This document discusses the work of Otto Warburg, Eugene Blass, and William Koch regarding cancer and its prime cause. Warburg won two Nobel Prizes for his discoveries about cell respiration and enzymes. He stated the prime cause of cancer is impaired respiration in cells, causing them to ferment sugar instead. Blass clinically verified Warburg's work and advocated keeping cells saturated with oxygen. Koch presented work on free radicals and their role in disease pathogenesis and correction. The document argues that maintaining high oxygen levels in blood and cells could prevent cancer by keeping respiration intact.
Clinical microbiology and molecular techniquesIndhra Yogaesh
Molecular biology is the science of biomolecules. Even though the term “biomolecules” includes all molecules such as proteins, fatty acids etc, it is refers to nucleic acid these days.
The application of molecular technology in medicine is almost endless, some of the applications of molecular methods are:
1. Classification of organism based on genetic relatedness (genotyping)
2. Identification and confirmation of isolate obtained from culture
3. Early detection of pathogens in clinical specimen
4. Rapid detection of antibiotic resistance
5. Detection of mutations
6. Differentiation of toxigenic from non-toxigenic strains
7. Detection of microorganisms that lose viability during transport, impossible, dangerous and costly
to culture, grow slowly or present in extremely small numbers in clinical specimen
8. Apart from their role in microbiology, these techniques can also be used in identifying
abnormalities in human and forensic medicine.
This document provides a history of epidemiology, covering its origins and key figures. It traces epidemiology back to ancient Greece and discusses its modern definition as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Some important developments include John Graunt establishing demographic analysis in the 1600s, James Lind identifying citrus as preventing scurvy in 1747, Edward Jenner developing vaccination against smallpox in 1796, Ignaz Semmelweis reducing childbed fever mortality via handwashing in 1847, and John Snow linking cholera to contaminated water in 1854. These pioneers helped establish epidemiology's objectives of identifying disease causes and evaluating preventive measures.
This document traces the history and development of epidemiology from Hippocrates to modern times. It discusses key figures like John Graunt, William Farr, and John Snow and their contributions, such as Graunt quantifying vital statistics, Farr establishing practices in vital statistics, and Snow conducting studies linking cholera to contaminated water. The document also outlines how epidemiology has expanded to study non-infectious diseases and new infectious diseases, and how its methods are now regularly used worldwide to characterize community health and solve public health problems.
History Of Epidemiology for Graduate and Postgraduate studentsTauseef Jawaid
This document provides a summary of the history of epidemiology from ancient times to the present. It describes key figures and discoveries such as Hippocrates' association of disease with environment, Jenner's pioneering of vaccination, Snow's mapping of a cholera outbreak to a contaminated well. More recent developments discussed include the founding of the U.S. Public Health Service, landmark studies like the Tuskegee syphilis study, and future challenges of globalization and overcrowding facilitating disease spread.
The document discusses two scientific studies investigating methods to inhibit DNA replication:
1) A 2017 study found that the bacterial toxin yatakemycin prevents DNA replication by forming strong bonds between DNA strands. This could potentially treat cancers and illnesses.
2) A second 2017 study identified a new antibiotic, closthioamide, that shows promise in treating gonorrhea. It inhibits DNA gyrase to block replication in Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. Both studies explore new approaches to targeting DNA replication that could expand treatment options.
1.SANITATION VS VACCINATION- The History of Infectious DiseasesAntonio Bernard
The document discusses the origins of many infectious diseases in humans. It notes that 60% of human infectious diseases originated in animals, and that diseases emerged as early humans increasingly domesticated animals like cows, pigs, chickens, and camels. Close contact between humans and domesticated, disease-carrying animals allowed pathogens to jump species. For example, measles likely emerged from cattle viruses, smallpox from camel viruses, influenza from duck viruses, and whooping cough and typhoid from pig bacteria. It was not until the domestication of these animals that humans were exposed to these diseases.
The document outlines the immune response to viral infections. It discusses that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without hijacking a host cell. The innate immune response includes epithelial barriers, interferons like IFN-α and IFN-β, natural killer cells, and macrophages. Adaptive responses involve antiviral antibodies that can neutralize viruses or mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes that identify and kill infected cells. Overall, the immune system employs diverse innate and adaptive mechanisms to recognize, control and clear viral infections.
