3/library/random.html
Demo
27
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31. Basic Operators
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4
Demo 28
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32. Example
4
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𝐹 =
9𝐶
5
+ 32
Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion
𝐶 = 𝐹 − 32
5
9
Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion
29
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33. Example
Circumference and
area of common shapes
4
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Demo
30
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34. Questions
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?
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35. Functions
4
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Define function name
Lowercase with underscores
and begin with a verb
Determine function parameters
Input data help the function done
Do docstring
Explain and describe the function
Output of the function
Notes for function construction
Indentation
Use 4 spaces for indentation
parentheses colon
keyword
General structure of a function
indentation
Demo (rectangle) 31
Year 2022

36. Functions
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Define function name
Lowercase with underscores,
usually begin with a verb
Determine function parameters
Input data help the function done
Do docstring
Explain and describe the function
Output of the function
compute_rectangle_area
Name
height, width
Parameter
area
Output
4
32

37. Functions
 Default values
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Default values
33
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38. Sigmoid Function
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𝑦 = 𝜎(𝑢) =
1
1 + 𝑒−𝑢
𝑢 ∈ −∞ + ∞
𝑦 ∈ 0 1
∀𝑢1𝑢2 ∈ 𝑎 𝑏 và 𝑢1 ≤ 𝑢2
→ 𝜎(𝑢1) ≤ 𝜎(𝑢1)
𝒖
+∞
−∞
𝑢1 𝑢2
𝒚
𝑦1
𝑦2
Sigmoid function
Property
34
Year 2022

39. Activation Functions
sigmoid 𝑥 =
1
1 + 𝑒−𝑥
tanh 𝑥 =
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥
35
S-shaped curves
Map x values into small ranges

40. Overflow and Underflow
 Why?
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41. Overflow and Underflow
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Softmax function
𝑧1 = 1.0
𝑧2 = 3.0
Softmax
𝑓(𝑧1) = 0.12
𝑓(𝑧2) = 0.88
Input Probability
𝑧1 = 1.0
𝑧2 = 2.0 Softmax
𝑓(𝑧1) = 0.09
𝑓(𝑧2) = 0.24
Input Probability
𝑧3 = 3.0 𝑓(𝑧3) = 0.67
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑓 𝑧𝑖 =
𝑒𝑧𝑖
σ𝑗 𝑒𝑧𝑗
0 ≤ 𝑓 𝑧𝑖 ≤ 1
෍
𝑖
𝑓 𝑧𝑖 = 1
Year 2022 37

42. Softmax function
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑒𝑥𝑖
σ𝑗 𝑒𝑥𝑗
0 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 1
෍
𝑖
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 = 1
Formula
𝑥1 = 1.0
𝑥2 = 2.0 Softmax
𝑓(𝑥1) = 0.09
𝑓(𝑥2) = 0.24
Input Probability
𝑥3 = 3.0 𝑓(𝑥3) = 0.67
Chuyển các giá trị của một vector thành các giá trị xác suất
Implementation
(straightforward)

43. Softmax function
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑒𝑥𝑖
σ𝑗 𝑒𝑥𝑗
0 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 1
෍
𝑖
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 = 1
Formula
𝑥1 = 1.0
𝑥2 = 2.0 Softmax
𝑓(𝑥1) = 0.09
𝑓(𝑥2) = 0.24
Input Probability
𝑥3 = 3.0 𝑓(𝑥3) = 0.67
Giá trị nan vì
𝑒𝑥 vượt giới
hạn lưu trữ của
biến
Chuyển các giá trị của một vector thành các giá trị xác suất
Hàm mũ tăng rất
nhanh khi x tăng
𝑒𝑥
𝑥
𝑒𝑥 ∈ [1, +∞)
𝑥 ∈ [0, +∞)
Implementation
(straightforward)
39

44. Softmax function (stable)
𝑓 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑒(𝑥𝑖−𝑚)
σ𝑗 𝑒(𝑥𝑗−𝑚)
(Stable) Formula
𝑚 = max(𝒙) 𝑥1 = 1.0
𝑥2 = 2.0
X
𝑥3 = 3.0
Softmax
𝑓(𝑥1) = 0.09
𝑓(𝑥2) = 0.24
Probability
𝑓(𝑥3) = 0.67
𝑥1 = −2.0
𝑥2 = −1.0
X-m
𝑥3 = 0
𝑒𝑥
𝑥
𝑒𝑥 ∈ (0, 1)
𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0)
Implementation (stable)

45.  Programming Languages
 Python Environment
 Basic Data Types
 Functions
 Conditions
 Loops
 Common Errors
Outline

46. Condition
 Comparison operators
4
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41
Year 2022

47. Condition
 if condition
4
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Khối code K1
Điều
kiện if
Khối code trong if
Khối code K2
True
False
keyword
indentation
colon
42
Year 2022

48. Condition
if
condition
4
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ReLU 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥 if 𝑥 > 0
43
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49. Condition
 if-else condition
4
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Khối code (K1)
Điều
kiện if
Khối code trong if
Khối Code (K2)
True
False
Khối code trong else
keyword
indentation
colon
44
Year 2022

50. Condition
 if-else condition
4
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if
condition ReLU 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥 if 𝑥 > 0
Demo
45
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51. Condition
 if-elif-else condition
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Khối code (K1)
Điều
kiện if
Khối code trong if
Khối Code (K2)
True
False
Khối code trong elif
Điều
kiện elif
Khối code trong else
True
False
colon
indentation
Year 2022

52. Condition
 if-elif-else condition
4
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47
FuzzyEncoding 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑇 =
5,
4,
3,
2,
1,
if 𝑥 + 𝑇 ≤ 𝑦
if 𝑥 < 𝑦 < 𝑥 + 𝑇
if 𝑥 = 𝑦
if 𝑦 < 𝑥 < 𝑦 + 𝑇
if 𝑦 + 𝑇 ≤ 𝑥
Year 2022
5 4 3 2 1
T
LTP 𝑥, 𝑦 = ቐ
0 if 𝑥 = 𝑦
1 if 𝑥 > 𝑦
−1 if 𝑥 < 𝑦

53. If-Else Condition and Math (1)
if 𝑎 = 0 then 𝑦 = 𝑏2
if 𝑎 = 𝐾 then 𝑦 = 𝑏
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑦 =
𝑎
𝐾
𝑏 +
𝐾 − 𝑎
𝐾
𝑏2
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
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54. If-Else Condition and Math (2)
if 𝑎 > 0 then
𝑦 = 𝑏2
if 𝑎 < 0 then
𝑦 = 𝑏
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑦 =
𝑏2 + 𝑏
2
+
𝑏2 − 𝑏
2
𝑎
𝑎
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
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55. If-Else Condition and Math (3)
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
if 𝑎 = 0 then 𝑦 = 𝑏2
if 𝑎 = 1 then 𝑦 = 𝑏
if 𝑎 = 2 then 𝑦 = 𝑏
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
Convert 𝑎 into a one-hot vector 𝒗
𝑦 = 𝒗 ∙ 𝒖
𝒖 = [𝑏2
𝑏 𝑏]
𝒗 = [1 0 0]
𝒗 = [0 1 0]
𝒗 = [0 0 1]
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56. Questions
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57. For Loop
4
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Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
colon
indentation
keyword
String
Tuple
List
Dictionary
range()
Iterables
51
Year 2022

58. For Loop
Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
4
52

59. For Loop
Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
4
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
range(start=0, stop, step=1)
range(start=0, stop=5, step=1)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
range(5)
Demo 53

60. For Loop
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Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
break
break keyword
4
Demo 54

61. For Loop
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Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
continue
continue keyword
Demo
4
55

62. Example
 Simulation of coin tossing
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Event: bất kì sự kiện gì xảy ra
Experiment: sự thử nghiệm cho ra kết quả
Sample space: tập hợp tất cả các kết quả có thể xảy ra của một experiment
Random variable: biến ngẫu nhiên, mô tả outcome của một event
Tiền xu có 2 mặt
(head và tail)
Sample space 𝑆 = Head, Tail
Experiment: ném đồng xu
Event: Gọi A là event mà kết quả của một lần ném là head
𝑃(𝐴) Xác suất để event A xảy ra
Xác suất để kết quả của một lần ném là head
A={head}
S={head, tail}
𝑃 𝐴 =
𝐴
𝑆
=
1
2
Xác suất
𝑃(event) =
event
𝑆
4
56
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63. Example
 Simulation of coin tossing
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Count #tails
Count #heads
Check if the two
numbers are similar
Demo 57
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64. Example: PI Estimation
 PI estimation
4
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hình từ
wikipedia
circle_area 𝐴𝑐= 𝜋𝑟2
circle radius 𝑟 = 1
square_area 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑠2
square side 𝑠 = 2
𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑐
≈
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑐
𝑠2
𝜋𝑟2 ≈
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑐
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑠 is #random samples within the square
generated according to uniform distribution
𝑁𝑐 is #random samples within the circle
generated according to uniform distribution
58

65. Example
 PI estimation
4
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(hình từ wikipedia)
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠
Random numbers ∈ [-1,1]
Check if a point is
within the circle
59
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66. Example
 PI estimation
4
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(hình từ wikipedia)
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠 https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/distance-2-points.html
60
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67. Example
 PI estimation
4
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(hình từ wikipedia)
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠
61
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68. Example
 PI estimation
4
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𝑃𝐼 ≈ 4 ෍
𝑖=1
𝑛
−1 𝑖+1
2𝑖 − 1
Gregory-Leibniz Series
Nilakantha Series
𝑃𝐼 ≈ 3 + 4 ෍
𝑖=0
𝑛
−1𝑖
2𝑖 + 2 2𝑖 + 3 2𝑖 + 4
Year 2022

69. Example
 Euler's number
4
https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/e-eulers-number.html
𝑒 ≈ 1 +
1
𝑛
𝑛
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70. Example
 Euler's number
𝑒 = 2.71828
Formula
1) Compute factorial
2) Compute sum
4
64
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71. Example
 Euler's number
65
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72. Example: Quadratic Root
 Compute quadratic root for the number N
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𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
Compute 9
𝑁 = 9
𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑥0 =
9
2
= 4.5
𝑛 = 0
𝑛 = 0
𝑥1 =
𝑥0 +
𝑁
𝑥0
2
=
4.5 +
9
4.5
2
=
6.5
2
= 3.25
𝑛 = 1
𝑥2 =
𝑥1 +
𝑁
𝑥1
2
=
3.25 +
9
3.25
2
=
6.019
2
= 3.009
𝑛 = 2
𝑥3 =
𝑥2 +
𝑁
𝑥2
2
=
3.009 +
9
3.009
2
= 3.00001
66
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73. Example: Quadratic Root
 Compute quadratic root for the number N
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𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
67

74. Questions
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
?
Year 2022

75. While Loop
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Condition
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong while
False
True
Code trước while
Code sau while
colon
indentation
keyword
68
Year 2022

76. While Loop
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Condition
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong while
False
True
Code trước while
Code sau while
69
Year 2022

77. While Loop
𝑖 = 0 𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 0 + 1 = 1
print(0)
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 1 + 1 = 2
print(1) 𝑖 < 5 ?
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 2 + 1 = 2
print(2)
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 3 + 1 = 4
print(3) 𝑖 < 5 ?
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 4 + 1 = 5
print(4)
𝑖 < 5 ?
no print(′Phần code này
khi đã thoát while′)
4
70
Year 2022

78. While Loop
while-True-break
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
71
Year 2022

79. Exercises
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
72
Pascal's Triangle
Level = 5
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
+
Length = 9
Fibonacci Sequence
https://www.mathsisfun.com
Year 2022

