The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) was implemented across India to address mental, neurological, and substance use disorders (MNSUDs) as part of national health programs for non-communicable diseases. The NMHP aimed to make mental healthcare available and accessible to all, particularly vulnerable groups, and integrate mental health into primary care. However, it faced limitations due to a lack of steady administration, funding, supervision and evaluation. The District Mental Health Programme (DMHP) was introduced in 2003 to overcome these limitations by making districts responsible for implementation and providing basic mental health services and community interventions.