The document discusses the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in developing the germ theory of disease. It describes some of their key discoveries in identifying the microorganisms that cause anthrax, wound infections, tuberculosis, and cholera. It notes that Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize for his work developing tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis. The document also provides Koch's postulates for establishing a microorganism as the cause of a disease.
Clinical microbiology and molecular techniquesIndhra Yogaesh
Molecular biology is the science of biomolecules. Even though the term “biomolecules” includes all molecules such as proteins, fatty acids etc, it is refers to nucleic acid these days.
The application of molecular technology in medicine is almost endless, some of the applications of molecular methods are:
1. Classification of organism based on genetic relatedness (genotyping)
2. Identification and confirmation of isolate obtained from culture
3. Early detection of pathogens in clinical specimen
4. Rapid detection of antibiotic resistance
5. Detection of mutations
6. Differentiation of toxigenic from non-toxigenic strains
7. Detection of microorganisms that lose viability during transport, impossible, dangerous and costly
to culture, grow slowly or present in extremely small numbers in clinical specimen
8. Apart from their role in microbiology, these techniques can also be used in identifying
abnormalities in human and forensic medicine.
This document provides a history of epidemiology, covering its origins and key figures. It traces epidemiology back to ancient Greece and discusses its modern definition as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Some important developments include John Graunt establishing demographic analysis in the 1600s, James Lind identifying citrus as preventing scurvy in 1747, Edward Jenner developing vaccination against smallpox in 1796, Ignaz Semmelweis reducing childbed fever mortality via handwashing in 1847, and John Snow linking cholera to contaminated water in 1854. These pioneers helped establish epidemiology's objectives of identifying disease causes and evaluating preventive measures.
This document traces the history and development of epidemiology from Hippocrates to modern times. It discusses key figures like John Graunt, William Farr, and John Snow and their contributions, such as Graunt quantifying vital statistics, Farr establishing practices in vital statistics, and Snow conducting studies linking cholera to contaminated water. The document also outlines how epidemiology has expanded to study non-infectious diseases and new infectious diseases, and how its methods are now regularly used worldwide to characterize community health and solve public health problems.
History Of Epidemiology for Graduate and Postgraduate studentsTauseef Jawaid
This document provides a summary of the history of epidemiology from ancient times to the present. It describes key figures and discoveries such as Hippocrates' association of disease with environment, Jenner's pioneering of vaccination, Snow's mapping of a cholera outbreak to a contaminated well. More recent developments discussed include the founding of the U.S. Public Health Service, landmark studies like the Tuskegee syphilis study, and future challenges of globalization and overcrowding facilitating disease spread.
The document discusses two scientific studies investigating methods to inhibit DNA replication:
1) A 2017 study found that the bacterial toxin yatakemycin prevents DNA replication by forming strong bonds between DNA strands. This could potentially treat cancers and illnesses.
2) A second 2017 study identified a new antibiotic, closthioamide, that shows promise in treating gonorrhea. It inhibits DNA gyrase to block replication in Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria. Both studies explore new approaches to targeting DNA replication that could expand treatment options.
1.SANITATION VS VACCINATION- The History of Infectious DiseasesAntonio Bernard
The document discusses the origins of many infectious diseases in humans. It notes that 60% of human infectious diseases originated in animals, and that diseases emerged as early humans increasingly domesticated animals like cows, pigs, chickens, and camels. Close contact between humans and domesticated, disease-carrying animals allowed pathogens to jump species. For example, measles likely emerged from cattle viruses, smallpox from camel viruses, influenza from duck viruses, and whooping cough and typhoid from pig bacteria. It was not until the domestication of these animals that humans were exposed to these diseases.
The document outlines the immune response to viral infections. It discusses that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without hijacking a host cell. The innate immune response includes epithelial barriers, interferons like IFN-α and IFN-β, natural killer cells, and macrophages. Adaptive responses involve antiviral antibodies that can neutralize viruses or mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes that identify and kill infected cells. Overall, the immune system employs diverse innate and adaptive mechanisms to recognize, control and clear viral infections.