80. Exercises
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
73
Year 2022
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
−1 𝑛
𝑥 2𝑛+1
2𝑛 + 1 !
= 𝑥 −
𝑥3
3!
+
𝑥5
5!
−
𝑥7
7!
+
𝑥9
9!
− ⋯
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
−1 𝑛
𝑥2𝑛
2𝑛 !
= 1 −
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥4
4!
−
𝑥6
6!
+
𝑥8
8!
−
𝑥10
10!
+ ⋯
𝑒𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
𝑥𝑛
𝑛!
= 1 +
𝑥1
1!
+
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥3
3!
+
𝑥4
4!
+
𝑥5
5!
+ ⋯
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
𝑥 2𝑛+1
2𝑛 + 1 !
= 𝑥 +
𝑥3
3!
+
𝑥5
5!
+
𝑥7
7!
+
𝑥9
9!
+ ⋯
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
𝑥2𝑛
2𝑛 !
= 1 +
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥4
4!
+
𝑥6
6!
+
𝑥8
8!
+
𝑥10
10!
+ ⋯

81. Exercises
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
74
PI estimation
E estimation
Simulation of
coin tossing
Compute quadratic root for the number N
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
Year 2022

82. Recursive
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
75
PI estimation
E estimation
Simulation of
coin tossing
Compute quadratic root for the number N
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
Year 2022

83. Common Errors
 Error 1
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
76
Year 2022

84. Common Errors
 Error 2
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
77
Year 2022

85. Common Errors
 Error 3
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
78
Year 2022

86. Common Errors
 Error 4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
79
Year 2022

87. Common Errors
 Error 5
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
80
Year 2022

88. Common Errors
 Error 6
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
81
Year 2022

89. Common Errors
 Error 7
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
82
Year 2022

90. Common Errors
 Error 8
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
83
Year 2022

91. Common Errors
 Error 9
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
84
Year 2022

92. Common Errors
 Error 10
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
85
Year 2022

93. Common Errors
 Error 11
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
86
Year 2022

94. Common Errors
 Error 12
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
87
Year 2022

95. Common Errors
 Error 13
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
88
Year 2022

96. Common Errors
 Error 14
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
89
Year 2022

97. Common Errors
 Error 15
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
90
Year 2022

98. Common Errors
 Error 16
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
91
Year 2022

99. Common Errors
 Error 17
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
92
Year 2022

100. Common Errors
 Error 18
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
93
Year 2022

101. Common Errors
 Error 19
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
94
Year 2022

102. Common Errors
 Error 20
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
95
Year 2022

103. Common Errors
 Error 21
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
96
Year 2022

105. Python
A Deeper Step
Year 2022
Quang-Vinh Dinh
Ph.D. in Computer Science
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

106.  Conditions
 Loops
 String
 File
Outline

107. Condition
 Comparison operators
1
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

108. Condition
 if condition
2
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Khối code K1
Điều
kiện if
Khối code trong if
Khối code K2
True
False
keyword
indentation
colon
Year 2022

109. Condition
if
condition
3
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
ReLU 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥 if 𝑥 > 0
Year 2022

110. Condition
 if-else condition
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Khối code (K1)
Điều
kiện if
Khối code trong if
Khối Code (K2)
True
False
Khối code trong else
keyword
indentation
colon
Year 2022

111. Condition
 if-else condition
5
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
if
condition ReLU 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥 if 𝑥 > 0
Demo
Year 2022

112. Condition
 if-elif-else condition
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Khối code (K1)
Điều
kiện if
Khối code trong if
Khối Code (K2)
True
False
Khối code trong elif
Điều
kiện elif
Khối code trong else
True
False
colon
indentation
Year 2022

113. Condition
 if-elif-else condition
7
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
FuzzyEncoding 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑇 =
5,
4,
3,
2,
1,
if 𝑥 + 𝑇 ≤ 𝑦
if 𝑥 < 𝑦 < 𝑥 + 𝑇
if 𝑥 = 𝑦
if 𝑦 < 𝑥 < 𝑦 + 𝑇
if 𝑦 + 𝑇 ≤ 𝑥
Year 2022
5 4 3 2 1
T
LTP 𝑥, 𝑦 = ቐ
0 if 𝑥 = 𝑦
1 if 𝑥 > 𝑦
−1 if 𝑥 < 𝑦

114. If-Else Condition and Math (1)
if 𝑎 = 0 then 𝑦 = 𝑏2
if 𝑎 = 𝐾 then 𝑦 = 𝑏
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑦 =
𝑎
𝐾
𝑏 +
𝐾 − 𝑎
𝐾
𝑏2
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 8

115. If-Else Condition and Math (2)
if 𝑎 > 0 then
𝑦 = 𝑏2
if 𝑎 < 0 then
𝑦 = 𝑏
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑦 =
𝑏2 + 𝑏
2
+
𝑏2 − 𝑏
2
𝑎
𝑎
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 9

116. If-Else Condition and Math (3)
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
if 𝑎 = 0 then 𝑦 = 𝑏2
if 𝑎 = 1 then 𝑦 = 𝑏
if 𝑎 = 2 then 𝑦 = 𝑏
Input: 𝑎 and 𝑏
Convert 𝑎 into a one-hot vector 𝒗
𝑦 = 𝒗 ∙ 𝒖
𝒖 = [𝑏2
𝑏 𝑏]
𝒗 = [1 0 0]
𝒗 = [0 1 0]
𝒗 = [0 0 1]
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
10
Year 2022

117.  Conditions
 Loops
 String
 File
Outline

118. Motivation
 Observation
Year 2021
AI VIETNAM
AI Course 2021
Features Label
Feature Label
House price data Advertising data

119. For Loop
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
colon
indentation
keyword
String
Tuple
List
Dictionary
range()
Iterables
11
Year 2022

120. For Loop
Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
4
12

121. For Loop
Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
4
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
range(start=0, stop, step=1)
range(start=0, stop=5, step=1)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
range(5)
Demo 13

122. For Loop
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
break
break keyword
4
Demo 14

123. For Loop
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Đã duyệt
phần tử
cuối cùng?
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong for
True
False
Code trước for
Code sau for
continue
continue keyword
Demo
4
15

124. Example
 Simulation of coin tossing
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Event: bất kì sự kiện gì xảy ra
Experiment: sự thử nghiệm cho ra kết quả
Sample space: tập hợp tất cả các kết quả có thể xảy ra của một experiment
Random variable: biến ngẫu nhiên, mô tả outcome của một event
Tiền xu có 2 mặt
(head và tail)
Sample space 𝑆 = Head, Tail
Experiment: ném đồng xu
Event: Gọi A là event mà kết quả của một lần ném là head
𝑃(𝐴) Xác suất để event A xảy ra
Xác suất để kết quả của một lần ném là head
A={head}
S={head, tail}
𝑃 𝐴 =
𝐴
𝑆
=
1
2
Xác suất
𝑃(event) =
event
𝑆
4
16
Year 2022

125. Example
 Simulation of coin tossing
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Count #tails
Count #heads
Check if the two
numbers are similar
Demo 17
Year 2022

126. Example: PI Estimation
 PI estimation
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
hình từ
wikipedia
circle_area 𝐴𝑐= 𝜋𝑟2
circle radius 𝑟 = 1
square_area 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑠2
square side 𝑠 = 2
𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑐
≈
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑐
𝑠2
𝜋𝑟2 ≈
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑐
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑠 is #random samples within the square
generated according to uniform distribution
𝑁𝑐 is #random samples within the circle
generated according to uniform distribution
18

127. Example
 PI estimation
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
(hình từ wikipedia)
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠
Random numbers ∈ [-1,1]
Check if a point is
within the circle
19
Year 2022

128. Example
 PI estimation
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
(hình từ wikipedia)
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠 https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/distance-2-points.html
20
Year 2022

129. Example
 PI estimation
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
(hình từ wikipedia)
𝜋 ≈
𝑠2
𝑁𝑐
𝑁𝑠
21
Year 2022

130. Example
 PI estimation
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
22
𝑃𝐼 ≈ 4 ෍
𝑖=1
𝑛
−1 𝑖+1
2𝑖 − 1
Gregory-Leibniz Series
Nilakantha Series
𝑃𝐼 ≈ 3 + 4 ෍
𝑖=0
𝑛
−1𝑖
2𝑖 + 2 2𝑖 + 3 2𝑖 + 4
Year 2022

131. Example
 Euler's number
4
https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/e-eulers-number.html
𝑒 ≈ 1 +
1
𝑛
𝑛
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
23
Year 2022

132. Example
 Euler's number
𝑒 = 2.71828
Formula
1) Compute factorial
2) Compute sum
4
24
Year 2022

133. Example
 Euler's number
25
Year 2022

134. Example: Quadratic Root
 Compute quadratic root for the number N
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
Compute 9
𝑁 = 9
𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑥0 =
9
2
= 4.5
𝑛 = 0
𝑛 = 0
𝑥1 =
𝑥0 +
𝑁
𝑥0
2
=
4.5 +
9
4.5
2
=
6.5
2
= 3.25
𝑛 = 1
𝑥2 =
𝑥1 +
𝑁
𝑥1
2
=
3.25 +
9
3.25
2
=
6.019
2
= 3.009
𝑛 = 2
𝑥3 =
𝑥2 +
𝑁
𝑥2
2
=
3.009 +
9
3.009
2
= 3.00001
26
Year 2022

135. Example: Quadratic Root
 Compute quadratic root for the number N
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
27

136. Questions
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
?
Year 2022

137. While Loop
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Condition
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong while
False
True
Code trước while
Code sau while
colon
indentation
keyword
28
Year 2022

138. While Loop
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Condition
Thực thi các câu lệnh
trong while
False
True
Code trước while
Code sau while
29
Year 2022

139. While Loop
𝑖 = 0 𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 0 + 1 = 1
print(0)
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 1 + 1 = 2
print(1) 𝑖 < 5 ?
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 2 + 1 = 2
print(2)
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 3 + 1 = 4
print(3) 𝑖 < 5 ?
𝑖 < 5 ?
yes
𝑖 = 4 + 1 = 5
print(4)
𝑖 < 5 ?
no print(′Phần code này
khi đã thoát while′)
4
30
Year 2022

140. While Loop
while-True-break
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
31
Year 2022

141. Exercises
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
32
Pascal's Triangle
Level = 5
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
+
Length = 9
Fibonacci Sequence
https://www.mathsisfun.com
Year 2022

142. Exercises
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
33
Year 2022
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
−1 𝑛
𝑥 2𝑛+1
2𝑛 + 1 !
= 𝑥 −
𝑥3
3!
+
𝑥5
5!
−
𝑥7
7!
+
𝑥9
9!
− ⋯
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
−1 𝑛
𝑥2𝑛
2𝑛 !
= 1 −
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥4
4!
−
𝑥6
6!
+
𝑥8
8!
−
𝑥10
10!
+ ⋯
𝑒𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
𝑥𝑛
𝑛!
= 1 +
𝑥1
1!
+
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥3
3!
+
𝑥4
4!
+
𝑥5
5!
+ ⋯
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
𝑥 2𝑛+1
2𝑛 + 1 !
= 𝑥 +
𝑥3
3!
+
𝑥5
5!
+
𝑥7
7!
+
𝑥9
9!
+ ⋯
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 ≈ ෍
𝑛=0
∞
𝑥2𝑛
2𝑛 !
= 1 +
𝑥2
2!
+
𝑥4
4!
+
𝑥6
6!
+
𝑥8
8!
+
𝑥10
10!
+ ⋯

143. Exercises
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
34
PI estimation
E estimation
Simulation of
coin tossing
Compute quadratic root for the number N
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
Year 2022

