Information systems are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings. Many businesses use information technology to complete and manage their operations, interact with their consumers, and stay ahead of their competition. Some companies today are completely built on information technology, like eBay, Amazon and Google.

1. C.C.S National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur
Submitted To:
Mr. Shailendra
Pachar
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Submitted By:
Team 2
Abhilasha Kumari
Deepak Singh Meena
Nikita Bisht
Pratyusha Chakma
Shubham Gulati
Vishesh Bhatt

2. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Information systems are combinations of hardware,
software, and telecommunications networks that people
build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data,
typically in organizational settings.
Many businesses use information technology to complete
and manage their operations, interact with their consumers,
and stay ahead of their competition. Some companies
today are completely built on information technology, like
eBay, Amazon and Google.

3. COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Data is a collection of
facts and is useless by
themselves, but when
collected and organized
together, it can be very
powerful for business
operations. Businesses
collect all the data and use
it to make decisions that
can be analyzed for the
effectiveness of the
business operations.
DATA
HARDWARE
The physical component
of the technology. It
includes computers, hard
disks, keyboards, iPads,
etc. The hardware cost
has decreased rapidly
while its speed and
storage capacity has
increased significantly.
SOFTWARE
• System software is an
operating system that
manages the hardware,
program files, and other
resources while offering
the user to control the
PC. E.g. Microsoft
Windows
• Application software is
designed to manage
particular tasks by the
users. E.g. Microsoft
Excel
Telecommunication is used
to connect with the
computer system or other
devices to disseminate
information. The network
can be established using
wired or wireless modes.
Wired technologies include
fiber optics and coaxial
cable, while wireless
technologies include radio
waves and microwaves.
TELE-
COMMUNICATIONS

4. TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
OPERATIONS
SUPPORT SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
EXECUTIVE
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
DECISION
SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Such type of information
system mainly supports a
specific type of operation
in a business. An example
is the transaction
processing system used in
all banks worldwide.
It consists of hardware
and software integration
allowing the organization
to perform its core
functions. They help in
obtaining data from
various online systems
which is analyzed in a
productive manner to help
in the management of an
organization.
It analyses the rapidly
changing information that
cannot be determined in
advance. It can be used in
completely automated
systems and human-
operated systems.
They help in making
senior-level decisions for
an organization.

5. SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SLDC)
Analysis
Requirements
Design
Development
Implementation
Information systems are designed using the systems
development life cycle (SDLC). The SDLC is to a large
extent common sense spelled out in stages.
1. Analysis of the current situation
2. Requirements (vision of future state) that a solution
should embody
3. Design a solution
4. Development of the system and testing
5. Implementation by end-users in the business setting

6. However, the focus is most heavily on the first
three stages for two reasons
• It is where IS professionals tend to spend most of
their time, and
• It is much easier to make changes to a system
when in the planning stages, than after code has
already been generated.
Information systems professionals often make the
equivalent of a sketch of the design of the final system.
When the sketches are crude, they are called
wireframes and when they are more refined, they are
called mockups.
Wireframe Mockup Prototype

7. PROTOTYPING
Prototyping consists of building an experimental system
rapidly and inexpensively for end users to evaluate. By
interacting with the prototype, users can get a better idea
of their information requirements.
The prototype is a working version of an information
system or part of the system but is meant to be only a
preliminary model.
Once operational, the prototype will be further
refined until it conforms precisely to users’ requirements.
Once the design has been finalized, the prototype can be
converted to a polished production system.

8. STEPS IN PROTOTYPING
Identify Basic
Requirements
Develop a
working
Prototype
Use the
Prototype
User
Satisfied?
Revise &
enhance the
Prototype
Operational
Prototype
Yes
No
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4

9. Application Packages
The Window on Technology illustrates a company that is using multiple approaches to
obtain better systems.
Example
• Elie Tahari Limited is using software packages for business transaction systems and for end
user computing tools. The company outsourced the cleansing of its retail point-of-sale data to
another company that could do the work more efficiently than Tahari’s in-house staff. By
combining all of these approaches, Tahari came up with a powerful set of systems and tools
that increased operational efficiency and the ability to take advantage of market trends while
allowing the firm to concentrate on its core competency—fashion design.
•The software for most systems today is not developed in-house but is purchased from external
sources.
•Firms can rent the software from an application service provider, they can purchase a software package
from a commercial vendor, or they can have a custom application developed by an outside outsourcing
firm.​

10. Some types of information systems can be developed by end users with little
or no formal assistance from technical specialists. This phenomenon is called
end-user development.
• A series of software tools categorized as fourth-generation languages
makes this possible
• Fourth-generation languages tend to be nonprocedural, or less procedural,
than conventional programming languages.
• Procedural languages require specification of the sequence of steps, or
procedures, that tell the computer what to do and how to do it.
• Nonprocedural languages need only specify what has to be accomplished
rather than provide details about how to carry out the task.
End User Computing
• It also poses organizational risks because it occurs outside of
traditional mechanisms for information systems management
and control.
• Control over data can be lost in systems outside the traditional
information systems department.