The document discusses the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in developing the germ theory of disease. It describes some of their key discoveries in identifying the microorganisms that cause anthrax, wound infections, tuberculosis, and cholera. It notes that Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize for his work developing tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis. The document also provides Koch's postulates for establishing a microorganism as the cause of a disease.
This document summarizes a doctoral thesis on the pharmaceutical and immunological challenges of fungal pathogens. The thesis explored the interactions between the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and human immune cells like neutrophils and mast cells. It developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify small molecules that block the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. albicans, which is important for its virulence. The screening revealed several FDA-approved drugs with previously unknown antifungal activity. The thesis provides new insights into antifungal defenses and tools to discover more effective antifungal therapies.
C:\Documents And Settings\Jobrien\Desktop\O Brien\Tuberculosis For Lunchjameskobrien
This document provides an outline for a presentation on tuberculosis (TB). It discusses how TB spreads, highlights some key events and discoveries in the history of TB including prominent figures who had the disease. These sections are followed by information on sanitorium treatment, Robert Koch's role in microbiology, the development of antibiotics to treat TB, current epidemiology statistics, and important principles for treating TB. The document concludes by providing details about a local event being held for World TB Day.
English microbiologist Alexander Fleming in 1929 discovered the first antibiotic – penicillin. This was one of the most significant discoveries of the XX century. The new era has begun in biology and medicine – the era of antibiotics. They were treated as a panacea, as they coped with the treatment of diseases previously considered hopeless.
That’s important because right now, doctors have to rely on a set of 11 criteria, which can overlap with many other diseases, to try to make a diagnosis.
“It is one of the most complex clinical diagnoses,” says Pascual, who is also a practicing pediatric rheumatologist.
“It might lead to better diagnostic tests, but we don’t know that yet,” Pascual says. Other experts say the discoveries will most certainly lead to new drug targets.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (also called SLE or lupus)
is an autoimmune condition. The normal role of your
body’s immune system is to fight off infections and
diseases to keep you healthy. In an autoimmune disease
like lupus, your immune system starts attacking your
own healthy tissues. For some people lupus may just
affect the skin and/or joints. In other people the lungs,
kidneys, blood vessels,
120 EXPERT Opinions on Coronavirus (COVID-19)- How the Mass Media Exaggerated...Antonio Bernard
This document provides over 120 expert opinions from scientists, doctors, and other professionals criticizing the handling of the coronavirus pandemic. Many experts argue that the virus poses a relatively low risk and that measures like lockdowns and business closures are an overreaction that will cause more harm than the virus itself. Other opinions expressed include that the infection fatality rate is much lower than estimates from the WHO, that social distancing has not been shown to be effective, and that the media coverage has caused unnecessary panic.
Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles on aetiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology is aimed to provide a strong platform for challenging cases that includes but not excludes the damage of insulating covers of both central nervous system and spine. It is a grounding platform for all neurologists, neuroimmunologists, neurovirologists, researchers, medical doctors, health professionals, scientists, and scholars to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Topics include but not limited to Clinical Neurology, Biomarkers, Glial, Myelin Chemistry, Neuroimaging, Neuropathology, Neuroepidemiology, Therapeutics, Genetics/Transcriptomics, Experimental Models, Pathobiology, Neuroimmunology, Neuropsychology, Neurorehabilitation, Pathobiology of the Brain, Psychology, Measurement Scales, Teaching, and Neuroethics.
Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology supports the scientific transformation and fortification in Medical and Clinical research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Kenneth Ain discovered that 17 of the 18 thyroid cancer cell lines he developed and shared with other researchers were actually contaminated with other types of cancer cells like melanoma and colon cancer. This widespread contamination has compromised a large amount of medical research over decades. Up to a third of all cell lines used in cancer research have been found to be "imposters" - misidentified cell types. However, correcting this problem has proven extremely difficult. Laboratories can take years to fully validate all their cell lines through DNA fingerprinting and remove any contaminated ones from use. Many researchers are reluctant to acknowledge problems with cell lines they have worked with and published papers about. The contamination issue continues to plague the field despite being widely known about for decades.