144. Recursive
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
35
PI estimation
E estimation
Simulation of
coin tossing
Compute quadratic root for the number N
𝑥𝑛+1 =
𝑥𝑛 +
𝑁
𝑥𝑛
2
Newton Method
Set a value for 𝑥0; n = 0
(𝑥0 = N/2)
n = n + 1
Year 2022

145.  Conditions
 Loops
 String
 File
Outline

146. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
36
 String creation

147. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascii_Table-nocolor.svg 37

148. Variables
 Character type
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 38

149. ASCII Table
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/ASCII-Table.svg
 American Standard code for
information interchange
ASCII represents 128 characters
ASCII is stored as 8- bit byte
ASCII is not standardized
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 39

150. ASCII Table
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 40

151. ASCII Table
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 41

152. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Insert into a string

153. String
 + and * operators
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Logic operators
Year 2022 44

154. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
isdigit(): Kiểm tra xem string gồm các kí tự số
isalpha(): Kiểm tra xem string chỉ được tạo
từ các kí tự chữ cái
islower(): Kiểm tra xem string với tất cả các
kí tự ở dạng chữ thường
isupper(): Kiểm tra xem string với tất cả các kí
tự ở dạng chữ hoa
Year 2022 45

155. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
istitle(): Kiểm tra xem string có bắt
đầu bằng chữ in hoa
isspace(): Kiểm tra xem string
chỉ là khoảng trắng
count() để đếm số kí tự xuất hiện trong một string,
len() để tính chiều dài của một string
Year 2022 46

156. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
title(): Chuyển đổi kí tự đầu từng từ (word) trong một
chuỗi thành kí tự hoa
capitalize(): Chuyển đổi chữ cái đầu tiên của một chuỗi
thành chữ hoa và các kí tự sau thành chữ thường
swapcase(): Chuyển đổi các kí tự từ chữ thường
sang chữ hoa và ngược lại
Year 2022 47

157. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
upper(): Chuyển đổi tất cả các kí tự trong chuỗi
thành chữ hoa
lower(): Chuyển đổi các kí tự sang chữ thường
center(): Chỉnh chuỗi ở trung tâm, và chiều dài của chuỗi là 40
Year 2022 48

158. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
strip(): Loại bỏ khoảng trắng ở cả hai đầu của chuỗi
replace(): Thay thế chuỗi
partition(): Tách chuỗi
Year 2022 49

159. String
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
endswith(): Kiểm tra phần kết thúc của một string.
startswith(): Kiểm tra phần đầu của một string.
find(): Tìm vị trí xuất hiện của string s1 trong string s2.
Giá trị -1 được trả về trong trường hợp s1 không được tìm thấy trong
s2.
50

160. String
 Common Error
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
index(): Tìm vị trí xuất hiện của string
s1 trong string s2.
Lỗi ValueError được trả về trong trường
hợp s1 không được tìm thấy trong s2.
Year 2022 51

161. String
 Common Error
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 52

162.  Conditions
 Loops
 String
 File
Outline

163. File
 Typical procedure
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Python
A file
(1)
(2)
(3)
Connect to file
Read from/write to file
Disconnect to file
(1)
(2)
(3)
open(file_path, ‘r’)
read()
close()
(1)
(2)
(3)
Read from a file
(already exist)
67

164. File
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Python
A file
(1)
(2)
(3)
Connect to file
Read from/write to file
Disconnect to file
(1)
(2)
(3)
open(file_path, ‘r’)
readlines()
close()
(1)
(2)
(3)
Read content
from a file as lines
 Typical procedure
68

165. File
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Python
A file
(1)
(2)
(3)
Connect to file
Read from/write to file
Disconnect to file
(1)
(2)
(3)
open(file_path, ‘w’)
write()
close()
(1)
(2)
(3)
Write to a file
(not exist)
 Typical procedure
69

166. File
Python
A file
(1)
(2)
(3)
Connect to file
Read from/write to file
Disconnect to file
(1)
(2)
(3)
open(file_path, ‘a’)
write()
close()
(1)
(2)
(3)
Write to a file
(appending content if
the file already exists)
 Typical procedure
70

167. File
 Useful functions
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Check if a file exists
String splitting
String joining
Year 2022 71

168. File
 Common Error
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 72

169. File
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 73

170. File
 with keyword
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 74

171. File
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 75

172. File
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Example
76

173. File
 Text data
 IRIS data
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 77

174. File
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 78

175. File
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Example

176.  Conditions
 Loops
 String
 File
 XML and JSON Processing
Outline

177. String - XML
 eXtensible Markup Language
 Designed to store and transport data
 Designed to be both human- and machine-readable.
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 53

178. String - XML
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 54

179. String - XML
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 55

180. String - XML
 Syntax
XML Prolog
Attribute
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 56

181. String - XML
 Syntax
Element
Opening tag
Closing tag
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 57

182. String - XML
 Example
Element
Opening tag
Closing tag
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 58

183. String - JSON
 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
 Data exchange format
 Lightweight
 Text-based
 Language-independent
 Designed to be both human- and machine-readable.
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 59

184. String - JSON
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 60

185. String - JSON
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 61

186. String - JSON
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 62

187. String - JSON
 Syntax
Object
A pair
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 63

188. String - JSON
 Syntax
Object
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 64

189. String - JSON
 Syntax
Array of objects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 65

190. String - JSON
 Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
How!!!
Year 2022 66

192. Data Structure
List
Year 2022
Quang-Vinh Dinh
Ph.D. in Computer Science
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

193.  Introduction
 List
 Some algorithms on List
 Addresses
 Common Errors
Outline

194. Abstract Data Types
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
1
List
4 5 6 7 8 9
data = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
index 0 1 2 3 4 5
Strings
‘A’ ‘I’
name =
0 1
index
dictionary_name = {key-1:value-1, …, key-n:value-n}
colon
comma
bracket
element
tuple_name = (element-1, …, element-n)

195. String
 Create and iterate a string
2
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
A I
name =
0 1
index
name = ‘AI’

196. List
 A container that can contain elements
3
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
list_name = [element-1, …, element-n]
Year 2022
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
0 1 2 3 4 5
index

197. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Index
4 5 6 7 8 9
data = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Backward
index
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
data[-1]
9
data[-3]
7
Forward
index
0 1 2 3 4 5
data[0]
4
data[3]
7
 Slicing
4 5 6 7 8 9
data = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Forward
index
0 1 2 3 4 5
6 7
data[2:4]
7 8 9
data[3:]
4 5 6
data[:3]
Year 2022 4
list[start:end:step]
Giá trị mắc định của start là 0, của
end là len(list), và của step là 1

198. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Add an element
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data.append(4) # thêm 4 vào vị trị cuối list
6 5 7 1 9 2
data = 4
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data.insert(0, 4) # thêm 4 vào vị trị có
# index = 0
6 5 7 1 9 2
data = 4
5

199. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
# thay đổi phần tử thứ 1
data[1] = 4
data = 6 4 7 1 9 2
 Updating an element
 Add a list of elements
6 5 7 1
data =
data.extend([9, 2]) # thêm 9 và 2 vào vị trị cuối list
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
6

200. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 + and * operators
6 5 7
data1 =
1 9 2
data2 =
# nối 2 list
data = data1 + data2
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
6 5
data =
# nhân list với một số nguyên
data_m = data * 3
6 5
data_m = 6 5 6 5 7

201. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 sort() – Sắp xếp các phần tử
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data = 1 2 5 6 7 9
data.sort()
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data = 9 7 6 5 2 1
data.sort(reverse = True)
8

202. List
 Deleting an element
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data.pop(2) # tại vị trí index = 2
6 5 1 9 2
data =
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data.remove(5) # xóa phần tử đầu tiên
# có giá trị là 5
6 7 1 9 2
data =
Year 2022 9

203. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Delete elements
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data.clear()
data = []
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
# xóa phần tử thứ 1 và 2
del data[1:3]
data = 6 1 9 2
10

204. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
# trả về vị trí của phần tử đầu tiên có giá trị là 9
data.index(9) = 4
index() – Trả về vị trí đầu tiên
reverse() – Đảo ngược vị trí các phần tử
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data = 2 9 1 7 5 6
data.reserse()
11
Year 2022

205. List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
count() – Trả về số lần xuất hiện
của một phần tử
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
# trả về số lần phần tử 7 xuất hiện trong list
data.count(7) = 1
copy() – copy một list
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
data_copy =
data_copy = data.copy()
6 5 7 1 9 2
12

206. Built-in Functions for List
Year 2022
len(), min(), and max()
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
# trả về số phần tử
len(data) = 6
# trả về số phần tử có giá trị nhỏ nhất
min(data) = 1
# trả về số phần tử có giá trị lớn nhất
max(data) = 9
13

207. Công thức Áp dụng cho hàm rời rạc (1D)
Diện tích A
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
F 3 = ෍
𝑥≤3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 0 + 𝑓 1 + 𝑓 2 + 𝑓 3
= 1 + 8 + 5 + 7 = 21
F 6 = ෍
𝑥≤6
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 8 + 5 + 7 + 3 + 5 + 8 = 37
Diện tích A
A = F 6 − F 3 = ෍
4≤𝑥≤6
𝑓 𝑥 = 3 + 5 + 8 = 16
https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-introduction.html
F a = න
−∞
𝑎
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑(𝑥)
F b = න
−∞
𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑(𝑥)
Diện tích A
𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0
A = F b − F(a)
Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
14

208. Áp dụng cho hàm rời rạc (1D)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
𝑥
F 3 = ෍
𝑥≤3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 0 + 𝑓 1 + 𝑓 2 + 𝑓 3
= 1 + 8 + 5 + 7 = 21
F 6 = ෍
𝑥≤6
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 8 + 5 + 7 + 3 + 5 + 8 = 37
Diện tích A
A = F 6 − F 3 = ෍
4≤𝑥≤6
𝑓 𝑥 = 3 + 5 + 8 = 16
F x = 𝑓 𝑥 + F x − 1
F 7 = 𝑓 7 + F 6 = 3 + 37 = 40
Tính chất
Xây dựng integral array dùng tính chất F x = 𝑓 𝑥 + F x − 1
𝑓(𝑥)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
𝑥
𝐹(𝑥)
+ + + + +
+ + + +
Tính tổng với độ phức tạp ~ O(1)
෍
𝑎≤𝑥≤𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = F b − F a − 1
෍
4≤𝑥≤6
𝑓 𝑥 = F 6 − F 3 = 37 − 21 = 16
Example
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
15

209. Built-in Functions
 sorted(aList) – Sắp xếp các phần tử
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
sorted_data = 1 2 5 6 7 9
sorted_data = sorted(data)
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
sorted_data = 9 7 6 5 2 1
sorted_data = sorted(data, reverse=True)
sorted(iterable, reverse=reverse)
16

210. Built-in Functions
sum()
6 5 7 1 9 2
+
result
data =
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
# tính tổng
sum(data) = 30
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ෍
𝑖=0
𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑖

211. Built-in Functions
sum()
6 5 7 1 9 2
+ result
0 1 2 3 4 5
index
data =
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
# tính tổng
sum(data) = 30
18
Using index
𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ෍
𝑖=0
𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑖

212. Built-in Functions
zip()
1 2 3
data1 =
Year 2022 19
5 6 7
data2 =
1 5
2 6
3 7

213. Built-in Functions
reversed()
6 1 7
data =
Year 2022 20
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
7 1 6
reversed(data) =

214. Built-in Functions
enumerate()
data =
Year 2022
enumerate(data) =
6 1 7
6 1 7
0 1 2
index
21

215. Examples
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Sum of even numbers
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
Sum of elements with even indices
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =

216. Examples
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
square(aList)
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
36 25 49 1 81 4
square(data) =
Year 2022 23

