MNCs and globalization go hand-in-hand. After reading this week's lesson, find an MNC and describe ways it has been a good citizen or a bad citizen. Don't use Nestle since it is described in the lesson.
Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 350 words. Please respond to more than 2 other students. Responses should be a minimum of 150 words and include direct questions, evidence from the literature, alternative points of view or additional insight. For more information, please review the forum discussion rubric attached below. This is the rubric that will be used for all of the forums in this class.
In this lesson we will discuss another type of non-state actor in the international system. Multinational corporations (MNCs), broadly defined, are business entities that have facilities—whether production, administrative, or distribution-related—in two or more different countries. The influence of MNCs in the international system demonstrates how foreign relations and economics are intertwined. MNCs are a relatively recent development, and although they do not have the political sovereignty or military strength possessed by states, they still exert considerable influence over the international system. MNCs also have a mixed reputation in terms of the benefits they provide and the harm they can cause, especially in the poor countries where they often locate production.
· Defining multinational corporations (MNCs)
· Types of MNCs and their characteristics
· Why MNCs exist
· How MNCs influence the international system: benefits and disadvantages
Multinational corporations are some of the most powerful non-state actors in the international system. Some researchers distinguish between a multinational corporation (MNC), which has headquarters in multiple countries, and a transnational corporation (TNC), which is headquartered in one country by operates in others as well. Because these terms are often used interchangeably in common usage, for the purposes of this lesson we will just use the term MNC to mean any company operating in multiple countries.
LOCATED IN MULTIPLE COUNTRIES
There is actually no agreed-upon definition of what constitutes a multinational corporation. Generally speaking, an MNC hosts some part of its operations in a country other than the one where it is legally headquartered. In that sense, it is literally multi-national.
CORPORATION
A corporation is a group of people, such as a company, that is legally authorized to act as a single entity. It may be privately owned, or publicly traded—meaning that stockholders are legally the corporation’s owners. Economists and legal scholars continue to debate, however, whether there should be more narrow criteria for categorizing MNCs, and what these criteria should be.
OWNERSHIP
Some argue that ownership is the key feature that defines whether a company is an MNC or not. By this narrow definition, a firm is only a multinational if it is owned by nationals of multiple countries. ...
This text was adapted under a Creative Commons Attribution-TakishaPeck109
This text was adapted under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested
by the work’s original creator or licensee.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
International HRM
Things Weren’t What They Seemed
When your organization decided to go “global” two years ago, the executives didn’t know what they were
getting into. While the international market was attractive for your company’s product, the overall plan
wasn’t executed well. The organization was having great success selling its baby bath product in the
domestic market, and once that market was saturated, the organization decided to sell the product in
South America. Millions of dollars’ worth of research went into product marketing, and great success was
had selling the product internationally. It was only when the organization decided to develop a sales
presence in Peru and purchase a company there that the problems started. While market research had
been done on the product itself, the executives of the company did little research to find out the cultural,
economic, and legal aspects of doing business in that country. It was assumed that the Peru office would
run just like the US office in terms of benefits, compensation, and hiring practices. This is where the
strategy went wrong.
Many cultural aspects presented themselves. When executives visited the Peru office, the meeting was
scheduled for 9 a.m., and executives were annoyed that the meeting didn’t actually start until 9:45 a.m.
When the annoyed executives started in on business immediately, the Peruvian executives disapproved,
but the US executives thought they disapproved of the ideas and weren’t aware that the disapproval came
from the fact that Peruvians place a high emphasis on relationships, and it was rude to get down to
business right away. When the executives walked around the office and spoke with various employees,
this blunder cost respect from the Peruvian executives. Because Peru has a hierarchical structure, it was
considered inappropriate for the executives to engage employees in this way; they should have been
speaking with management instead.
Besides the cultural misunderstandings, executives had grossly underestimated the cost of compensation
in Peru. Peru requires that all employees receive a bonus on the Peruvian Independence Day and another
on Christmas. The bonus is similar to the monthly salary. After a year of service, Peruvians are allowed to
go on paid vacation for thirty calendar days. Higher benefit costs were also an issue as well, since Peru
requires workers to contribute 22 percent of their income to pension plans, and the company is required
to pay 9 percent of salaries toward social (universal) health insurance. Life insurance is also required to be
paid by the employer after four years of service, ...
This text was adapted under a Creative Commons Attribution-TakishaPeck109
This text was adapted under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License without attribution as requested
by the work’s original creator or licensee.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
International HRM
Things Weren’t What They Seemed
When your organization decided to go “global” two years ago, the executives didn’t know what they were
getting into. While the international market was attractive for your company’s product, the overall plan
wasn’t executed well. The organization was having great success selling its baby bath product in the
domestic market, and once that market was saturated, the organization decided to sell the product in
South America. Millions of dollars’ worth of research went into product marketing, and great success was
had selling the product internationally. It was only when the organization decided to develop a sales
presence in Peru and purchase a company there that the problems started. While market research had
been done on the product itself, the executives of the company did little research to find out the cultural,
economic, and legal aspects of doing business in that country. It was assumed that the Peru office would
run just like the US office in terms of benefits, compensation, and hiring practices. This is where the
strategy went wrong.
Many cultural aspects presented themselves. When executives visited the Peru office, the meeting was
scheduled for 9 a.m., and executives were annoyed that the meeting didn’t actually start until 9:45 a.m.
When the annoyed executives started in on business immediately, the Peruvian executives disapproved,
but the US executives thought they disapproved of the ideas and weren’t aware that the disapproval came
from the fact that Peruvians place a high emphasis on relationships, and it was rude to get down to
business right away. When the executives walked around the office and spoke with various employees,
this blunder cost respect from the Peruvian executives. Because Peru has a hierarchical structure, it was
considered inappropriate for the executives to engage employees in this way; they should have been
speaking with management instead.
Besides the cultural misunderstandings, executives had grossly underestimated the cost of compensation
in Peru. Peru requires that all employees receive a bonus on the Peruvian Independence Day and another
on Christmas. The bonus is similar to the monthly salary. After a year of service, Peruvians are allowed to
go on paid vacation for thirty calendar days. Higher benefit costs were also an issue as well, since Peru
requires workers to contribute 22 percent of their income to pension plans, and the company is required
to pay 9 percent of salaries toward social (universal) health insurance. Life insurance is also required to be
paid by the employer after four years of service, ...
The opposition strategy is an assortment of law utilized to deflect prohibitive business hones. A study directed by the World Bank found that Bangladesh does not have a perfect business environment in most key ranges of beginning and working together. The study did not address the purposes behind the absence of good business environment in Bangladesh. Utilizing a purposive specimen and a sentiment overview, this paper inspected the opposition strategy of the legislature of Bangladesh in two central points. The outcomes show that in two elements, the administration's opposition approach neglects to deflect against the aggressive conduct of real firms. Encourage, individuals from common society trust defilement and remuneration assume a noteworthy part in the administration's inability to preclude predominance of significant firms.
BERTOS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION Evaluating Markets to .docxikirkton
BERTOS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION
Evaluating Markets to Invest Abroad
E. N. Roussakis and Anastasios Moysidis
Abstract: This case deals with the key considerations when planning an international
expansion through direct investment in foreign markets. These considerations must be
addressed by a finance company seeking to establish foreign subsidiaries to support the
international sales of its parent firm, a U.S.-based multinational enterprise (MNE). The
company already operates three foreign subsidiaries--in Canada, Mexico (both NAFTA
members), and the United Kingdom--but wishes to increase this network further through
entry into additional markets. Ten candidate countries are being considered to determine
the five most suitable for entry. Hence the need for a rational decision of where to invest.