Steve Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at age 48 in 2003, with symptoms starting at age 24. He died from the disease at age 56 in 2011. Vitamin D from moderate sun exposure without sunscreen may help lower the risk of certain cancers like pancreatic, as it is nearly 50% less likely in those with higher vitamin D levels from sun exposure. While surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been standard cancer treatments for decades, they have shown little improvement in overall survival rates for all cancers in the last 55 years. Alternative non-toxic treatments exist but are suppressed.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) coordinates and conducts research on the causes of human cancer and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. IARC focuses on epidemiology of cancer and studying potential carcinogens, with field studies supplemented by laboratory research. Cancer epidemiology aims to identify risk factors for cancer and allow for early prevention by studying disease occurrence and outcomes in populations. Case-control and cohort studies have provided evidence linking exposures like smoking, radiation, and chemicals to increased cancer risk.
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases.pdfKATALYSTPUBLISHINGGR
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases
#Epigenetic #disorder, #Methylation, #Acetylation, #Phosphorylation, #Glioblastoma. #BBB, #Aziridine, #Carbamate, #AZQ
Dr. A. Hameed Khan,Ph.D. (London)
Hameed Khan, Senior Scientist,
Department of Genetics & Robotics,
NCMRR (National Center for Medical
Rehabilitation Research), National
Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda,
Maryland, USA.
This article discusses bio-resonance and electro-dermal screening systems (EDS) as potential new forms of medicine. It summarizes that EDS can identify allergens and toxic substances that are otherwise undetectable. It presents several case studies where EDS identified underlying causes of symptoms and diseases, such as solvent sensitivities in a child, lead toxicity in a girl with hair loss, and mercury toxicity in patients with chronic fatigue. The article argues that EDS has the potential to improve diagnosis and should be more widely adopted, though further research is still needed to develop more reliable devices. It claims EDS supports the idea that substances have unique resonances that can be transmitted and detected.
bacteria and their relation to pathology – ALLEN’S.pptxSimran294490
The document discusses bacteria and their relationship to pathology, specifically regarding Allen's chronic miasm theory from chapter 4 of Organon. It states that while microorganisms were seen as threatening Hahnemann's view of disease, the law ultimately resumes equilibrium. Homeopathic remedies can cover diseases of any origin, including microorganisms, by restoring the normal life force. Bacteria are seen as an expression of a perverted life force and exist due to miasms, conveying disease in the same way. The true cause of any disease is found in miasms.
CONCEPT OF DISEASE CAUSATION AND NATURE HISTORY OF DISEASE.pptxPRATIKAWALE5
This document discusses concepts related to disease causation and epidemiology. It defines disease and outlines historical concepts of disease causation from supernatural to germ theories. It emphasizes that disease results from interactions between an agent, host, and environment. Modern models recognize multiple interrelated factors. The natural history of disease progresses from pre-pathogenesis through pathogenesis phases. Disease manifestations vary in a spectrum from positive health to death. Unrecognized cases represent an iceberg of hidden disease burden in a community.
The Evolution of the Clinical Trials Process – A Brief History LessonPradeep H
The clinical trials process has evolved over centuries as researchers have sought to more rigorously test medical interventions. Some key events include:
1) Early examples from the Bible and 10th century physician Ibn Sina established basic principles like testing on animals first, but trials lacked control groups.
2) In the 18th century, James Lind introduced the use of control groups by comparing scurvy treatments.
3) Randomization was gradually introduced starting in the early 20th century to reduce bias.
4) Post-WWII atrocities led to regulations like the Nuremberg Code to protect human subjects.
5) Government agencies like the FDA were formed to oversee drug development and approval
This document discusses ancient medical practices like bloodletting and trepanation that were intended to remove toxins from the body, similar to the historical practices of inducing vomiting with ipecac syrup or gastric lavage to treat poisonings. While these practices were once standard treatment, literature from the 1980s questioned their efficacy. Major organizations published position statements in 1997 and have since reaffirmed that these practices do not effectively remove ingested substances and should no longer be used or considered standard of care. Their use has declined dramatically in recent decades according to reports. Absolute evidence of lack of efficacy through randomized clinical trials is difficult to obtain due to uncertainties in determining if an ingested dose was actually toxic.