217. List Comprehension
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
omitted
added
24

218. List Comprehension
Sigmoid
Function
σ 𝑥 =
1
1 + 𝑒−𝑥
σ′(𝑥) = σ(𝑥)(1 − σ(𝑥))

219. List Comprehension
ReLU
Function
ReLU 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥 if 𝑥 > 0
ReLU ′ 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
1 if 𝑥 > 0
26

220. List Comprehension
ReLU
Function
ReLU 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥 if 𝑥 > 0
ReLU ′ 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
1 if 𝑥 > 0
27

221. List Comprehension
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
[condition_to_branch_x for x in data condition_to_filter_x]

222. List Sorting
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
29

223. Mutable and Immutable
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
51
30
Year 2022

224. Algorithms on List
 Linear searching
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
0 1 2 3 4 5
index
6 5 7 1 9 2
start
Searching for 9
Returning 4
0 1 2 3 4 5
index
6 5 7 1 9 2
start
Searching for 8
Returning ?
0 1 2 3 4 5
index
end
If iterating
the last item
item  getItem()
Returning index
index = -1
31
if item==value,
indexgetIndex()

225. Algorithms on List
 Sorting using min(), remove(), and append()
Year 2022 32
6 5 7 1 9 2
data =
result = [ ]
min(data) = 1
data.remove(1) = 6 5 7 9 2
result.append(1) = 1
. . .
if the list is
non-empty?
item  getMin()
append(item) to result
remove(item) from list

226. Algorithms on List
 Sorting using min(), remove(), and append()
Year 2022 33
6 5 7 9 2
data =
result = 1
min(data) = 2
data.remove(2) = 6 5 7 9
result.append(2) = 1
. . .
2
if the list is
non-empty?
item  getMin()
append(item) to result
remove(item) from list

227. Quizzes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

228. Quizzes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
Quiz 1
Quiz 2
Quiz 3

229. Converting to List
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
aList  list(iterable)
4 5 6 7 8 9
data = list(range(4, 10)
index 0 1 2 3 4 5
A I
data =
0 1
index
name = ‘AI’
data =
34

230. Plotting a function
 Using matplotlib
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
35
x-data
y-data

231. Plotting a function
 Using matplotlib
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
36
How to do it?
𝑥 ∈ −8, 8
𝑦 = 𝑥2

232. List and File
 Read and Write from/to a log file
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
37

233.  Introduction
 List
 Some algorithms on List
 Addresses
 Common Errors
Outline

234. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
38
20
x
140707105248672
y
140707105248672
10
x
140707105248352
y
140707105248672
20
Year 2022

235. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
39
 Immutable types: Cannot be changed in place
 Including ints, floats, strings, and tuples
“AI”
x
1511427632072
“AI”
x
1511427632072
1511427661360
“AI VIETNAM”
destroyed
automatically
Year 2022

236. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
40
 Immutable types: Cannot be changed in place
 Including ints, floats, strings, and tuples
“AI”
x
1511427633024
y
1511427633024
x
1511427693808
“AI VIETNAM”
“AI”
y
1511427633024
Year 2022

237. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
41
1 2 3
0 1 2
a_list
1511426884232
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
5
4
a_list
1511427661128
4
0
5
1
a_list = a_list +
Year 2022

238. Variables and Addresses
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
4
42
. . .
0 1 2
a_list
1511426884232
1 2 3
x
a1 = 140707105248064
a2 = 140707105248096
a3 = 140707105248128
a1 a2 a3
a1 a2 a3
Year 2022

239. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
43
. .
0 1
a_list
1511426884232
1 2
x
a1 = 140707105248064
a2 = 140707105248096
a1 a2
a1 a2
20
Year 2022

240. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
44
value 3
a1 = 140707105248128
a2 = 140707105248320
square
number
result 9
result
a1
a1
a2 a2
Year 2022

241. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
45
value 3
a1 = 140707105248128
a2 = 140707105248320
square
number
result 9
result
a1
a1
a2 a2
Year 2022

242. a1 = 1511427661128
a2 = 140707105248160
square
input_list
number
a2
. . .
0 1 2
a_list
a1
1 2 3
a3 a4 a5
4
46

243. a1 = 1511428290376
a2 = 140707105248160
square
input_list
number
a2
. . .
0 1 2
a_list
a1
1 2 3
a3 a4 a5
4
.
3
a2
47

244. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
48
add
a_list
number
1 2 3
0 1 2
a_list
address 1
4
address 2
Year 2022

245. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
49
add
a_list
number
1 2 3
0 1 2
a_list
address 1
4
address 2
1 2 3
0 1 2
4
3
address 3
Year 2022

246. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
50
add
a_list
number
1 2 3
0 1 2
a_list
address 1
4
address 2
1 2 3
0 1 2
4
3
address 3
Year 2022

247. Variables and Addresses
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
51
1 2 3
0 1 2
a_list
address 1
4
1 2 3
0 1 2
4
3
Year 2022

248. Mutable and Immutable
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
52
6 5 7 1 9 2
data
36 25 49 1 81 4
result
square
data
data_s

249. Mutable and Immutable
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
6 5 7 1 9 2
data
6
value
square
data
Get from data[0]
36 5 7 1 9 2
data
36
value*value
square
data
Set to data[0]
53

250. List Copy
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
54
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
5
4
list1
1700123138824
Memory address
list2
1700123138824
list2 = list1
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
5
4
list1[3] = 9
Replace 4 by 9
1 2 3 9
0 1 2 3
5
4
list1
1700123138824
list2
1700123138824
Year 2022

251. List Copy
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
55
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
5
4
list1[3] = 9
Replace 4 by 9
1 2 3 9
0 1 2 3
5
4
list1
1700123139912
list2
1700123139976
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
5
4
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
5
4
list1
1700123139912
list2
1700123139976
1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3
5
4
list2 = copy.copy(list1)

252. List Copy
. 3
0 1
1 2
0 1
1700123189704
List1[0][0] = 9
Replace 1 by 9
. 3
0 1
list1
1700123189832
list2
1700123189960
. 3
9 2
0 1
1700123189704
0 1
. 3
0 1
list1
1700123189832
list2
1700123189960
. 3
1 2
0 1
1700123189704
0 1
list2 = copy.copy(list1)
56

253. . 3
0 1
1 2
0 1
1700124007112
List1[0][0] = 9
Replace 1 by 9
. 3
0 1
list1
1700124007240
9 2
0 1
1700124007112
list2
1700124007176
. 3
0 1
1 2
0 1
1700124007304
. 3
0 1
list1
1700124007240
1 2
0 1
1700124007112
list2
1700124007176
. 3
0 1
1 2
0 1
1700124007304
list2 = copy. deepcopy(list1)
57

254. Quizzes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Small number caching
Caching integers in [-5, 256]

255.  Introduction
 List
 Some algorithms on List
 Addresses
 Common Errors
Outline

256. Common Errors
 Error 1
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
58
Year 2022

257. Common Errors
 Error 2
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
59
Year 2022

258. Common Errors
 Error 3
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
60
Year 2022

259. Common Errors
 Error 4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
61
Year 2022

260. Common Errors
 Error 5
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
62
Year 2022

261. Common Errors
 Error 6
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
63
Year 2022

262. Common Errors
 Error 7
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
64
Year 2022

263. Common Errors
 Error 8
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
65
Year 2022

264. Common Errors
 Error 9
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
66
Year 2022

265. Common Errors
 Error 10
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
67
Year 2022

266. Common Errors
 Error 11
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
68
Year 2022

267. Common Errors
 Error 12
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
69
Year 2022

268. Common Errors
 Error 13
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
70
Year 2022

269. Common Errors
 Error 14
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
71
Year 2022

270. Common Errors
 Error 15
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
72
Year 2022

271. Common Errors
 Error 16
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
73
Year 2022

272. Common Errors
 Error 17
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
74
Year 2022

273. Common Errors
 Error 18
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
75
Year 2022

274. Common Errors
 Error 19
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
76
Year 2022

275. Common Errors
 Error 20
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
77
Year 2022

276. Common Errors
 Error 21
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
78
Year 2022

277. Common Errors
 Error 22
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 1
Output
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 1, 2
Output
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 1, 2, 3
Output
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3]
79
Year 2022

278. Common Errors
 Error 22
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3
Output
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3]
80
Year 2022

279. Common Errors
 Error 22
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3
Output
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3
Output
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3] ° ° °
81
Year 2022

280. Common Errors
 Error 25
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 82

281. Common Errors
 Error 26
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
???
Year 2022 83

282. Common Errors
 Error 27
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 84

283. Quizzes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
85
Year 2022

284. Further Reading
 List (Chapters 6 and 13)
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
86
 Binary Searching and Sorting

286. Data Structure
Tuple, Set, and Dictionary
Year 2022
Quang-Vinh Dinh
Ph.D. in Computer Science
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

287.  Common Errors (Quick Review)
 Tuple
 Set
 Dictionary
 Code Optimization
Outline

288. Tuple
 Structure
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
tuple_name = (element-1, …, element-n)
Create a tuple Tuple unpacking
Year 2022 1

289. Tuple
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
tuple_name = (element-1, …, element-n)
( ) can be removed Tuple with one element
Year 2022
 Structure
2

290. Tuple
 + and * operators
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
index() - tìm vị trí xuất hiện của một giá trị
count() - đếm số lần xuất hiện của một giá trị
Year 2022 3

291. Tuple
len() - Tìm chiều dài của một tuple
Lấy giá trị min và max của một tuple
Dùng hàm zip() cho tuple
Sắp xếp các giá trị trong một tuple
Year 2022 4

292. Tuple
 Immutable
5
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
however
Year 2022
1 2 add2
0 1 2
t
add1
3 10
0 1

293. Tuple Examples
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Swapping two variables
list2tuple
tuple2list
Memory requirement
Tuple slicing
6

294. Tuple
 Example: Solve quadratic equation
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Case 1: delta<0
Case 2: delta>0
Case 3: delta=0
Data is protected
Year 2022 7

295.  Common Errors (Quick Review)
 Tuple
 Set
 Dictionary
 Code Optimization
Outline

296. Set
 Create a set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Items with different data types
Using curly brackets
Set comprehension
Year 2022 8

297. Set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Access the items of a set Copy a set
Year 2022 9

298. Set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Add an item Insert a set to another set
Join two sets Not allow duplicate values
Year 2022 10

299. Set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
difference function
difference_update function
symmetric_difference
symmetric_difference_update
11

300. Set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Bitwise operator
Year 2022 12

301. Set
 Remove an item
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
remove(item)
Remove an item from the set.
https://docs.python.org/3/library
/stdtypes.html?t#set
discard(item)
Remove an item from the set if it is present.
Year 2022
Set comprehension
13

302. Set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
remove(item)
Remove an item from the set.
Raises KeyError if elem is not contained in the set.
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html?t#set
discard(item)
Remove an item from the set if it is present.
Year 2022
 Remove an item
14

303. Set
 Create a set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Unordered and unindexed Cannot contain unhashable types
Year 2022 15

304. Set
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
Set  List
and Tuple
???
??? 16

305. - 50,000 movie review for sentiment analysis (data)
- Consist of: + 25,000 movie review for training
+ 25,000 movie review for testing
- Label: positive – negative = 1 – 1
“A wonderful little production. <br /><br />The filming technique is very unassuming- very old-
time-BBC fashion and gives a comforting, and sometimes discomforting, sense of realism to the
entire piece…..”
positive
“This show was an amazing, fresh & innovative idea in the 70's when it first aired. The first 7 or 8
years were brilliant, but things dropped off after that. By 1990, the show was not really funny
anymore, and it's continued its decline further to the complete waste of time it is today….”
negative
“I thought this was a wonderful way to spend time on a too hot summer weekend, sitting in the air
conditioned theater and watching a light-hearted comedy. The plot is simplistic, but the dialogue is
witty and the characters are likable (even the well bread suspected serial killer)….”
positive
“BTW Carver gets a very annoying sidekick who makes you wanna shoot him the first three
minutes he's on screen.”
negative
Set
AI VIETNAM
AI Course
 Text classification