11. Building Blocks of IT Infrastructure

12. Hardware
Hardware refers to all the physical parts,
components, and equipment that goes
into maintaining an organization’s IT
infrastructure.
What are the 5
components of hardware?
There are five main hardware
components in a computer system:
1. Input,
2. Processing,
3. Storage,
4. Output and
5. Communication devices

13. Requirements according to their business sizes
A single PC and a printer.
They have extensive technology
systems and large facilities like data
centers to house them
A set of PCs for their workforce, one or two servers for
hosting their ecommerce/business portal, and perhaps an
additional security appliance.
Micro-
business
Mid-sized
businesses
Large
organizations

14. • Smaller in size, faster,
cost lower than
mainframe
• Engineering and
Computer Aided Design
(CAD) calculations
• Ex :- IBM-17, DEC PDP-
11, HP-9000
• Large internal memory
• Backbone of entire
business world
• Heart of a network of
computers or terminals
• Ex :- IBM-370, IBM-
S/390, UNIVAC-1110
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Mainframe
Computer
Micro
Computer
• Least powerful yet
most widely used
• Portable computers
• Ex :- Desktop or
personal computer,
laptops, palmtops,
tablets, smartphones
Mini
Computer

15. Storage
devices
Input
devices
PERIPHERAL DEVICES
Output
devices
• Devices that allows users
to enter data into
the system
and send instructions to
execute tasks
• Primary step
in the processing
of data done at CPU
• Devices that displays the result of
the inserted input data after
getting processed from the CPU
• CPU of a computer converts
received information from machine
language to a human-friendly
language and then sends these
signals to output devices to
execute the tasks
• Computing hardware that
is used for storing,
porting or extracting data
files and objects
• Primary storage
device. Ex :- RAM, cache
memory
• Secondary storage device.
Ex :- Hard disk, optical

16. TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Telecommunications are the means of electronic transmission of
information over distances. The information may be in the form of voice
telephone calls, data, text, images, or video.

17. TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
Communication Channels
The transmission of data over telecommunication
also requires communication channels.
It uses different mediums to transmit information
from one device to another. The speed of
information flows depends on the transmission
media.
Star Network
Star network uses a central
computer connected to different
small computers.
Signals Communication
Networks
Telecommunication networks
has various functions and
classification based on their
geographic capacity and the kind
of service they provide.
Analog and digital electromagnetic
signals are used.The analog
electromagnetic signal is used for voice
communication that goes through a
communication medium.
Digital signals transmit data coded as 1
bit and 0 bits or on-off electric pulses.
The bus network uses one circuit
to link other computers.
Bus Network
Ring Network
And the ring network is the most
independent kind of network and
doesn’t rely on a central host
computer

18. INTERNET APPLICATIONS
All Internet Applications work over the exact same transport layers.
Applications need to know only-
(1) the IP address of the other party (what host the other party is running
on—a network layer concept), and
(2) the port number of the application running at the other end (because
the other machine might be running multiple services—a transport layer
concept). It passes those two pieces of information to the transport layer to
make the communication happen.
APPLICATION LAYER (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, ...)
TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP, UDP, ...)
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
LINK LAYER (Ethernet, Wifi, ...)

19. • Local Area Network connects network
devices in such a way that personal
computers and workstations can share
data, tools, and programs.
• The group of computers and devices are
connected together by a switch, or stack
of switches, using a private addressing
scheme as defined by the TCP/IP
protocol.
NETWORKS
LAN
(Local Area Network)
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
• Wide Area Network is a computer
network that extends over a large
geographical area, although it might be
confined within the bounds of a state or
country.
• WAN’s data rate is slow about a 10th
LAN’s speed since it involves increased
distance and increased number of
servers and terminals

20. • Intranet is owned by a single
organization and is a tool for sharing
information throughout the organization.
It is the type of Internet that is used
privately.
• Intranet is a private network so no one
can use the intranet whose have not
valid username and password.
NETWORKS
Intranets Extranets
• Extranet is owned by either a single or a
many organization. It is managed on a
contractual basis between organizations.
• It is a tool for sharing information
between the internal members and
external members.

21. • It is a distributed application framework dividing tasks
between servers and clients, which either reside in the
same system or communicate through a computer
network or the Internet.
• The client relies on sending a request to another program
in order to access a service made available by a server.
• The server runs one or more programs that share
resources with and distribute work among clients.
NETWORKS
Client/ Server Networks

22. THANKS!