Keywords: Subsidiaries; multinational enterprise; transnational activities; foreign direct
investment; greenfield investment; leveraged institution; wholesale financing; captive
finance company; retail installment contract
1 Introduction
Victoria Pernarella is a recent university graduate in business administration and a new
hire in Bertos Financial Services, Inc., a major finance company in Nashville, Tennessee.
After a month long rotational training to gain insights into the company‟s scope of
activities, she was placed in the international department where she has been assigned to
work on a project. Bill Pappas, her manager, had asked her to analyze a select number of
foreign countries to determine the best prospects for the local establishment of subsidiary
finance companies. He went on to clarify that the mode of entry into the foreign markets--
acquisition of an existing company or a greenfield investment (from the ground up, that is,
from a green field)--was not a primary consideration at this stage. The candidate countries
were Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, France, Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland,
Turkey, and Venezuela. With finance companies highly leveraged institutions, the firm
was prepared to provide the initial amount of equity capital needed for the establishment
of five such institutions. At this stage therefore, the study ought to limit its
recommendation to a corresponding number of foreign countries.
With this information at hand, Victoria started reflecting on the approach to use for
her analysis. Sensing the need to prove her capabilities by delivering a high quality study
for her first company assignment, she thought appropriate to first familiarize herself with
the pertinent literature on the international expansion of multinational enterprises (MNE)
in general and banks in particular, and then review background information on her
employer, and the scope of activities of its financial subsidiary. Hence the sequence of the
following sections which address the internationalization process (literature review on the
development of MNEs), the mod ...
The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems. Globalisation refers to rapid increase in the share of economic activity taking place across national borders. It goes beyond the international trade includes goods and services, delivered &sold & movement of capital.
Globalization or globalisation is the trend of increasing interaction between people or companies on a worldwide scale due to advances in transportation and communication technology, normally beginning with the steamship and the telegraph in the early to mid-1800s. With increased interactions between nation-states and individuals came the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects, but conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization.
Unit 1: Environmental Context of International Business, Framework for analyzing international
business environment – Domestic, foreign and global environments and their impact on
international business decisions.
Global Trading Environment: World trade in goods and services – Major trends and developments;
World trade and protectionism – Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Counter trade.
Unit 2: International Financial Environment: Foreign investments -Pattern, Structure and effects;
Movements in foreign exchange and interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Unit 3: International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank UNCTAD,
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), GSP, GSTP and other International agreements;
International commodity trading and agreements.
Unit 4: Multinational Corporations and their involvement in International Business: Issues in
foreign investments, technology transfer, pricing and regulations; International collaborative
arrangements and strategic alliances.
Unit 5: Regional Economic Groupings in Practice: Regionalism vs. multilaterallism, Structure and
functioning of EC and NAFTA; Regional economic cooperation. Emerging Developments and
Other Issues: Growing concern for ecology; Counter trade; IT and international business.
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS?
Advantages of International Business:
Dis-Advantages of International Business:
5 kinds of International best Business:
Foreign direct investment (fdi).
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT EXPLAINED IN one MINUTE
Imports @ Exports
(Need in 2 hours) 100 plagiarism freeIn our society as we deal .docxraju957290
(Need in 2 hours) 100% plagiarism free
In our society as we deal on a daily basis with threats and opportunities we often don’t consider the events that got us to where we are today. We just try to work ahead and make something that is new or better than what we perceive we have now. In doing so we may be repeating mistakes from the past and we may be overlooking some success that has already occurred. Itis important to know the history of the type of venture that we are engaged in so that we can use our time and resources efficiently. This can certainly be said of police/citizen relations.
For this week’s assignment consider how American policing has evolved from its earliest beginnings until now. Analyze the memorable events and remarkable people who influenced the development of our system and describe why changes were made and how effective they have been. Critically examine the early founding principles of policing, such as those suggested by Sir Robert Peel and apply those principles to what is actually happening today.
Write a 1 page APA style paper. Only the body of the paper will count toward the word requirement (title page and references are in addition to the 1 pages)
In your paper, cite at least 2-3 references using the APA style guide format for in-text citation.
Only one reference may be found on the internet. The other references must be found in the library (this includes EBSCO Host and the Gale Criminal Justice
Collection
).
Click
here
to view your assignment rubric.
.
(Minimum of 250 words with peer review reference ) I am a nurse.docxraju957290
(Minimum of 250 words with peer review reference )
I am a nurse working in the emergency room)
In your own words, define
translational research
and how it connects to your role, either individually or in collective practice. Describe how you might use it in your current or anticipated future setting.
.
More Related Content
Similar to MNCs and globalization go hand-in-hand. After reading this weeks.docx
The opposition strategy is an assortment of law utilized to deflect prohibitive business hones. A study directed by the World Bank found that Bangladesh does not have a perfect business environment in most key ranges of beginning and working together. The study did not address the purposes behind the absence of good business environment in Bangladesh. Utilizing a purposive specimen and a sentiment overview, this paper inspected the opposition strategy of the legislature of Bangladesh in two central points. The outcomes show that in two elements, the administration's opposition approach neglects to deflect against the aggressive conduct of real firms. Encourage, individuals from common society trust defilement and remuneration assume a noteworthy part in the administration's inability to preclude predominance of significant firms.
BERTOS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION Evaluating Markets to .docxikirkton
BERTOS MANUFACTURING CORPORATION
Evaluating Markets to Invest Abroad
E. N. Roussakis and Anastasios Moysidis
Abstract: This case deals with the key considerations when planning an international
expansion through direct investment in foreign markets. These considerations must be
addressed by a finance company seeking to establish foreign subsidiaries to support the
international sales of its parent firm, a U.S.-based multinational enterprise (MNE). The
company already operates three foreign subsidiaries--in Canada, Mexico (both NAFTA
members), and the United Kingdom--but wishes to increase this network further through
entry into additional markets. Ten candidate countries are being considered to determine
the five most suitable for entry. Hence the need for a rational decision of where to invest.
Keywords: Subsidiaries; multinational enterprise; transnational activities; foreign direct
investment; greenfield investment; leveraged institution; wholesale financing; captive
finance company; retail installment contract
1 Introduction
Victoria Pernarella is a recent university graduate in business administration and a new
hire in Bertos Financial Services, Inc., a major finance company in Nashville, Tennessee.
After a month long rotational training to gain insights into the company‟s scope of
activities, she was placed in the international department where she has been assigned to
work on a project. Bill Pappas, her manager, had asked her to analyze a select number of
foreign countries to determine the best prospects for the local establishment of subsidiary
finance companies. He went on to clarify that the mode of entry into the foreign markets--
acquisition of an existing company or a greenfield investment (from the ground up, that is,
from a green field)--was not a primary consideration at this stage. The candidate countries
were Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, France, Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland,
Turkey, and Venezuela. With finance companies highly leveraged institutions, the firm
was prepared to provide the initial amount of equity capital needed for the establishment
of five such institutions. At this stage therefore, the study ought to limit its
recommendation to a corresponding number of foreign countries.