306. Set
 Text classification
AI VIETNAM
AI Course
Output
𝑧
Sigmoid
activation
Fully-connected layer
Text
Sample
Preprocessing
(standardization &
vectorization)
Embedding
Preprocessing
Year 2022 18

307. Embedding
- Example corpus
sample1: ‘We are learning AI’
sample2: ‘AI is a CS topic’
(1) Build vocabulary from corpus
(2) Transform text into features
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
word pad are/a ai we topic learning is cs
We are learning AI
we are learning ai
Standardize
3 1 5 2 0
AI is a CS topic
ai is a cs topic
2 6 1 7 4
Vectorization
19

308. Embedding Layer
(3) Embedding layer
index word
0 pad
1 are/a
2 AI
3 We
4 Topic
5 Learning
6 is
7 cs
We are learning AI
3
1
5
2
0
Output
𝑧
Sigmoid
activation
Fully-connected layer
Embedding
20

309. Set
AI VIETNAM
AI Course
 Convert text to numbers

310.  Common Errors (Quick Review)
 Tuple
 Set
 Dictionary
 Code Optimization
Outline

311. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Structure
Create a dictionary
dictionary_name = {key-1:value-1, …, key-n:value-n}
colon
comma
bracket
element
Year 2022 22

312. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Create a Dictionary
Year 2022 23

313. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Update a value  Copy a dictionary
Year 2022 24

314. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Hàm copy() chỉ sao chép
kiểu shallow
 Sử dụng hàm deepcopy()
trong module copy
Year 2022 25

315. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Get keys and values
Get keys
Get values
Get keys and values
Get keys
Year 2022 26

316. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Get a value by a key
Get value using get() function Get value and delete the corresponding item
Year 2022 27

317. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
popitem() - lấy ra một phần tử ở cuối dictionary clear() - xóa tất cả các phần tử của một dictionary
Use del keyword to delete an item
Year 2022 28

318. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Key that does not exist
Try to delete a non-existing item Try to get an item by a non-existing key
Year 2022 29

319. Dictionary
setdefault() function
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
30
example
Result ???
Year 2022

320. Dictionary
Method 1
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
31
Method 2
 Get a value via a key
Year 2022

321. Dictionary
Merge two dictionaries
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Check if a key exists
Remove empty items
32
Dictionary comprehension

322. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 33
 Common error

323. Dictionary
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 34
 Common error

324. Dictionary Saving and Loading
 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
Year 2021
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Data exchange format
 Lightweight
 Text-based
 Language-independent
 Designed to be both human- and machine-readable.

325. Dictionary Saving and Loading
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 36

326. Sorting
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 37
sorted(iterable, key=None, reverse=False)
item=7

327. Sorting
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
item=(‘g’, 13)
38

328. Sorting
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
item=(‘g’, 13)
a g e
list1 = h b
16 13 18
list2 = 11 15
list3 =
a g e h b
16 13 18 11 15
item

329. Lambda function
 Take any number of arguments
 Can only have one expression
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Syntax
lambda arguments : expression
40

330. Sorting
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course item=(‘g’, 13)
Using lambda function

331.  Common Errors (Quick Review)
 Tuple
 Set
 Dictionary
 Code Optimization
Outline

332. Code Optimization (1)
 Use built-in functions
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Tìm các phần tử duy nhất trong list
Tính tổng các phần tử trong list
42

333. Code Optimization (2)
 Use built-in functions
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Dùng list comprehension
Đếm số phần tử trong list dùng Counter

334. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 44

335. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 45

336. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 46

337. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 47

338. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 48

339. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 49

340. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 50

341. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 51

342. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 52

343. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 53

344. Bad Codes
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 54

345. Good Code
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 55

346. Good Code
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 56

347. Good Code
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 57

348. Good Code
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 58

349.  Common Errors (Quick Review)
 Tuple
 Set
 Dictionary
 Code Optimization
Outline

350. Stack
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
59
Year 2022
 Introduction
1
2
3
4
TOP
POP PUSH
LAST IN
FIRST OUT
STACK
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
FULL
STACK
EMPTY
STACK
1
PUSH
2
1
POP PEEK
TOP
STACK OPERATIONS

351. Stack
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
60
Year 2022
Simple
Implementation
TOP=NULL
STEP1
Create Empty Stack
TOP=12
STEP2
PUSH(12)
12 TOP
TOP=8
STEP3
PUSH(8)
12
8 TOP
TOP=21
STEP3
PUSH(21)
12
8
21 TOP

352. Stack
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
TOP=33
STEP1
Create Stack
12
8
21
33 TOP
TOP=33 TOP=21
12
8
21
33
12
8
21
STEP2
POP()
TOP
TOP=21 TOP=8
12
8
21
12
8
STEP3
POP()
TOP
TOP=8 TOP=12
12
8
12
STEP4
POP()
TOP

353. Queue
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Introduction
Enqueue
Dequeue
Add an element to the end of the queue
Remove an element from the front of the queue
2 4 7 3 5
Enqueue Dequeue
First in – First out
5
Enqueue
3
Enqueue
5
3 5
Dequeue
3
62

354. Queue
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
63
Year 2022
Simple
Implementation

355. Further Reading
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

357. Object-Oriented
Programming
Year 2022
Quang-Vinh Dinh
Ph.D. in Computer Science
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

358. Reference Books

359.  Introduction
 Classes and Objects
 Iterator and Class Data Type
 Inheritance
 Exercises
Outline

360. OOP Introduction
Procedural programming
Year 2022
data 1
data 2
data n
data 3
Function 1
Function 2
Function k
Top-down approach
Security
Maintenance
Reusability
…
Implementation
Implementation
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
1

361. OOP Introduction
OOP programming
Year 2022
Bottom-up approach
Security
Maintenance
Reusability
Implementation
Access modifiers
Inheritance
Objects/Classes
data 1
Function 1
data 3
Function 2
data n
Function k
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
2

362. Introduction
 What is OOP?
Year 2022
Creating objects that contain both data and functions
Data 1 Data 2 Data n
Task 1
function 1 function 2
Task n
functions
Procedural programming Object-oriented programming
Object 1
Data and
Functions
Object n
Data and
Functions
relationship
Writing functions that perform operations on the data
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
3

363. Introduction
 OOP advantages
Year 2022
A clear structure
Easier to maintain, modify and debug
Reusable
Doctor Assistant
Waiter
Doctor (struct)
Assistant (struct)
Waiter (struct)
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
4

364. Introduction
 Classes and Objects
Year 2022
A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.
Fruit
Strawberry
Apple
Banana
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
5

365. Introduction
 Classes and Objects
Year 2022
A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.
Animal
Cat
Deer
Tiger
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
6

366. Introduction
 Classes and Objects
A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.
Cat
Japanese Bobtail
Scottish Fold
Calico
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
7

367. Introduction
 Classes and Objects
https://www.visual-
paradigm.com/guide/uml-unified-modeling-
language/uml-class-diagram-tutorial/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
8

368. Classes and Objects
 Abstract view
Year 2022
Cat
Attributes
Functions/
Actions
Name Color Age Sleep Walk Eat
Cat
name
color
age
sleep
walk
eat
Class Diagram
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
9

369. Class Diagram
 Describe the structure of a system
Classes
their attributes
operations
(methods)
relationships among
objects
Class name
Attributes
Methods
- private
+ public
Access modifiers
A cat includes a name, a color, and an age. The daily activities of the
cat consists of sleeping, walking, and eating.
Draw a class diagram for the above description. All the attributes and
methods are publicly accessed.
3 parts
Cat
+ name: string
+ color: string
+ age: int
+ sleep(): void
+ walk(): void
+ eat(): void
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
10
Year 2022

370. OOP Introduction
Detect Class
and its
Members
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Book
+ author: string
+ title: string
+ genre: string
+ price: double
+ date: string
+ publisher: string
+ description: string
…
Year 2022 11

371. Objects and Classes
 Create a function in a class
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
The __init__() function is called
automatically every time the class
is being used to create a new object.
The self parameter is a reference
to the current instance of the class.
__call__() function: instances behave
like functions and can be called like a
functions.
Year 2022 12

372. Objects and Classes
 Create a class
Using init() function
Change property values
Year 2022 13

373. self Keyword
Year 2022
self
int side;
int side;
Must be the first argument of methods
Used to create and access data members
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
14

374. Classes and Objects
We have a new data type
cat = Cat(‘Calico’, ‘BW’, 2)
create an object
variable
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
For class names
Including words
concatenated
Each word starts with
upper case
For attribute names
Including words
concatenated
Each word starts with
upper case except the
first word
Naming conventions
Cat
+ name: string
+ color: string
+ age: int
…
Year 2022

375. Exercise
Implementation
Book
+ author: string
+ title: string
+ genre: string
+ price: double
+ date: string
+ publisher: string
+ description: string
…
Implement the Book class
in Python
16
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

376. Classes and Objects
Back to the Cat example
Cat
+ name: string
…
…
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 17

377. Classes and Objects
Problem and Solution:
Step 1 – implement getter and setter functions
Cat
+ name: string
…
+ getName(): string
+ setName(string): void
…
- private
+ public
Access modifiers
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

378. Classes and Objects
Solution: Step 2 – Using private for attributes
Cat
- name: string
…
+ getName(): string
+ setName(string): void
…
- private
+ public
Access modifiers
19

379. Classes and Objects
Takeaways
Cat
- name: string
- color: string
- age: int
+ getName(): string
+ setName(string): void
+ getColor(): string
+ setColor(string): void
+ getAge(): int
+ setAge(int): void
- private
+ public
Access modifiers
Use the private access modifiers
for typical attributes
Create getter and setter functions
to access protected attributes
Use the public access modifiers
for the getter and setter functions
A cat includes a name, a color, and an age.
AI VIETNAM
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20
Year 2022

380.  Introduction
 Classes and Objects
 Iterator and Class Data Type
 Inheritance
 Exercises
Outline

381. Iterator
AI VIETNAM
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1 Create iterator using iter()
2 Get value using next()
Year 2022 21

382. Iterator
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
22
__iter__(): set initialization for the iterator
__next__(): get a value of the iterator
update the state of the iterator
Using raise StopIteration

383. Iterator
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

384. Iterator
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 List
10 next
Data Pointer
Node1
HEAD
20 next
Data Pointer
Node2
30 next
Data Pointer
Node3
NULL
Singly linked list
24

385. Iterator
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 List

386. Iterator
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 List
10 next
Data Pointer
Node1
HEAD
20 next
Data Pointer
Node2
30 next
Data Pointer
Node3
None
Singly linked list

387. Lists and Classes
17
Sort a list of numbers
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
27

388. Lists and Classes
28
Sort a list of squares
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

389. Lists and Classes
29
Sort a list of squares
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

390. Class Data Type
Year 2022
A person comprises a name in string and a date of birth. A date
consists of day, month, and year.
Write a function to check if two people have the same name.
Write a function to check if two people have the same date of
birth.
Draw a class diagram and implement in Python
Using a class as a data type
30
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

391. Class Data Type
Using a class as a data type
A person comprises a name in string
and a date of birth. A date consists of
day, month, and year.
Draw a class diagram and implement
in Python
- name: string
- dateOfBirth: Date
+ describe(): void
Person
- day: int
- month: int
- year: int
+ describe(): void
Date
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
31