Robert o. becker & gary selden the body electricNeuromon 21
This document provides an introduction to the author's research into regeneration and the discovery of electrical currents in the nervous system. The author believes these discoveries will revolutionize biology and medicine by revealing a fundamental healing force in all organisms. The research began by studying regeneration in salamanders, which led to the discovery of hitherto unknown electrical currents in the nervous system. This breakthrough improved understanding of bone fracture healing, cancer research, and the possibility of regeneration in the human heart and spinal cord. The author argues this new knowledge will enable greater control over healing and turn medicine toward a greater appreciation of the innate self-healing powers in all life. The results convince the author that our understanding of life will always be imperfect and that medicine needs to
The document discusses the history and progress of medicine and genomics over the past century. It describes how the human genome was sequenced between 2000-2003 and how this sparked the rise of omics technologies and new databases. It also discusses how microarray testing in 2012 revealed two subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma that respond differently to treatments, representing an early achievement of precision medicine. The document advocates that clinical lab scientists help make precision diagnostic tests more widely accessible and efficient to improve health outcomes.
This document discusses theories of disease causation from ancient to modern times. It describes the breakthrough of the germ theory with Pasteur and Koch's discoveries proving many diseases are caused by microorganisms. However, the germ theory had limitations and led to the epidemiological triad model recognizing the interaction between an agent, host, and environment. This still did not fully explain chronic diseases so the concept of multifactorial causation emerged, recognizing multiple predisposing, exciting, and environmental factors contribute to disease occurrence. Modern diseases especially involve lifestyle and behavioral factors in their pathogenesis. The "web of causation" model illustrates the complex interrelationships between various factors.
This document discusses various topics related to cancer, including increasing cancer rates, flaws in conventional cancer treatments, and alternative natural treatments. It notes that cancer rates have increased significantly in recent decades and survival rates have not improved much in 55 years. It questions the suppression of alternative cancer cures and discusses how various foods, drugs, and other toxins may contribute to cancer development and rates. Natural alternative treatments for cancer are presented, along with cases of cancer being cured without conventional treatments.
A team of scientists at Lund University in Sweden developed a new drug for pulmonary fibrosis by accident while working on a potential cancer treatment. The drug binds to and inhibits a protein called galectin, slowing the progression of lung scarring in pulmonary fibrosis patients. This promising drug was licensed by Bristol-Myers Squibb for $444 million, and approved by the FDA to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The success of the drug demonstrates how serendipity can play a role in medical discoveries.
20 significantly Brave Leaders who contributed to Medicine | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
This document profiles 20 leaders who have significantly contributed to medicine. It describes their accomplishments and impact, including being the first woman to receive an MD degree (Elizabeth Blackwell), discovering the structure of DNA (Rosalind Franklin), developing radioimmunoassay technology (Rosalyn Yalow), discovering nitric oxide signaling (Louis Ignarro), pioneering organ transplantation (Sir Roy Calne), discovering HIV as the cause of AIDS (Francoise Barré-Sinoussi), and more. These leaders advanced fields like genetics, cancer research, transplant medicine, and virology through their pioneering studies.
This document summarizes a doctoral thesis on the pharmaceutical and immunological challenges of fungal pathogens. The thesis explored the interactions between the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and human immune cells like neutrophils and mast cells. It developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify small molecules that block the yeast-to-hypha transition in C. albicans, which is important for its virulence. The screening revealed several FDA-approved drugs with previously unknown antifungal activity. The thesis provides new insights into antifungal defenses and tools to discover more effective antifungal therapies.
C:\Documents And Settings\Jobrien\Desktop\O Brien\Tuberculosis For Lunchjameskobrien
This document provides an outline for a presentation on tuberculosis (TB). It discusses how TB spreads, highlights some key events and discoveries in the history of TB including prominent figures who had the disease. These sections are followed by information on sanitorium treatment, Robert Koch's role in microbiology, the development of antibiotics to treat TB, current epidemiology statistics, and important principles for treating TB. The document concludes by providing details about a local event being held for World TB Day.
English microbiologist Alexander Fleming in 1929 discovered the first antibiotic – penicillin. This was one of the most significant discoveries of the XX century. The new era has begun in biology and medicine – the era of antibiotics. They were treated as a panacea, as they coped with the treatment of diseases previously considered hopeless.