With this information at hand, Victoria started reflecting on the approach to use for
her analysis. Sensing the need to prove her capabilities by delivering a high quality study
for her first company assignment, she thought appropriate to first familiarize herself with
the pertinent literature on the international expansion of multinational enterprises (MNE)
in general and banks in particular, and then review background information on her
employer, and the scope of activities of its financial subsidiary. Hence the sequence of the
following sections which address the internationalization process (literature review on the
development of MNEs), the mod ...
The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an international network of economic systems. Globalisation refers to rapid increase in the share of economic activity taking place across national borders. It goes beyond the international trade includes goods and services, delivered &sold & movement of capital.
Globalization or globalisation is the trend of increasing interaction between people or companies on a worldwide scale due to advances in transportation and communication technology, normally beginning with the steamship and the telegraph in the early to mid-1800s. With increased interactions between nation-states and individuals came the growth of international trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has social and cultural aspects, but conflicts and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization.
Unit 1: Environmental Context of International Business, Framework for analyzing international
business environment – Domestic, foreign and global environments and their impact on
international business decisions.
Global Trading Environment: World trade in goods and services – Major trends and developments;
World trade and protectionism – Tariff and non-tariff barriers; Counter trade.
Unit 2: International Financial Environment: Foreign investments -Pattern, Structure and effects;
Movements in foreign exchange and interest rates and then impact on trade and investment flows.
Unit 3: International Economic Institutions and Agreements: WTO, IMF, World Bank UNCTAD,
Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), GSP, GSTP and other International agreements;
International commodity trading and agreements.
Unit 4: Multinational Corporations and their involvement in International Business: Issues in
foreign investments, technology transfer, pricing and regulations; International collaborative
arrangements and strategic alliances.
Unit 5: Regional Economic Groupings in Practice: Regionalism vs. multilaterallism, Structure and
functioning of EC and NAFTA; Regional economic cooperation. Emerging Developments and
Other Issues: Growing concern for ecology; Counter trade; IT and international business.
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS?
Advantages of International Business:
Dis-Advantages of International Business:
5 kinds of International best Business:
Foreign direct investment (fdi).
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT EXPLAINED IN one MINUTE
Imports @ Exports
(Need in 2 hours) 100 plagiarism freeIn our society as we deal .docxraju957290
(Need in 2 hours) 100% plagiarism free
In our society as we deal on a daily basis with threats and opportunities we often don’t consider the events that got us to where we are today. We just try to work ahead and make something that is new or better than what we perceive we have now. In doing so we may be repeating mistakes from the past and we may be overlooking some success that has already occurred. Itis important to know the history of the type of venture that we are engaged in so that we can use our time and resources efficiently. This can certainly be said of police/citizen relations.
For this week’s assignment consider how American policing has evolved from its earliest beginnings until now. Analyze the memorable events and remarkable people who influenced the development of our system and describe why changes were made and how effective they have been. Critically examine the early founding principles of policing, such as those suggested by Sir Robert Peel and apply those principles to what is actually happening today.
Write a 1 page APA style paper. Only the body of the paper will count toward the word requirement (title page and references are in addition to the 1 pages)
In your paper, cite at least 2-3 references using the APA style guide format for in-text citation.
Only one reference may be found on the internet. The other references must be found in the library (this includes EBSCO Host and the Gale Criminal Justice
Collection
).
Click
here
to view your assignment rubric.
.
(Minimum of 250 words with peer review reference ) I am a nurse.docxraju957290
(Minimum of 250 words with peer review reference )
I am a nurse working in the emergency room)
In your own words, define
translational research
and how it connects to your role, either individually or in collective practice. Describe how you might use it in your current or anticipated future setting.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) Topic 8 DQ 1.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 8 DQ 1
Open and clear communication is critical for the effective functioning of the interprofessional team and the delivery of safe patient care. Discuss the way communication technologies can enhance coordination of care by interprofessional teams. Be sure to discuss a specific communication technology in your response.
.
(Links to an external site.) (Links to an external site.) (Links.docxraju957290
(Links to an external site.)
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(Links to an external site.)
Feminism
We will be working on strengthening our ability to properly cite our philosophers with this discussion post looking again specifically at author-date in-text citations. We will not be providing bibliographic entries for this post.
I have provided a copy of the notes from our earlier discussion below for reference.
For in-text citations we will use this recipe:
"These are some example words as might be quoted by a student of philosophy" (Author's Last Name Most Recent Copyright Date of the actual Text you are referencing, page number again from the actual text you are referencing). i.e. "But enough. It is now time to leave---for me to die, and for you to live--though which of us has the better destiny is unclear to everyone, save only to God" (Plato 2011, 50). This is a reference to our class's textbook so notice it is that copyright date and that page. Think of these citations as breadcrumbs that can lead your reader to the exact quote in the exact book so they can read more if they so choose.
Assignment:
This assignment is going to be a bit different than what we have done in the past as it will involve trying to put yourself into the headspace or mindset of another classmate.
Two Texts:
We have two (2) texts for this module on feminist theory and epistemologies. We have the French existential feminist philosopher Simone De Beauvoir whose introduction to the
The Second Sex
asks us to take a critical look at what society claims, demands, and promulgates that a woman is. We are introduced to a concept of gender as possibly being different than sex. We are provided with an idea that biology might be different than the socialization or social construction involved in performing a gender or being gendered. Her thoughts center around notions of freedom and the opposite, what is named by her (and also written about by Jean Paul Sartre) as acting in "bad faith". We often avoid our freedom by giving our choices to others. We treat ourselves (like we might poorly treat others) as objects rather than being authentic and participating in our own expansive transformative growth. Beauvoir provocatively then suggests that one is not born a woman but rather becomes one.
Maria Lugones and Elizabeth Spelman provide an overview and critique of feminist theories and the practices born of them. They expose the difficulties of theorizing for a broad array of women as though there might be some one-size-fits-all way of talking about the lives of women. They connect this historical difficulty in a delightful way to their own working relationship as being a Latina and a white/Anglo woman. Through their discussion we are given a retelling of the ongoing disappointment, not only of women often not being allowed a place to speak from, b.
(Need in 5 hours no essay short answer 100 plagiarism free)De.docxraju957290
(Need in 5 hours no essay short answer 100% plagiarism free)
Describe how other ethical systems define what is moral- specifically, ethics of virtue, natural law, religion, and ethics of
care
.
What are the principles of ethical decision making?
Describe the steps in analyzing an ethical dilemma.
Under corrective justice, distinguish between substantive and procedural justice.
What steps should organizational leaders take to encourage ethical decision making on the part of employees?
Provide justification for police power and the basic ethical standards that derive from this justification and what are the ethical issues involved in proactive & reactive investigations?
Describe the types of misconduct by community corrections professionals and provide some of the explanations for this misconduct.
What are the elements of any ethical system?
Discuss three of the five types of police misconduct, with examples of each type.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) What t.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
What types of obstacles/objections do leaders face from stakeholders when implementing change within an organization? What strategies can leaders use to work with stakeholders, remove obstacles, and address objections?
.
(Page 132) G. Prewriting Using the Toulmin Model to Get Ideas for.docxraju957290
(Page 132) G. Prewriting: Using the Toulmin Model to Get Ideas for a Position Paper
You have used the Toulmin model in Exercises B through F to read and analyze other people’s argument. Now use it to identify the main parts of an argument you will write. You may use the model to help you plan any argument paper. Use the Toulmin model as a prewriting exercise to help you develop ideas for a position paper.