392. Class Data Type
Using a class as a data type
A person comprises a name in string
and a date of birth. A date consists of
day, month, and year.
- name: string
- dateOfBirth: Date
+ describe(): void
Person
- day: int
- month: int
- year: int
+ describe(): void
Date
Using Date as a data type
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
32
Year 2022

393. Class Data Type
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Aggregation

394. Class Data Type
A person comprises a name in
string and a date of birth. A date
consists of day, month, and
year.
Write a function to check if two
people have the same name.
Write a function to check if two
people have the same date of
birth.
Using a class as a data type
- name: string
- dateOfBirth: Date
+ describe(): void
+ checkSameName(string): bool
+ checkSameAge(int): bool
Person
- day: int
- month: int
- year: int
+ describe(): void
Date
- name: string
- dateOfBirth: Date
+ describe(): void
+ checkSameName(string): bool
+ checkSameAge(Date): bool
Person
- day: int
- month: int
- year: int
+ describe(): void
Date
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

395. Custom MLP for Fashion-MNIST
 ReLU and SGD
Year 2022
784 Nodes
Input layer
Output
1
𝑧1
𝑧10
Softmax
activation
1
ReLU
activation
128 Nodes
Hidden layer
Fully
connect
Fully
connect
10 Nodes
Output layer
28
28
784
flatten data
…
…
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

396. Custom MLP for Fashion-MNIST
 Custom ReLU
ReLU 𝑥 = ቊ
0 if 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑥 if 𝑥 > 0
init method
call method
Initialize values/variables
necessary for a class
Forward computation
max(0, x)
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

397. Custom MLP for Fashion-MNIST
Custom Dense
init method
call method
Initialize values/variables
necessary for a class
Forward computation
𝒛 = 𝒙𝜽
784 Nodes
Input layer
1 1
ReLU
activation
128 Nodes
Hidden layer
Fully
connect
…
num_outputs = 128
input_shape = (None, 784)
𝜽 = 𝜽𝟏 𝜽𝟐 … 𝜽𝟏𝟐𝟖
build method
Do something using the shape
of the input tensors

398. Result
Custom MLP for
Fashion-MNIST

399.  Introduction
 Classes and Objects
 Iterator and Class Data Type
 Inheritance
 Exercises
Outline

400. Inheritance
 Introduction
Year 2022
Mechanism by which one class is allowed to inherit the features
(attributes and methods) of another class.
Subclass: The class that inherits the other class is known as
subclass (a derived class, extended class, or child class).
The subclass can add its own attributes and methods in addition
to the superclass attributes and methods.
Super Class: The class whose features are inherited is known as
superclass (a base class or a parent class).
AI VIETNAM
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40

401. Inheritance
Year 2022
 Introduction
Person
- name: string
// …
Employee
- name: string
- annualSalary: double
- yearOfStartingWork: int
- insuaranceNumber: string
// …
AI VIETNAM
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41

402. Inheritance
Person
# name: string
// …
Employee
- annualSalary: double
- yearOfStartingWork: int
- insuaranceNumber: string
// …
is
Person
- name: string
// …
Employee
- name: string
- annualSalary: double
- yearOfStartingWork: int
- insuaranceNumber: string
// …
- private
+ public
Access modifiers
# protected
An employee is a person.
Person
Employee
is-a
relationship
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

403. Inheritance
Inherit attributes and methods
from one class to another
Benefit: Code reusability
Derived class (child) - the class
that inherits from another class
Base class (parent) - the class
being inherited from
DerivedClass(BaseClass)
Animal
# name: string
+ setName(string): void
Cat
// …
is
A cat is an animal.
Animal
Cat
is-a
relationship
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
43

404. Inheritance
Year 2022
Super Class
Subclass
UMLAnnotation
‘-’ stands for ‘private’
‘#’ stands for ‘protected’
‘+’ stands for ‘public’
What features does a manager inherit?
 Introduction
To extend an existing class
Employee
# name: string
# salary: double
+ computeSalary(): double
Manager
- bonus: double
+ computeSalary(): double
is
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
44

405. Inheritance
 As a template
Year 2022 https://beginnersbook.com/2013/05/java-abstract-class-method/
A class Animal that has a method sound() and the subclasses of it like Dog,
Lion, Horse, Cat, etc.
Since the animal sound differs from one animal to another, there is no point
to implement this method in parent class.
This is because every child class must override this method to give its own
implementation details, like Lion class will say “Roar” in this method and
Dog class will say “Woof”.
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45

406. Inheritance
Year 2022
 As a template
Animal
+ sound(): void
is
Horse
+ sound(): void
Dog
+ sound(): void
Lion
+ sound(): void
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407. Example
 Implement the two classes below
Math1
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
Math2
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateE(int): double
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47
Year 2022

408. Example
Year 2022
Math1
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
Implement the two
classes below
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409. Example
Math2
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double
Implement the two classes below
𝑒 = 2.71828
AI VIETNAM
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Year 2022

410. Example
Math2
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double
Implement the two classes below
𝑒 = 2.71828
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50
Year 2022

411. Example
How to reuse an existing class?
Math1
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
Math2
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
+ estimateEuler(int): double
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

412. Example
 Inheritance
Year 2022
Math1: super class or
parent class
Math2: child class or
derived class
Child classes can use
the public and protected
attributes and methods
of the super classes.
Math1
+ __init__()
+ isEven(int): bool
+ factorial(int): int
Math2
+ __init__()
+ estimateEuler(int): double
52
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

413. 53

414. 54

415. Another Example
Employee-Manager Example: Simple requirement
A standard employee of company X includes his/her name and
base salary. For example, Peter is working for X, and his base
salary is 60000$ a year. Implement the Employee class and the
computeSalary() method to compute the final salary for an
employee. The salary for an employee is his/her base salary.
A manager includes his/her name, base salary, and bonus. The final
salary for the manager comprises the base salary and a bonus. For
example, Mary is a manager in the company. Her base salary and
bonus are 60000$ and 20000$ a year, respectively. Yearly, she gets
paid 80000$ a year. Implement the Manager class and the
computeSalary() method to compute the final salary.
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
Employee
- name: string
- salary: double
+ computeSalary(): double
Manager
- name: string
- salary: double
- bonus: double
+ computeSalary(): double

416. Another Example
Employee-Manager Example (Using inheritance)
A standard employee of company X includes his/her name and base salary. For example,
Peter is working for X, and his base salary is 60000$ a year.
Implement the Employee class and the computeSalary() method to compute the final
salary for an employee. The salary for an employee is his/her base salary.
A manager is an employee who has the name and base salary attributes. However, the
final salary for the manager comprises the base salary and a bonus.
For example, Mary is a manager in the company. Her base salary and bonus are 60000$
and 20000$ a year, respectively. Yearly, she gets paid 80000$ a year.
Implement the Manager class and the computeSalary() method to compute the final
salary.
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

417. Another Example
Employee-Manager
Employee
# name: string
# salary: double
+ computeSalary(): double
Manager
- bonus: double
+ computeSalary(): double
is
57

418. Example
 Inheritance recognition
Year 2022
Squares and circles are both examples of
shapes. There are certain questions one can
reasonably ask of both a circle and a square
(such as, ‘what is the area?’ or ‘what is the
perimeter?’) but some questions can be asked
only of one or the other but not both (such as,
‘what is the length of a side?’ or ‘what is the
radius?’)
Square
- side: int
+ perimeter(): double
+ area(): double
Circle
- radius: double
+ perimeter(): double
+ area(): double
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58

419. Example
 Inheritance recognition
Square
- side: int
+ __init__(int)
Circle
- radius: double
+ __init__(double)
Shape
+ perimeter(): double
+ area(): double
is
Shape does not know how to
compute its perimeter and area
Use @abstractmethod to ask its
child to implement them
Using pass in the abstract method
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Year 2022

420. Example
 Inheritance recognition
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
60

421. Example
 Inheritance recognition
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

422. Example
 Inheritance recognition
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022

423. Example
 Exercise
Square
- side: int
+ __init__(int)
Circle
- radius: double
+ __init__(double)
Shape
+ perimeter(): double
+ area(): double
is
Rectangle
- height: int
- width: int
+ __init__(int, int)
AI VIETNAM
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425. Overriding
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Overriding
66
Employee
- name: string
- salary: double
+ computeSalary(): double
Manager
- bonus: double
+ computeSalary(): double
is
Overriding is a feature that
allows a child class to provide
a specific implementation of a
method that is already
provided by its super-class.

426. Overriding
Example
Doctor
+ perform(): void
Student
+ perform(): void
Person
+ perform(): void
is
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

427. Vector
- x: int
- y: int
+ __init__(int, int)
+ add(Vector): void
+ dotProduct(Vector): int
+ check(Vector): bool
A vector in 2D includes x and y.
1) Implement a constructor with no
parameters. This constructors set 1
to x and y.
2) Implement a constructor with two
parameters x and y.
3) Implement a destructor
4) Write a method to compute the
addition between a vector and
another vector
5) Write a method to compute the dot
product between two vectors.
6) Check if two vectors are the same
Exercise Ԧ
𝑥 =
2
3
Ԧ
𝑦 =
4
2
Ԧ
𝑦
Ԧ
𝑥
Ԧ
𝑣 =
3
3
+ Ԧ
𝑦 =
7
5
Ԧ
𝑣
𝑢 =
4
4
+ Ԧ
𝑥 =
6
7
𝑢
x. y = ෍
1
𝑛
𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖
Dot Product

429. Advanced Python
Year 2022
Quang-Vinh Dinh
Ph.D. in Computer Science
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

430.  Exception
 Iterator
 Generator
 Decorator
 Text Libraries
 Sound Libraries
Outline

431. Try/Catch
 Used in functions
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
1

432. Try/Catch
 Exception Handling
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Code in try Code in catch
Something
wrong
Code after
try/catch
2

433. Try/Catch
 Exception Handling
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Code in try Code in catch
Something
wrong
Code in finally
Code after
try/catch
3

434. Try/Catch
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Code in try Code in catch
Something
wrong
Code in finally
Code after
try/catch
4
 Exception Handling

435. Try/Catch
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Code in try Code in catch
Something
wrong
Code in finally
Code after
try/catch
5
 Exception Handling

436. Exception in Python
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
6
https://chercher.tech/python-programming/python-exception-handling

437. Common Exceptions
 KeyError
 FileNotFoundError
 IndexError
7

438. Common Exceptions
 ZeroDivisionError
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
8
 OverflowError

439. Common Exceptions
 ValueError
Year 2022 9
 NameError
 SyntaxError

440. Common Exceptions
 IndentationError
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 TypeErrors
10

441. Common Exceptions
 StopIteration
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
11

442. PermissionError
Year 2022
EOFError
Common Exceptions
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
hit Ctrl+D while waiting for input from users
12

444. Iterator
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 13
 Introduction

445. Iterator
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Range and Iterator
Year 2022 14

446. Iterator
4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 15
 Range and Iterator

447. Iterator
4
16
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Range and Iterator

448. Iterator
4
17
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Range and Iterator

449. Iterator
4
18
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 List and Iterator

450. Iterator
4
19
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 List and Iterator
Year 2022

451. Iterator
4
20
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Tuple and Iterator
Year 2022

452. Iterator
4
21
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Tuple and Iterator
Year 2022

453. Iterator
4
22
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 String and Iterator
Year 2022

454. Iterator
4
23
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 String and Iterator

455. Iterator
4
24
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Set and Iterator
Year 2022

456. Iterator
4
25
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Set and Iterator

457. Iterator
4
26
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Dictionary and Iterator
Year 2022

458. Iterator
4
27
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Dictionary and Iterator
Year 2022

459. Iterator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
28
1 Create iterator using iter()
2 Get value using next()