That’s important because right now, doctors have to rely on a set of 11 criteria, which can overlap with many other diseases, to try to make a diagnosis.
“It is one of the most complex clinical diagnoses,” says Pascual, who is also a practicing pediatric rheumatologist.
“It might lead to better diagnostic tests, but we don’t know that yet,” Pascual says. Other experts say the discoveries will most certainly lead to new drug targets.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (also called SLE or lupus)
is an autoimmune condition. The normal role of your
body’s immune system is to fight off infections and
diseases to keep you healthy. In an autoimmune disease
like lupus, your immune system starts attacking your
own healthy tissues. For some people lupus may just
affect the skin and/or joints. In other people the lungs,
kidneys, blood vessels,
120 EXPERT Opinions on Coronavirus (COVID-19)- How the Mass Media Exaggerated...Antonio Bernard
This document provides over 120 expert opinions from scientists, doctors, and other professionals criticizing the handling of the coronavirus pandemic. Many experts argue that the virus poses a relatively low risk and that measures like lockdowns and business closures are an overreaction that will cause more harm than the virus itself. Other opinions expressed include that the infection fatality rate is much lower than estimates from the WHO, that social distancing has not been shown to be effective, and that the media coverage has caused unnecessary panic.
Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology is an open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles on aetiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology is aimed to provide a strong platform for challenging cases that includes but not excludes the damage of insulating covers of both central nervous system and spine. It is a grounding platform for all neurologists, neuroimmunologists, neurovirologists, researchers, medical doctors, health professionals, scientists, and scholars to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Topics include but not limited to Clinical Neurology, Biomarkers, Glial, Myelin Chemistry, Neuroimaging, Neuropathology, Neuroepidemiology, Therapeutics, Genetics/Transcriptomics, Experimental Models, Pathobiology, Neuroimmunology, Neuropsychology, Neurorehabilitation, Pathobiology of the Brain, Psychology, Measurement Scales, Teaching, and Neuroethics.
Austin Journal of Multiple Sclerosis & Neuroimmunology supports the scientific transformation and fortification in Medical and Clinical research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Kenneth Ain discovered that 17 of the 18 thyroid cancer cell lines he developed and shared with other researchers were actually contaminated with other types of cancer cells like melanoma and colon cancer. This widespread contamination has compromised a large amount of medical research over decades. Up to a third of all cell lines used in cancer research have been found to be "imposters" - misidentified cell types. However, correcting this problem has proven extremely difficult. Laboratories can take years to fully validate all their cell lines through DNA fingerprinting and remove any contaminated ones from use. Many researchers are reluctant to acknowledge problems with cell lines they have worked with and published papers about. The contamination issue continues to plague the field despite being widely known about for decades.
Steve Jobs was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer at age 48 in 2003, with symptoms starting at age 24. He died from the disease at age 56 in 2011. Vitamin D from moderate sun exposure without sunscreen may help lower the risk of certain cancers like pancreatic, as it is nearly 50% less likely in those with higher vitamin D levels from sun exposure. While surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been standard cancer treatments for decades, they have shown little improvement in overall survival rates for all cancers in the last 55 years. Alternative non-toxic treatments exist but are suppressed.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) coordinates and conducts research on the causes of human cancer and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. IARC focuses on epidemiology of cancer and studying potential carcinogens, with field studies supplemented by laboratory research. Cancer epidemiology aims to identify risk factors for cancer and allow for early prevention by studying disease occurrence and outcomes in populations. Case-control and cohort studies have provided evidence linking exposures like smoking, radiation, and chemicals to increased cancer risk.
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases.pdfKATALYSTPUBLISHINGGR
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases
#Epigenetic #disorder, #Methylation, #Acetylation, #Phosphorylation, #Glioblastoma. #BBB, #Aziridine, #Carbamate, #AZQ
Dr. A. Hameed Khan,Ph.D. (London)
Hameed Khan, Senior Scientist,
Department of Genetics & Robotics,
NCMRR (National Center for Medical
Rehabilitation Research), National
Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda,
Maryland, USA.