1. Write the claim. All of the rest of your paper will support this claim.
2. Write the support. Write two or three subclaims you will develop in the paper. To help you do this, write the word “because” after the claim, and list reasons that support it. Also jot down ideas for specific support for these subclaims, such as examples, facts, opinions, or visual images that come from your reading of the essays or from your own experience.
Student Paper #1
Sofia Diallou
Professor Miller
English 101
12 Feb. 2016
Toulmin Analysis of the “Road Trip” Cartoon
Identifies claim and support.
The reader has to infer the claim of this cartoon since it is not directly stated. The claim is that screens have replaced face-to-face conversation as the primary way people now interact with each other. The support is provided by the driver of the car, who notes how much lonelier car trips have become, and the other passengers, all of whom are focused on their smartphones and tablets.
Analyzes warrant.
The implied warrant is that screen-based technology makes us more isolated and disconnected from each other.
Identifies backing.
The backing is also implied and reinforced by the picture. It suggests that road trips are valuable opportunities for connection and conversation that many families are giving up. It also reinforces the common belief that interacting with screens is more appealing than interacting directly with people face-to-face.
Infers rebuttal.
No direct rebuttal or qualifier appears in this cartoon. I think, however, that this cartoon could be considered as a rebuttal to those who think that screen-based communication is always superior to face-to-face communication. As a rebuttal, this cartoon highlights the negative consequences of embracing screen-based communication.
3. Write the warrants. Decide whether to spell out the warrants in your paper or to leave them implicit so that the reading audience will have to infer them.
4. Decide on the backing. Assume that your classmates are your audience. They may be reading drafts of your paper. In your judgment, will some of them require backing for any of your warrants because they will not agree with them otherwise? If so, how can you back these warrants? Write out your ideas.
5. Plan rebuttal. Think about the positions others may hold on this issue. You identified some of these positions in your exploratory paper. Write out your strategies for weakening these arguments.
6. Decide whether to qualify the claim to make it more convincing to more people. Write one or more qualifiers that might work.
Read what.
(Normal Curves, 2013)In the video, Normal Curves, there is .docxraju957290
(Normal Curves, 2013)
In the video, Normal Curves, there is a discussion about how and why different types of data are normally distributed. (A simple Internet search will give you several good examples.
For your initial post, identify (but don't collect) a type of dataset that might be normally distributed, and then answer the following questions:
What is brief description of the data?
Is the data normally distributed? Specifically, why is the data not uniformly distributed, or distributed in some other way?
Normal data is clustered around the mean; what might cause the data you identified to have a different shape and not be clustered around the mean?
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) Review HIPAA.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Review HIPAA, protected health information (PHI), and requirements for privacy and confidentiality in EHRs. Discuss one ethical and one legal issue related to the use of EHRs that directly impact advanced registered nursing practice. Discuss possible consequences for compromising patient data and measures you can implement in your own practice to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)Topic 8 DQ .docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 8 DQ 1
How could Christian perspectives prevent an employee from performing their required duties? As an HR representative, what legal and ethical responsibilities do you have to ensure all employees views and beliefs are being considered?
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)Topic 7 D.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 7 DQ 2
Review HIPAA, protected health information (PHI), and requirements for privacy and confidentiality in EHRs. Discuss one ethical and one legal issue related to the use of EHRs that directly impact advanced registered nursing practice. Discuss possible consequences for compromising patient data and measures you can implement in your own practice to protect patient privacy and confidentiality.
.
(Sample) Safety and Health Training Plan 1.0 Intro.docxraju957290
(Sample)
Safety and Health Training Plan
1.0 Introduction
Training is one of the most important components within our company’s safety management system. It gives
employees an opportunity to learn their jobs properly, bring new ideas into the workplace, reinforce existing ideas
and practices, and it helps to put our Safety and Health Program into action.
Everyone in our company will benefit from safety and health training through fewer workplace injuries and illnesses,
reduced stress, and higher morale. Productivity, profits, and competitiveness will increase as production costs per
unit, turnover, and workers compensation rates lower.
2.0 Management commitment.
We (or company name) will provide the necessary funds and scheduling time to ensure effective safety and health
training is provided. This commitment will include paid work time for training and training in the language that the
worker understands. Both management and employees will be involved in developing the program.
To most effectively carry out their safety responsibilities, all employees must understand (1) their role in the program,
(2) the hazards and potential hazards that need to be prevented or controlled, and (3) the ways to protect themselves
and others. We will achieve these goals by:
• educating everyone on the natural and system consequences of their actions;
• educating all managers, supervisors and employees on their safety management system responsibilities;
• educating all employees about the specific hazards and control measures in their workplace;
• training all employees on hazard identification, analysis, reporting and control procedures; and
• training all employees on safe work procedures and practices.
Our training program will focus on health and safety concerns that determine the best way to deal with a particular
hazard. When a hazard is identified, we will first try to remove it entirely. If that is not feasible, we will then train
workers to protect themselves, if necessary, against the remaining hazard. Once we have decided that a safety or
health problem can best be addressed by training (or by another method combined with training), we will follow up by
developing specific training goals based on those particular needs.
Employees. At a minimum, employees must know the general safety and health rules of the worksite, specific site
hazards and the safe work practices needed to help control exposure, and the individual's role in all types of
emergency situations. We will ensure all employees understand the hazards to which they may be exposed and how to
prevent harm to themselves and others from exposure to these hazards.
We will commit available resources to ensure employees receive safety and health training during the circumstances
below.
• Whenever a person is hired --general safety orientation including an overview of company safety rules, and
why those r.
(SLIDES)Rohingya People Living Conditions---(Housing) and .docxraju957290
(SLIDES)
Rohingya People : Living Conditions---(Housing) and Access to Services (Healthcare)
1. Historical Content
2. Living Conditions (Housing)
3. Access to Services (Healthcare)
4. Capabilities Approach taken to help them
5. Conclusion
6. Questions (3) on their living conditions (housing) and Access to services (Healthcare)
Running Head: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2
Artificial Intelligence, the Monster we are feeding-outline
Students Name
Professors Name
Course title
Date
The monster called Artificial Intelligence
Thesis: Major laboratories have been built all over the world to prototype and generate intelligent machines through deep learning. In this paper, I will argue that Artificial Intelligence is a monster that the humans are feeding and it will one day turn and overthrow man, leaving the world in the hands of machines.
I. Introduction
A. Thesis
B. Definition the terms intelligence, deep learning, programing, machine learning
C. History of artificial intelligence.
D. Major scientists who developed AI.
E. Trends in AI
II. Machine learning
A. Supervised learning
B. Non supervised learning
C. Comparison between supervised and non-supervised learning
III. Major advantages of AI
A. Real time assistance
B. In the business field
C. Industrialization
D. Efficiency
E. Accuracy
IV. Limitations of AI
A. Cost implication
B. Threats prevention
C. Loss of metal capability
D. Social factors
E. Ethical factors
F. Men becoming slaves
G. Emotions not guaranteed
H. Rigidity in thinking and execution of instructions
V. Criticism
The divine instruction was for man to steward and subdue the world, such innovations makes the human being achieve the divine instruction. This criticism is worth because it discusses part of the work in AI as divine instruction.