460. Iterator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
29
 Classes and Iterator

461. Iterator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
30
1 Implement iter()
2 Implement next()
3 Raise StopIteration

462. Iterator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
31

463. Iterator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
32

464. Iterator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
33

465. “A wonderful little production. <br /><br />The filming technique is very unassuming- very old-
time-BBC fashion and gives a comforting, and sometimes discomforting, sense of realism to the
entire piece…..”
positive
“This show was an amazing, fresh & innovative idea in the 70's when it first aired. The first 7 or 8
years were brilliant, but things dropped off after that. By 1990, the show was not really funny
anymore, and it's continued its decline further to the complete waste of time it is today….”
negative
“I thought this was a wonderful way to spend time on a too hot summer weekend, sitting in the air
conditioned theater and watching a light-hearted comedy. The plot is simplistic, but the dialogue is
witty and the characters are likable (even the well bread suspected serial killer)….”
positive
“BTW Carver gets a very annoying sidekick who makes you wanna shoot him the first three
minutes he's on screen.”
negative
Iterator
Year 2022
 For large datasets
Features Label

466. Iterator
 For large datasets
dataset
a chunk
a chunk
a chunk
a chunk
A whole dataset does not fit the
memory, but a chunk does

468. From Iterator to Generator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
34
Iterator Generator

469. Generator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
34

470. Generator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
35

471. Generator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
36
 Create a generator

472. Generator
 For large datasets
dataset
a chunk
a chunk
a chunk
a chunk
A whole dataset does not fit the
memory, but a chunk does

473.  Exception
 Iterator
 Generator
 Decorator
 Text Libraries
 Sound Libraries
Outline

474. Inner Functions
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
37
 Functions as variables

475. Decorator
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Motivation
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
∆= 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
…

477. Decorator
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Motivation
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
∆= 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
…
How to add the constraint without
modifying the existing code?
𝑎 ≠ 0
A constraint

478. Decorator
 Solution 1

479. Decorator
 Solution 2
 A function as an argument

480. Decorator
 Solution 3

481. Decorator
 Solution 3

482. Walrus Operator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
45
 Variable assignments inside
of larger expressions
data
expected length is 5 Truncate
padding
if shorter
if longer

483. Walrus Operator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
46
 Variable assignments inside
of larger expressions
data
expected length is 5 Truncate
padding
if shorter
if longer

484. Walrus Operator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
47
 Variable assignments inside of larger expressions
Generate random numbers until getting 5

485. Walrus Operator
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
48
 Variable assignments inside of larger expressions
Generate random numbers until getting 5

486.  Exception
 Iterator
 Generator
 Decorator
 Text Libraries
 Sound Libraries
Outline

487. Natural Language Processing
 Introduction
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
www.sneakernews.ml 49

488. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 Practical Natural Language Processing by Sowmya Vajjala, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana 50

489. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Practical Natural Language Processing by Sowmya Vajjala,
Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana
51

490. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/trending-natural-language-processing-applications/ 52

491. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Text Classification
https://codeit.us/blog/nlp-applications-in-business 53

492. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
https://codeit.us/blog/nlp-applications-in-business
https://monkeylearn.com/text-classification/
 Text Classification
Topic Labeling
Sentiment Analysis
54

493. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 https://monkeylearn.com/text-classification/
 Text Classification
Intent Detection
Language Detection
55

494. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
https://www.slideserve.com/london/natural-language-processing-information-extraction-cse-573-dan-weld
 Information Extraction IE Pipeline
56

495. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Information Extraction
57

496. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 https://mobidev.biz/blog/natural-language-processing-nlp-use-cases-business
 Information Extraction
58

497. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 https://mobidev.biz/blog/natural-language-processing-nlp-use-cases-business
 Information Extraction
59

498. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022 Practical Natural Language Processing by Sowmya Vajjala, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana
 Conversational Agents (Chatbots)
61

499. NLPApplications
 Conversational Agents (Chatbots)
Recipe Recommendations
Dialog Systems in Detail
Practical Natural Language Processing by Sowmya Vajjala,
Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, Harshit Surana
63

500. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Topics in Brief
1. Spelling correction
2. Snippet extraction: All the search
results show a text snippet involving
the query.
3. Biographical information extraction
4. Search results classification: all,
news, images, videos
1
2
3
4
Search and Information Retrieval

501. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Topics in Brief
https://mobidev.biz/blog/natural-language-processing-nlp-use-cases-business 65

502. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Topics in Brief
https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/ai-customer-engineering-team/bootstrap-your-text-summarization-solution-with-the-latest/ba-p/1268809 66

503. NLPApplications
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 Topics in Brief
https://www.studytonight.com/post/different-machine-translation-models-in-nlp
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2019/01/neural-machine-translation-keras/
Machine Translation
68

505. Text Libraries
❖ Underthesea Library
Open-source Vietnamese Natural Language Process Toolkit
🔨 Installation:
📝 Description:
 A Vietnamese NLP toolkit: API for apply some pretrained NLP models.
 A Pytorch library: backed by Pytorch libraray.
 A open-source software
source: https://github.com/undertheseanlp/underthesea
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
69

506. Text Libraries
❖ Underthesea Library: Usages
source: https://github.com/undertheseanlp/underthesea
😳 Syntax: underthesea.pos_tag(sentence)
Input:
• sentence: raw sentence (unicode, str)
Output:
• tokens: list of tuple with word, pos tag
🌟 POS Tagging
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
70

507. Text Libraries
🌟 Text Classification
source: https://github.com/undertheseanlp/underthesea
😳 Syntax: underthesea.classify(X)
Input:
• X: raw sentence (unicode, str)
Output:
• tokens: list categories of sentence
Articles
Text
Classification
technology
finance
social science
Output
Input
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
71
❖ Underthesea Library: Usages

508. Text Libraries
🌟 Sentiment Analysis
source: https://github.com/undertheseanlp/underthesea
😳 Syntax: underthesea.sentiment(X)
Input:
• X: raw sentence (unicode, str)
Output:
• labels: sentiment of sentence
Sentiment
Analysis
Sentiment
category
Output
Input
Text
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
72
❖ Underthesea Library: Usages

509. Text Libraries
❖ translate Library
source: https://pypi.org/project/translate/
🔨 Installation:
A simple yet powerful command line translator with google translate behind it
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
73

510. Text Libraries
source: https://pypi.org/project/translate/
😳 Syntax: translate.Translator.translate(X)
Input:
• X: raw sentence (unicode, str)
Output:
• y: translated sentence
Machine
Translation
Output
Input
Text in
English
Text in
Vietnamese
🌟 Machine Translation
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
74
❖ translate Library

511. Text Libraries
❖ googletrans Library
source: https://pypi.org/project/googletrans/
🔨 Installation:
A free and unlimited python library that implemented Google Translate API
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
75

512. Text Libraries
😳 Syntax: googletrans.Translator.translate(text)
Input:
• text: raw text (unicode, str)
Output:
• <class 'googletrans.models.Translated'>
Machine
Translation
Output
Input
Text in
English
Text in
Vietnamese
source: https://pypi.org/project/googletrans/
🌟 Machine Translation
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
76
❖ googletrans Library

513. Text Libraries
❖ newspaper3k Library
🔨 Installation:
Amazing Python library for extracting & curating articles
source: https://newspaper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
78

514. Text Libraries
😳 Syntax: newspaper.Article
Input:
• url: article’s url (str)
Output:
• <class 'newspaper.article.Article'>
Crawl data
system
Output
Input
Article’s url Article (str)
source: https://newspaper.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
🌟 Text crawler
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
79
❖ newspaper3k Library

515. Text Libraries
❖ gensim Library
🔨 Installation:
A Python library for topic modelling, document indexing and similarity retrieval
with large corpora
source: https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
80

516. Text Libraries
😳 Syntax: gensim.summarization.summarize(text, ratio=0.2)
Input:
• text: article text (str)
• ratio: the propotion of the number of sentences of the original text to be chosen for the summary
Output:
• Most representative sentences of the given text
Text
Summarization
Output
Input
Article
Summary
text
source: https://radimrehurek.com/gensim/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
81
❖ gensim Library

517.  Exception
 Iterator
 Generator
 Decorator
 Text Libraries
 Sound Libraries
Outline

518. https://research.aimultiple.com/voice-recognition-applications/
https://www.syndacast.com/google-voice-search-users-and-how-they-use-it/
Using voice assistant to search for stuff on the Internet has now become the ideal way of searching for 71% of participants
in a PWC survey
Voice search
82

519. Voice to text
58% of respondents claimed to text their friends by using voice assistant, rather than to physically type. Source: PWC
http://www.hoanvusolutions.com.vn/phan-mem-speech-recognition-cho-ios/
https://research.aimultiple.com/voice-recognition-applications/
https://viblo.asia/p/machine-learning-that-thu-vi-6-nhan-dien-giong-noi-1Je5E8DylnL 84

520. Voice commands to smart home devices
https://ebusinessinstitute.com/voice/
Dummy-Based Anonymization for Voice-Controlled IoT Devices, Katrin Winkler and Erik Buchmann
https://fptshop.store/tuya-wifi-ir-remote-control-for-smart-home-infrared-universal-remote-control-for-alexa-and-google-home-l1462654249.html 85

521. https://www.247.ai/products/voices
https://voximplant.com/blog/4-ivr-strategies-that-take-your-customer-calls-from-good-to-great
Interactive Voice Response
86

522. https://www.ivrtechgroup.com/ivr/what-is-interactive-voice-response-ivr
Interactive Voice Response
87

523. Voice
biometrics
for security
Pal, Gregory. (2016). Voice of the
people: The case for biometrics in
government. Biometric Technology
Today. 2016. 5-7. 10.1016/S0969-
4765(16)30087-X.
Voice recognition
authentication
system

525. Speech Libraries
❖ librosa Library
🔨 Installation:
A python package for music and audio analysis
source: https://librosa.org/doc/latest/index.html
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
89

526. Text Libraries
❖ librosa Library: Usages
😳 Syntax: librosa.load(filename, sr=22050)
Input:
• filename: filepath of .wav soundfile
Output:
• data: sound datapoints (in time-domain)
• sr: sampling rate of the sound
Speech Reader
Input
source: https://librosa.org/doc/main/generated/librosa.load.html
🌟 Sound reader
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
90

527. Text Libraries
😳 Syntax: librosa.feature.melspectrogram(y, sr)
Input:
• y: audio datapoints
• sr: sampling rate of audio
Output:
• S: vector of mel spectrogram
Mel
spectrogram
converter
Input
Audio data points,
sampling rate
🌟 Mel spectrogram converter
source: https://librosa.org/doc/main/generated/librosa.feature.melspectrogram.html
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
91
❖ librosa Library: Usages

528. Speech Libraries
❖ SpeechRecognition Library
🔨 Installation:
Library for performing speech recognition, with support for several engines and
APIs, online and offline
source: https://pypi.org/project/SpeechRecognition/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
94

529. Text Libraries
😳 Syntax: speech_recognition.Recognizer.recognize_google(audio, language)
Input:
• audio: audio data (AudioData class)
• language: input audio language
Output:
• text: transcribed text (str)
Automatic
Speech
Recognition
Input
🌟 Automatic Speech Recognition
Output
Transcribed
text
source: https://pypi.org/project/SpeechRecognition/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
95
❖ SpeechRecognition Library

530. Speech Libraries
❖ gTTS Library
🔨 Installation:
A Python library and CLI tool to interface with Google Translate’s text-to-speech
API.
source: https://pypi.org/project/gTTS/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
96