There is power and happiness if a creator creates something more powerful than itself. It is the happiness of a teacher to see their students do well and even pursue a course far much better. With such social theories supporting the work of artificial intelligence, it is making sense that the same AI should not be demonized but rather be seen as a human achievement.
VI. Conclusion
All the sections and subsections are discussed in a brief, precise and clear way ranging from the definitions, the implications and how negative artificial intelligence should be depicted in this section.
References
Boddington, P. (2017). Towards a code of ethics for artificial intelligence. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Lu, H., Li, Y., Chen, M., Kim, H., & Serikawa, S. (2018). Brain intelligence: go beyond artificial intelligence. Mobile Networks and Applications, 23(2), 368-375.
Osoba, O. A., & Welser IV, W. (2017). An intelligence in our image: The risks of bias and errors in artificial intelligence. Rand Corporation.
Rosé, C. P. (2017). Artificial intelligence: A social spin on language analysis. Nature, 545(7653), 166.
Russell, .
(Need in 8 hours 100 plagiarism free) Read the following es.docxraju957290
(Need in 8 hours 100% plagiarism free)
Read the following essay from Becoming a Critical Thinker (p. 129).
Create
a 1-2 page (title page and references page not included) paper in APA format to substantiate your viewpoint (pro or con as it relates to the essay).
Base
your paper on the W.I.S.E approach (from Becoming a Critical Thinker, Chapter 2). Look for errors in thinking and explore viewpoints that are different from those expressed in the essay. Conduct research to support your viewpoint and include three references in your paper.
How the Media Distort Reality
TV and movie apologists are forever telling us that we have no business criticizing them because they are only holding a mirror up to reality. Many people buy that explanation, but they shouldn’t.
It would be more accurate to say the media hold a magnifying glass to carefully selected realities—namely, the most outrageous and sensational events of the day, such as the tragic deaths of John F. Kennedy Jr. and Princess Diana, or the trials of celebrities such as O.J. Simpson, Kobe Bryant, and Michael Jackson.
Consider how this happens. The first platoon of media people report the latest sensational story as it unfolds, squeezing each new development for all the airtime or newsprint it will yield. Meanwhile, agents and attorneys are negotiating the sale of movie and TV rights to the story. The sleazier the story, the greater
the payoff
. After the movie is produced, every situation comedy, detective show, and western drama builds an episode around the successful theme.
In this way a single despicable, disgusting act—real or imagined—can generate months of sensational media fare.
In short, the media exploit our social problems for ratings, feed us a steady
diet
of debasing material,
celebrate
irresponsible behavior, and then have the audacity to blame parents and teachers for the social problems that result.
.
(note I am a nurse working in a hospital) Develop a synopsis.docxraju957290
(note: I am a nurse working in a hospital)
Develop a synopsis of your outcomes for acquiring, developing, training, and leveraging on human capital within your organization.
and develop a synopsis of your take-away from the process. Integrate any plans for preparing for a position as an HR specialist or manager within an organization.
.
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference) Topic 8 DQ 2.docxraju957290
(minimum of 250 words with peer review reference)
Topic 8 DQ 2
Virtual care and telehealth technologies have the capability to greatly expand access to quality health care. Discuss some benefits and drawbacks of virtual care/telehealth particularly related to the collaboration and coordination of care and the role of the advanced registered nurse.
.
(See detail instruction in the attachment)This is a music pape.docxraju957290
(See detail instruction in the attachment)
This is a music paper to talk about the latest artists, music genres, or club scenes that excite your interests.
Cite AT LEAST ONE source from the course reading (I attached them down below) and TWO additional outside academic sources. In total, you should cite at lease SIX sources. You must include a reference cited list (bibliography) at the end of your essay. (please cite them carefully and easy to find, our TA read our paper very carefully and he will check every citation one by one)
A significant portion of your research will be the course readings, lectures, and listening assignments.
Use MLA citation please.
1200 words, (not including the title or the references cited list), double spaced
Answer the questions listed in the paper instruction that I attached.
I also include a class note document that I took throughout the course which includes all the music genre that I learn.
.
(please scroll all the way to bottom to see info covered in u3-4.docxraju957290
(please scroll all the way to bottom to see info covered in u3-4 below)
Over the course of the class, you will be retrieving and evaluating current event articles (in the last 5 years); making connections between the units we are currently studying and today. You will be responsible for finding an online article from a reputable news source. For example: Time.com, USA Today, The
New York Times
, etc.
See the attachment for specific details and grading criteria for the
Current Events Journal Assignment for Units 3-4
In Unit 3, we will be focusing on change and reform brought about as a result of the rapid social and economic changes of industrialization and urbanization. While the U.S. looked great from an outside perspective, with its rich flaunting their wealth and industry booming, it was riddled with exploitation of the people and political corruption, thus earning the name the Gilded Age. This brought in a sense of moral obligation and led to a reform movement that swept across the nation, with organization developing locally and nationally. This period of reform is known as the Progressive Era.
It was a time to expose the underlining errors of the U.S. society and to make changes for the good of the people. The Progressive Era would address a variety of issues, including factory and living conditions, agriculture reform, child labor, women’s rights, political reform, conservation, and other social concerns. While not perfect in its initial steps of change, this period will pave the way for continued social justice in our nation’s history.
Objectives:
Discuss the impact of political corruption on the U.S. government and evaluate the effectiveness of political reform.
Identify the leading reformers of the Progressive Era and evaluate the effectiveness of the reform movements.
Describe the problems facing farmers in the late 19th century and evaluate the effectiveness of the reform movement by the Populists and other farmers’ organizations and alliances.
Compare the Progressivism domestic and foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and William Howard Taft.
Unit 4 Imperialism and WWI
In Unit 4, we will focus on the role of the United States in World affairs. In the late 19th century, the United States not only sought to redefine itself as American, but also to establish its place in the global political arena. Foreign policies paralleled those of many European nations, with a focus on imperialism and preserving foreign interests and markets, specifically in the Western hemisphere. It will be the United States positioning in the Spanish-American war that marks the beginning of its imperial power, with future expansions and political involvement in Latin America and the Pacific Ocean.
At the turn of the century, the United States will feel the long-term effect of its imperialistic decisions. Being recognized as a World leader, involvement in international affairs now spanned beyond the Western Hemispher.
(Insert Student Name) / (Insert Student Number) - PPMP20011 Portfolio template for Week 9
PPMP20011 Portfolio Template – Week 9
Description of topics including reading samples
Learning outcomes of the unit
Learnings from your experience, this and prior unit reading, assignments
Supporting documentation including your prior learning
Week 9 Topic: Applying Project Management Standards and Frameworks.
Collaborative Project Procurement Arrangements (2015) by Derek H. T. Walker and Beverly M. Lloyd Walker;
6. Evaluate project management tools that help avoid or provide conflict resolution via negotiated solutions.
The objective of this week’s topic is to make sure you have an appreciation of the Role of the Project Manager in Commercial Negotiation.
Try to ask yourself the questions that were in the slides in this week’s lecture:
1. In what way would Project Management Standards and Frameworks impact on Commercial Negotiation?
Walker & Walker (2015) discuss the general thrust of this investigations in Chapter 7 (p 137) what are your thoughts regarding:
2. Do the conclusions in Chapter 7 p 137 seem reasonable to you?
Walker & Walker (2015) then in Chapter 7 talk about a “PraXitioner” what are your thoughts regarding:
3. Do you agree with the authors that a PraXitioner is the way forward?
Continuing the theme of the PraXitioner Walker and Walker look at Implications for PM Education and Skills; what are your thoughts regarding:
4. Do you think that there will be a future shortage of good PraXitioner’s in Commercial Negotiation situations?
In the last part of Chapter 7 is a Summary of the Walker and Walker book; what are your thoughts regarding:
5. Do you agree with the authors?
6. Do you think that RBP is a good framework for Commercial Project Negotiation?
In conclusion to this week:
7. Do the ideas in Chapter 7 help in structuring your thoughts around Commercial Project Negotiation?
PPMP20011 Unit Profile
PPMP20011 Moodle Web site
Have you any insights you can add from other units you have studies or readings you’ve made?
References
Kerzner H. 2013. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Control, 11th Edition. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Peña-Mora F., and Tamaki T. 2001. "Effect of Delivery Systems on Collaborative Negotiations for Large -Scale Infrastructure Projects”. Journal of Management in Engineering. April 2001 pp.105-121
PMI. 2013a. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) 5th Edition. USA: Project Management Institute.
Wikipedia Channel Tunnel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel
1 of 2
BUS 300 - The American Economy
Student’s Name: __________________________________________________ Date: _____________________________________
USA: Measures of Economic Well-Being 2016 2017 2018 Increase or Decrease?
Worker Productivity:
Inflation:
Unemployment (rate):
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
Unemployment rate:
U..
(Just I need APA format and simple Paragraph for each question a.docxraju957290
(Just I need APA format and simple Paragraph for each question and less than 20% plagiarism, two reference, sent me in word for edit please)
(Preferential Medical journal American psiquiatric association)
A 38-year-old woman presents to the office with complaints of weight
loss, fatigue, and insomnia of 3-month duration. She reports that she has
been feeling gradually more tired and staying up late at night because
she can’t sleep. She does not feel that she is doing as well in her occupation
as a secretary and states that she has trouble remembering things.
She does not go outdoors as much as she used to and cannot recall the
last time she went out with friends or enjoyed a social gathering. She
feels tired most of the week and states she feels that she wants to go to
sleep and frequently does not want to get out of bed. She denies any
recent medication, illicit drug, or alcohol use. She feels intense guilt
regarding past failed relationships because she perceives them as faults.
She states she has never thought of suicide, but has begun to feel increasingly
worthless.
Her vital signs and general physical examination are normal, although
she becomes tearful while talking. Her mental status examination is significant
for depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, and difficulty attending
to questions. Laboratory studies reveal a normal metabolic panel, normal
complete blood count, and normal thyroid functions.
➤ What is the most likely diagnosis?
➤ What is your next step?
➤ What are important considerations and potential complications of
management?
.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
MNCs and globalization go hand-in-hand. After reading this weeks.docx
1. MNCs and globalization go hand-in-hand. After reading this
week's lesson, find an MNC and describe ways it has been a
good citizen or a bad citizen. Don't use Nestle since it is
described in the lesson.
Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
Please respond to more than 2 other students. Responses should
be a minimum of 150 words and include direct questions,
evidence from the literature, alternative points of view or
additional insight. For more information, please review the
forum discussion rubric attached below. This is the rubric that
will be used for all of the forums in this class.
In this lesson we will discuss another type of non-state actor in
the international system. Multinational corporations (MNCs),
broadly defined, are business entities that have facilities—
whether production, administrative, or distribution-related—in
two or more different countries. The influence of MNCs in the
international system demonstrates how foreign relations and
economics are intertwined. MNCs are a relatively recent
development, and although they do not have the political
sovereignty or military strength possessed by states, they still
exert considerable influence over the international system.
MNCs also have a mixed reputation in terms of the benefits they
provide and the harm they can cause, especially in the poor
countries where they often locate production.
· Defining multinational corporations (MNCs)
· Types of MNCs and their characteristics
· Why MNCs exist
· How MNCs influence the international system: benefits and
disadvantages
Multinational corporations are some of the most powerful non-
state actors in the international system. Some researchers
distinguish between a multinational corporation (MNC), which
has headquarters in multiple countries, and a transnational
2. corporation (TNC), which is headquartered in one country by
operates in others as well. Because these terms are often used
interchangeably in common usage, for the purposes of this
lesson we will just use the term MNC to mean any company
operating in multiple countries.
LOCATED IN MULTIPLE COUNTRIES
There is actually no agreed-upon definition of what constitutes
a multinational corporation. Generally speaking, an MNC hosts
some part of its operations in a country other than the one
where it is legally headquartered. In that sense, it is literally
multi-national.
CORPORATION
A corporation is a group of people, such as a company, that is
legally authorized to act as a single entity. It may be privately
owned, or publicly traded—meaning that stockholders are
legally the corporation’s owners. Economists and legal scholars
continue to debate, however, whether there should be more
narrow criteria for categorizing MNCs, and what these criteria
should be.
OWNERSHIP
Some argue that ownership is the key feature that defines
whether a company is an MNC or not. By this narrow definition,
a firm is only a multinational if it is owned by nationals of
multiple countries. For example, Royal Dutch Shell (the owner
of Shell Oil in the US) is multinational by this criteria, because
it has mixed Dutch and British ownership. Shell would certainly
be considered a multinational by other standards as well, since
it operates in some form on all seven continents. By the
ownership criteria, relatively few large companies are actually
multinationals, since many operate as separate legal entities in
different countries, thus making the ownership of each national
arm uni-national.
PARENT COMPANY MANAGERS
Similarly, a few scholars suggest that the nationality of holding
company, or “parent company,” managers should be part of the
3. criteria for determining whether a corporation is an MNC or
not. Because most managers in corporate headquarters are from
the country where the headquarters are located, and because this
feature can change based on a single individual, this is not a
widely recognized criterion for identifying MNCs. By this
benchmark, very few firms are MNCs.
PRODUCTION
A more widely accepted criterion for narrowing what companies
are considered MNCs is production: in short, having
distribution facilities in more than one country is not enough; a
firm must produce in at least one country other than the one in
which it is headquartered. This view is advanced by Harvard
University economist Richard Caves. His definition requires
production to take place in at least two countries, in facilities
owned by the same firm (Caves, 1982).
DISTRIBUTION
Distribution, even direct distribution, without a production
presence in a country is considered to be essentially a form of
export by this definition. This criterion excludes, for instance,
many Chinese companies that only distribute in the US.
An example of an MNC is Shandong Tranlin Paper, which is
constructing a production facility near Richmond, Virginia
(Wee, 2015). This is an example of a practice known as foreign
direct investment (FDI) or investment made by an entity based
in one country, into an entity based in another country. All
MNCs engage in FDI by one method or another.
There are two primary forms of FDI. The investment can be
“vertical” or “horizontal.” Horizontal FDI occurs when a firm
makes an investment abroad in the same industry in which it
operates where it is headquartered. For instance, Subaru, a
Japanese carmaker, sets up a production facility in the United
States to produce vehicles for American buyers.
A firm might choose to do this because tariffs (taxes on
4. imported goods) make it cheaper to locate production in
individual countries rather than exporting around the world.