531. Text Libraries
😳 Syntax: gTTS(content, lang)
Input:
• content: a string
• lang: spoken language
Output: <class 'gtts.tts.gTTS'>
Text to Speech
Input
🌟 Text to Speech
Output
source: https://pypi.org/project/gTTS/
Text
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
97
❖ gTTS Library

533. Advanced Python
Data Loading and Saving
Year 2022
Quang-Vinh Dinh
Ph.D. in Computer Science
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

534.  XML
 JSON
 Tabular Data
 Image Data
 Some important libs
Outline

535. XML
 eXtensible Markup Language
 Designed to store and transport data
 Designed to be both human- and machine-readable.
Year 2022 1
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

536. XMLApplication
VOC2007 Dataset
20 categories
Year 2022
Person: person
Animal: bird, cat, cow, dog, horse, sheep
Vehicle: aeroplane, bicycle, boat, bus, car, motorbike, train
Indoor: bottle, chair, dining table, potted plant, sofa, tv/monitor

537. VOC2007 Dataset
 Example
3
Year 2022

538. Image labelling Tool

539. XML
 Example
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
To
Address
Body

540. XML
Year 2022 6
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Example
author
title
publisher

541. XML
 Syntax
Year 2022
XML Prologue
Attribute
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
7

542. XML
Year 2022
Element
Opening tag
Closing tag
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
8
 Syntax

543. XML
 Syntax
 All elements must be properly nested within each other
 XML Tags are Case Sensitive
Year 2022
https://codebeautify.org/xmlvalidator
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
9

544. XML
 XML documents form a tree structure
Year 2022 https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xml_tree.asp
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

545. XML
 XMLAttribute
 XML Element
 Text
 Attributes
 Other elements
 Mix of the above
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
8
11
Element
Attribute
Text
Mix

546. XML
 XML Elements vs. Attributes
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
9
12
Element
Attribute
Which one is better?

547. XML
Year 2022 13
https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xml_attributes.asp
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 XML Elements vs. Attributes
Element
Attribute

548. XML in Python
 xml.etree.ElementTree
Year 2022 14
Root element
<letter>
Element
<to>
Text
John
Element
<from>
Text
Mary
Element
<heading>
Text
Greeting
Element
<body>
Text
…

549. XML in Python
Year 2022 15
Root element
<letter>
Element
<to>
Element
<from>
Element
<heading>
Element
<body>
Text
John
Text
Mary
Text
Greeting
Text
…
[0] [1] [2] [3]
[0]
[3]
.text .text

550. XML in Python
Year 2022 16
Root element
<letter>
Element
<to>
Element
<from>
Element
<heading>
Element
<body>
Text
John
Text
Mary
Text
Greeting
Text
…
find('to')
find('body')
.text .text

551. XML in Python
 xml.etree.ElementTree
Year 2022 17
Read from a file
Get root element
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

552. XML in Python
 xml.etree.ElementTree
Year 2022 18
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

553. XML in Python
 xml.etree.ElementTree
Year 2022 19

554. XML in Python
Year 2022 20
Root element
<letter>
Element
<date>
Element
<body>
Text
…
find(‘date')
Element
<day>
Element
<month>
Element
<year>
Text
19
Text
7
Text
2020
find(‘body')

555. XML in Python
Year 2022 21
Root element
<letter>
Element
<date>
Element
<body>
Text
…
find(‘day')
Element
<day>
Element
<month>
Element
<year>
Text
19
Text
7
Text
2020
find(‘body')
Year 2022

556. XML in Python
Year 2022 22
Root element
<letter>
Element
<date>
Element
<body>
Text
…
find(‘day')
Element
<day>
Element
<month>
Element
<year>
Text
19
Text
7
Text
2020
find(‘body')
find(‘date')

557. XML in Python
Year 2022 23
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
…
…
Element
<name>
Element
<salary>
Attribute
id=“1001”
Text
John
Text
100

558. XML in Python
24
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
…
…
Element
<name>
Element
<salary>
Attribute
id=“1001”
Text
John
Text
100
find(‘staff')
get(‘id')
find(‘name')

559. XML in Python
25
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
…
…
Element
<name>
Element
<salary>
Attribute
id=“1001”
Text
John
Text
100
findall(‘staff')

560. XML in Python
26
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
…
…
Element
<name>
Element
<salary>
Attribute
id=“1001”
Text
John
Text
100
find(‘name')
findall(‘staff')
get(‘id')

561. XML in Python
 Example
27
Root element
<company>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Text
John
Element
<staff>
Attribute
id=“1001”
Element
<nickname>
Text
Stone
Element
<lastname>
Text
Smith
Element
<salary>
Text
100000
Attribute
currency=“USD”

562. XML in Python
 Example
28
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Element
<nickname>
Text
John
Text
Smith
Attribute
id=“1001”
Element
<salary>
Text
100000
Text
Stone
Attribute
currency=“USD”
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Using find()

563. XML in Python
 Example
Year 2022 29
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

564. XML in Python
 Example
Year 2022 30

565. XML in Python
Year 2022 31
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Example

566. XML in Python
Year 2022 32
 Example

567. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 33
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
Peter
Text
White

568. XML in Python
Year 2022 34
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
 Save an XML document

569. XML in Python
Year 2022 35
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
 Save an XML document

570. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 36
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
<firstname>

571. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 37
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
<firstname>
Text
John

572. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 38
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith

573. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 39
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith

574. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 40
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith

575. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 41
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith

576. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 42
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith
Element
<firstname>
Text
Peter

577. XML in Python
 Save an XML document
Year 2022 43
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
Peter
Text
White

578. XML in Python
Year 2022 44
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Save an XML document

579. XML in Python
Year 2022 45
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
< staff >
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
Peter
Text
White
Attribute
id=“1001”
Attribute
currency=“USD”
 Save an XML document

580. XML in Python
Year 2022 46
Root element
<company>
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Save an XML document

581. XML in Python
Year 2022 47
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Save an XML document

582. XML in Python
Year 2022 48
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Attribute
id=“1001”
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Save an XML document

583. XML in Python
Year 2022 49
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Attribute
id=“1001”
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Save an XML document

584. XML in Python
Year 2022 50
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
<firstname>
Text
John
Attribute
id=“1001”
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Save an XML document

585. XML in Python
Year 2022 51
Root element
<company>
Element
<staff>
Element
<firstname>
Element
<lastname>
Text
John
Text
Smith
Attribute
id=“1001”
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Save an XML document

586. XML in Python
Year 2022 52
 Save an XML document

587. XML in Python
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 XML and Dictionary
52

588.  XML
 JSON
 Tabular Data
 Image Data
 Some important libs
Outline

589. JSON
 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
 Data exchange format
 Lightweight
 Text-based
 Language-independent
 Designed to be both human- and machine-readable.
Year 2022 1
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
53

590. JSON
 Example
Year 2022 2
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
54

591. JSON
Year 2022 3
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Example
55

592. JSON
Year 2022 4
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Example
56

593. JSON
Year 2022 6
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Example
57

594. JSON
 Syntax
Year 2022
Object
A pair
7
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
58

595. JSON
Year 2022
Object
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON
8
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Syntax
59

596. JSON
Year 2022
Array of objects
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON
9
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Syntax
60

597. JSON
 Syntax
 Validator
Year 2022 61
https://jsonlint.com/
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

598. JSON in Python
 Example
 Read JSON
Year 2022 62
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

599. JSON in Python
 Example
 Save JSON data
Year 2022 63
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

600.  XML
 JSON
 Tabular Data
 Image Data
 Some important libs
Outline

601. Important Packages
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
1 2 3
Axis 0
Axis 0
Axis 1
1 2
3 4
5 6
 Numpy is a Python library
 For scientific computations
 Numpy array Tensor in Tensorflow and Pytorch
 Numpy arrays are multi-dimensional arrays
1D array 2D array
1 2
4 5
7 8
3
6
9
Axis 0
Axis 1
Axis 2
3D array
64

602. Important Packages
 Create Numpy array
 From List
5
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
2
1
2
0
1
2 3
data
1
data 0
data 1
arr_np = np.array(python_list)
65

603. 6
Important Packages
 Common attributes in Numpy
 dtype: data type
 shape: return a tuple of #elements in each dimension
 ndim: return #dimensions
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
1 2 3
Axis 0
shape=(3,)
ndim=1
Axis 0
Axis 1
1 2
3 4
5 6
shape=(3,2)
ndim=2
1 2
4 5
7 8
3
6
9
Axis 0
Axis 1
Axis 2
shape=(3,3,2)
ndim=2
dtype example
66

604. Important Packages
 matplotlib package
Year 2022 67
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

605. Important Packages
 Tabular data
Year 2022 68
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Features Label
Advertising data

606. Important Packages
 Tabular data
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Boston House Price Data
Features Label

607. Important Packages
Year 2022
 Google Colab and Drive
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1YrU4un
s_kH9BVRDovBe8nI53qRCWd4sT?usp=sharing

608.  XML
 JSON
 Tabular Data
 Image Data
 Some important libs
Outline

609. Image Data
 Grayscale images
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
71
(Height, Width)
Pixel p = scalar
0 ≤ p ≤ 255
Resolution: #pixels
Resolution = HeightxWidth

610. Image Data
 Color images
4
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
72
(Height, Width, channel)
Pixel p=
𝑟
𝑔
𝑏
0 ≤ r,g,b ≤ 255
RGB color image Resolution: #pixels
Resolution = HeightxWidth

611. Important Packages
 PIL Image
Year 2022 73
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

612. Important Packages
Year 2022 74
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 PIL Image

613. Important Packages
Year 2022 75
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 PIL Image

614. Important Packages
Year 2022 76
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 PIL Image

615. Important Packages
77
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
Year 2022
 matplotlib package

616. Image Data
 Cat-Dog dataset
6
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
cats_and_dogs
train
validation
cat
dog
cat
dog
78

617. Important Packages
Year 2022 79
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Cat-Dog Dataset
 Cat-Dog dataset

618. Important Packages
Year 2022 80
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
 Cat-Dog dataset

619. Important Packages
 tqdm package
Year 2022 81
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

620. Important Packages
Year 2022 82
AI VIETNAM
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In Machine Learning
 matplotlib package

621. Important Packages
 Image matching: Applications
Year 2022 83
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https://pyimagesearch.com/2018/12/17/image-stitching-with-opencv-and-python/
https://paperswithcode.com/task/image-matching

622. Important Packages
 Image matching
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
points_img1, points_img2  SIFT_matching(img1, img2)

623.  XML
 JSON
 Tabular Data
 Image Data
 Some important libs
Outline

624. Important Packages
Year 2022 85
AI VIETNAM
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 os package

625. Important
Packages
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
glob package
os package

626. Important Packages
 gzip package
Year 2022 87
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All-in-One Course

627. Important Packages
 pickle package
Year 2022 88
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course

628. Important Packages
Year 2022
 Gradient computation
+
𝑥1
𝑥2
𝑥3
𝑥4
𝑦 ∙ 2

629. Important Packages
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
𝑥 ∙ 2 ∙ 2
𝑦 𝑧
 Gradient computation

630. Important Packages
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
∗ 𝑦
 Gradient computation

631. Important Packages
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
𝑔 𝑥 = −3𝑥 + 4
ℎ 𝑔 = 2𝑔 + 1
 Gradient computation

632. Important Packages
Year 2022
AI VIETNAM
All-in-One Course
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1
ℎ 𝑔 = 𝑒𝑔
 Gradient computation

633. Important Packages
Year 2022
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥2𝑒𝑥 + 2𝑥
ℎ 𝑔 = 𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑔
 Gradient computation
94