Vertical FDI occurs when a firm invests in part of its production
chain abroad. For example, Intel conducts high-skilled, labor-
intensive production for pieces of microchips in facilities it
owns in Malaysia, where skilled labor is available but relatively
cheap, but keeps lower-skilled assembly processes in other
countries. Vertical FDI is often chosen because of labor costs or
regulations that make it cheaper to conduct certain steps of the
production process in different countries.
These practices are both considered offshoring, because they
shift (part of) production overseas. Note that when a firm shifts
production to a third-party entity, this is commonly referred to
as outsourcing. Thus, contracting with a third-party firm to
conduct production overseas would be both offshoring and
outsourcing.
This lesson will not assume any narrow criteria for considering
a firm to be an MNC. As you will see, the forms of corporate
organization presented in the next section may or may not meet
the criteria set forward by some of the views above. What do
you think the criteria for considering a business to be an MNC
should be? Why?
MNCs, including those that fit Richard Caves’ robust criteria
(production in at least two countries in facilities owned by the
same firm) may be organized in a number of different ways. The
way a firm is organized shapes both its economic impact and the
political leverage it has in individual states and in the
international system as a whole.
Licensing occurs when a corporation allows a firm (or multiple
firms) in foreign countries to use its name, brand elements,
patents and trademarks, and other elements if its business. The
firms get the right or license to operate their business according
5. to terms agreed upon in their licensing agreement. They pay a
royalty or license fee to the multinational corporation that owns
the brand. If the licensee violates the terms and conditions of
the agreement, the license may be cancelled. This system is
generally used for products that are popular in the countries
where licenses are purchased. For example, the Disney brand is
licensed to producers of clothing, toys, and other items
worldwide.
Subsidiaries are also foreign entities granted rights to a
company’s brand, trademarks, etc. They are different from
licensing arrangements, however, in that franchisees are usually
licensed to operate in a particular location, so that they do not
compete with each other.
Subsidiaries may be wholly- or partly-owned by the parent
company, but are legally separate. They are registered in the
host country, and in the case of partly-owned subsidiaries, their
ownership may be partly acquired by people or other entities in
the host country. McDonald’s is a good example of a
multinational franchise. More than 80 percent of McDonald’s
restaurants worldwide are operated by franchisees (McDonald’s,
2016).
The difference between most branches and subsidiaries is also
very slight, and largely based on legal distinctions rather than
major differences in the ways the entities operate. Whereas a
subsidiary is a legally separate entity from its parent company,
a branch is not separate. The Santander Group, a banking
holding company, has both subsidiaries (such as Santander
Holdings USA) and thousands of branches. Very large financial
institutions are among the most likely MNCs to use the branch
model. Often, however, financial regulations mean that holding
companies must create legally separate subsidiaries for their
operations in each country. The European Union is an exception
to this.
6. In a joint venture, an MNC establishes a company in a foreign
country in partnership a local firm or multiple local firms. The
MNC and local firm(s) share ownership and management of the
new entity. In many cases, the MNC contributes technology not
already employed in the host country, and may take a leading
management role, but the running of day-to-day operations is
left to the local partner(s).
Fuji Xerox Co. is a long-running joint venture between the
Japanese photographic supplies firm Fujifilm Holdings and
American document management company Xerox. It has sold
photo and document products and services in the Asia-Pacific
region since 1962. It is legally registered as a joint venture
partnership, with headquarters in Tokyo.
A “turn-key” or “green field” project is a form of foreign direct
investment in which an MNC parent company constructs new
facilities in a foreign country, rather than purchasing or
partnering with an already existing entity in the host country.
These projects may involve building new production or
distribution facilities, but can also involve the construction of
offices and or even housing for employees. This is the form of
FDI that provides the most control over operations in the host
country for the MNC. Facilities are built to the firm’s preferred
specifications, employees are trained to company standards, and
production processes are engineered from the beginning to fit
the MNC’s products and methods.
This type of investment can be risky for the host country,
especially if the national economy is weak. If the MNC pulls
out of the country for any reason, the facilities the firm
constructed may end up sitting idle, and the economic benefits
from the trade it would have generated will be lost.
Sometimes firms build turn-key facilities and then sell them to
subsidiaries or local firms. In the latter case, the facility is no
7. longer part of the MNC. MNCs in the automotive industry often
use this method of expansion. For example, Audi recently
finished a new production facility in San Jose Chiapa, Mexico.
Mexico’s many free-trade pacts have made it a prime location
for green field investments by carmakers that plan to sell to
consumers throughout North America (WSJ, 2015). This is an
example of horizontal FDI.
Why become an MNC?
The explanation of vertical and horizontal FDI, and the forms of
MNC expansion above, hinted at why a company might want to
become an MNC, or why existing MNCs might want to expand
into new locations. There are four basic reasons for this.
INCREASED MARKET SHARE
First, a company may expand to increase market share. In other
words, a company may have found that they are nearing a
“saturation point” (the point at which they cannot sell any
more) in the markets where they already sell, and so they
choose to expand into new markets. This may begin with just
exporting to new foreign markets, but then become true MNC
expansion when production is expanded to locations within the
geographic bounds of the new market. Essentially, the
motivation is increased profits through greater sales volume.
For example, the sporting goods company Nike is opening new
stores throughout the world.
CHEAPER PRODUCTION COSTS
Second, a company may expand or relocate to secure cheaper
production costs. A company may shift its production,
distribution, or customer support to a country where labor costs
are lower, where property is cheaper, or even where it is less
costly to acquire the raw materials needed for their production
processes. The motivation for this is to increase profit margins
by saving money during the production process. For example,
steel MNCs such as Arcelor Mittal have bought up factories in
the former Soviet bloc, because these facilities are much
cheaper than plants in North America or Western Europe.
8. AVOIDING TAXES
Third, a company may expand or relocate to avoid taxes or trade
barriers. Corporate tax rates are different around the world, as
are tariffs and regulations governing business. For instance, the
Japanese government restricts the sale of foreign cars in Japan
in order to protect their automotive industry, which makes up a
large portion of their national income each year. Many
economists argue that the United States’ relatively high
corporate tax rate is responsible for businesses leaving the
country in recent years. Singapore, on the other hand, attracts
many companies because of its low trade barriers and stable
economy. This motivation for expansion is often linked to
horizontal FDI.
GOVERNMENTAL INCENTIVES
Fourth, government grants may attract companies to expand or
relocate. If a government wants to grow a particular industry—
or perhaps to reduce another country’s share of that industry—it
may offer grants that reduce the cost of opening a new facility
in their country. The United Kingdom offered business grants in
the 1980s that attracted many American-based firms.
COMBINATION OF REASONS
In reality, many MNCs expand for multiple reasons. Choosing
the location of a new facility—and deciding whether it will be
acquired by purchasing an existing firm and creating a branch,
merging with another firm to create a subsidiary, partnering to
create a joint venture, or building a turn-key facility—comes
down to weighing the previous four factors.
How MNCs Influence the International System
· INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
· FINANCIAL RESOURCES
· GLOBALIZATION
Now that we’ve seen some of the ways that MNCs work, and
why companies might want to become MNCs, let’s consider
9. how they are able to influence the international system. MNCs
are inherently international; they operate in multiple countries,
and therefore have dealings with the government, workers, and
potentially NGOs in those places. They are also involved, to at
least some degree, in international trade and must deal with
international laws and the intergovernmental organizations that
enforce financial and other regulations in the international
sphere.
The largest MNCs have financial resources greater than the
poorer states in which they may locate their production
facilities. Because of their size and resources, they are
generally able to draw in the best technical and management
expertise, and employ large government and public relations
departments, which help to influence public opinion and
policymaking in their favor.
Due to their nature, MNCs are also central to a process that has
revolutionized international relations in the past two centuries,
but especially in the past 40 to 50 years: globalization.
Globalization refers to the integration of communication
systems, transportation systems, ideas, societies, cultures and
economies into a single, interdependent world system.
Advantages of MNCs
Many people are skeptical of the benefits conveyed by MNCs
and globalization. Here are some of the advantages and
disadvantages of MNCs, which are often felt most strongly by
poorer countries, which tend to present the lowest-cost
environments for production.
First and foremost, multinational firms create jobs, which help
to stimulate local economies and provide a greater tax-base for
governments. Because some multinational firms are very large,
the magnitude of job creation can have a major positive impact
on areas where unemployment was previously very high. When
people have a steady income, they are able to spend more,
10. which in turn boosts other local businesses.
MNCs may also benefit the locations they move into by
bringing foreign expertise and technology. Training provided by
foreign experts can help improve local workers’ skill levels,
productivity, and sense of self-confidence and pride in their
work, which has positive benefits for both the corporation that
employs them and the individual workers. The children of
skilled workers are more likely to receive education and job
training, helping to end the cycle of poverty some were trapped
in. Moreover, foreign technology, once brought into an area by
an MNC, may spread to other local businesses, making them
more modern, efficient, and ultimately more profitable.
Because of their size and resources, MNCs can also benefit
from a number of “economies,” a term used to refer not to a
local or national economy in the traditional sense, but to the
benefits accrued from large-scale or high-quality operations.
MNCs may enjoy economies of scale. In an economy of scale,
the cost per unit produced or distributed is progressively
lowered (for the producer) because fixed costs—such as the
building and initial cost of equipment, but also labor costs when
people can specialize in tasks to be more efficient—can be
spread out over more units to sell. Sometimes, this provides a
benefit to customers, either local or abroad, because the
company chooses to reduce the sale price of the good.
Alternately, these savings can be kept as additional profits by
the company.
Technical economies can also be a benefit of MNCs. Technical
economies are a specific type of economy of scale, which occur
when large-scale businesses are able to invest in specialized
machinery that makes their operations more efficient, and thus
contributes to more efficient production in the long-run.
Purchasing economies, similarly, occur for large companies that
are able to buy in bulk. Doing so means a lower cost per unit for
supplies, but requires the financial resources to pay for a large
quantity of materials at once. Purchasing economies thus
require high-volume production to actually convey benefits,
11. which means economies of scale and purchasing economies go
hand in hand for well-managed MNCs.
isadvantages of MNC's
· HOST COUNTRY ISSUES
· PROFITS NOT SHARED
· HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
· RACE TO THE BOTTOM
In practice, however, not all of these benefits may be passed
along to the host country. Unfortunately, MNCs’ influence
enables them to sometimes take advantage of governments and
workers that are desperate for economic opportunities. Many
MNCs have been criticized for overstating the economic
benefits they provide to poorer areas where they are located.
They have also faced serious charges regarding their human
rights and environmental records.
To begin with, there is no guarantee that profits made from
production at a plant in, for instance, Indonesia, will be kept
there. Earnings leftover after paying for costs and potentially
investing further in a facility are more likely to be sent back to
the parent company based in, for instance, the United States.
Even more serious charges of human rights violations are not
uncommon. Accusations that MNCs exploit workers by paying
them the lowest amount possible and requiring them to work
long hours are frequent. This is possible because some countries
have very weak labor laws to protect workers, so the practices
are not technically illegal by local standards, although they go
against international protections for human rights.
Nevertheless, states with already relatively low standards for
worker or environmental protection may end up competing with
each other in what is referred to as a “race to the bottom.”
Governments are enticed by the prospect of attracting MNCs to
make their restrictions on companies’ behavior as loose as
possible.
Human Rights Violations
12. Human rights violations may even be as serious as using forced
labor or child workers. In 2015, for example, it was discovered
that a number of major US food retailer MNCs were selling
shrimp that came from processing facilities in Thailand that
were using children and enslaved migrant workers. Although
these facilities were not owned by the MNCs, today it is widely
accepted that MNCs should be responsible for ensuring that no
human rights violations occur within their supply chain.
ENVIRONMENTAL VIOLATIONS
MNCs have also been responsible for using sites with lax
environmental regulations to save money by using polluting or
otherwise unsafe practices that would not be allowed in other
countries. In other cases, MNCs have been accused of using
cutting corners even in locations with more robust
environmental protection standards, because they can simply
use their considerable resources to pay any fines or clean-up
costs that they might incur if their violations are detected.
LAX ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
An MNC in this situation might also hope, realistically, that a
government would choose to overlook less severe violations, or
opt for the least-severe punishment, for fear of driving the MNC
to relocate their operations. This is another way in which an
MNC can use its economic impact and resources (both legal
expertise and financial resources) to influence a state’s
behavior.
BHOPAL DISASTER
The Bhopal chemical disaster, widely regarded as the worst
industrial disaster in history, is one illustration of how horribly
wrong things can go when an MNC cuts corners on safety. On
December 2, 1984, a tank failure at a Union Carbide pesticide
plant in Bhopal, India released 30 tons of toxic gas into the air,
exposing more than 600,000 people.
HUGE DEATH TOLL
Thousands died in the days after the accident, and the death toll
rose to 15,000 over the years that followed. Toxic materials
13. may also remain buried under the site, although it is no longer
in operation. There has also been a high incidence of birth
defects in children born to survivors of the disaster. In 2010,
eight low-level executives at Union Carbide Bhopal were
convicted of negligence, but Union Carbide’s American
leadership escaped prosecution.
DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL
A more recent instance in which an MNC was held responsible
for the disastrous consequences of a failure in their equipment
was the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. On April 20, 2010 an
explosion on the British Petroleum (BP) and Transocean oil rig
in the Gulf of Mexico killed 11 workers and started a steady
leak of oil into the ocean.
WORST SPILL IN HISTORY
Over the 87 days it took to cap the well, an estimated 3.19
million barrels, more than 130 million gallons, of oil leaked
into the Gulf. The spill, the worst in history, killing sea life and
damaging ecosystems. Dolphin, sea turtle, and seabird
populations all experienced elevated annual death rates in the
years after the spill. Shrimp fisheries in the Gulf were closed
for a year after the spill. BP pledged to pay millions for clean-
up, and committed to fund a $500 million research program to
study the environmental impacts of the spill.
NEGLIGENCE CRITICIZED
Some people, however, felt the company was not treated harshly
enough for the alleged negligence that led to the accident in the
first place. The accident had environmental impacts that
affected multiple countries, and may have caused long-term
damage to ecosystems.
WATCHDOGS
Environmental, human rights, and some development NGOs are
some of the most vocal critics of single-minded profit-seeking
by MNCs. Virtually the entire purpose of many NGOs is to
14. serve as ‘watchdogs’ for MNCs practices, and to raise
awareness among voters and lobby governments to hold MNCs
responsible for the outcomes of their operations.