This article discusses bio-resonance and electro-dermal screening systems (EDS) as potential new forms of medicine. It summarizes that EDS can identify allergens and toxic substances that are otherwise undetectable. It presents several case studies where EDS identified underlying causes of symptoms and diseases, such as solvent sensitivities in a child, lead toxicity in a girl with hair loss, and mercury toxicity in patients with chronic fatigue. The article argues that EDS has the potential to improve diagnosis and should be more widely adopted, though further research is still needed to develop more reliable devices. It claims EDS supports the idea that substances have unique resonances that can be transmitted and detected.
bacteria and their relation to pathology – ALLEN’S.pptxSimran294490
The document discusses bacteria and their relationship to pathology, specifically regarding Allen's chronic miasm theory from chapter 4 of Organon. It states that while microorganisms were seen as threatening Hahnemann's view of disease, the law ultimately resumes equilibrium. Homeopathic remedies can cover diseases of any origin, including microorganisms, by restoring the normal life force. Bacteria are seen as an expression of a perverted life force and exist due to miasms, conveying disease in the same way. The true cause of any disease is found in miasms.
CONCEPT OF DISEASE CAUSATION AND NATURE HISTORY OF DISEASE.pptxPRATIKAWALE5
This document discusses concepts related to disease causation and epidemiology. It defines disease and outlines historical concepts of disease causation from supernatural to germ theories. It emphasizes that disease results from interactions between an agent, host, and environment. Modern models recognize multiple interrelated factors. The natural history of disease progresses from pre-pathogenesis through pathogenesis phases. Disease manifestations vary in a spectrum from positive health to death. Unrecognized cases represent an iceberg of hidden disease burden in a community.
The Evolution of the Clinical Trials Process – A Brief History LessonPradeep H
The clinical trials process has evolved over centuries as researchers have sought to more rigorously test medical interventions. Some key events include:
1) Early examples from the Bible and 10th century physician Ibn Sina established basic principles like testing on animals first, but trials lacked control groups.
2) In the 18th century, James Lind introduced the use of control groups by comparing scurvy treatments.
3) Randomization was gradually introduced starting in the early 20th century to reduce bias.
4) Post-WWII atrocities led to regulations like the Nuremberg Code to protect human subjects.
5) Government agencies like the FDA were formed to oversee drug development and approval
This document discusses ancient medical practices like bloodletting and trepanation that were intended to remove toxins from the body, similar to the historical practices of inducing vomiting with ipecac syrup or gastric lavage to treat poisonings. While these practices were once standard treatment, literature from the 1980s questioned their efficacy. Major organizations published position statements in 1997 and have since reaffirmed that these practices do not effectively remove ingested substances and should no longer be used or considered standard of care. Their use has declined dramatically in recent decades according to reports. Absolute evidence of lack of efficacy through randomized clinical trials is difficult to obtain due to uncertainties in determining if an ingested dose was actually toxic.
Robert o. becker & gary selden the body electricNeuromon 21
This document provides an introduction to the author's research into regeneration and the discovery of electrical currents in the nervous system. The author believes these discoveries will revolutionize biology and medicine by revealing a fundamental healing force in all organisms. The research began by studying regeneration in salamanders, which led to the discovery of hitherto unknown electrical currents in the nervous system. This breakthrough improved understanding of bone fracture healing, cancer research, and the possibility of regeneration in the human heart and spinal cord. The author argues this new knowledge will enable greater control over healing and turn medicine toward a greater appreciation of the innate self-healing powers in all life. The results convince the author that our understanding of life will always be imperfect and that medicine needs to
The document discusses the history and progress of medicine and genomics over the past century. It describes how the human genome was sequenced between 2000-2003 and how this sparked the rise of omics technologies and new databases. It also discusses how microarray testing in 2012 revealed two subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma that respond differently to treatments, representing an early achievement of precision medicine. The document advocates that clinical lab scientists help make precision diagnostic tests more widely accessible and efficient to improve health outcomes.
This document discusses theories of disease causation from ancient to modern times. It describes the breakthrough of the germ theory with Pasteur and Koch's discoveries proving many diseases are caused by microorganisms. However, the germ theory had limitations and led to the epidemiological triad model recognizing the interaction between an agent, host, and environment. This still did not fully explain chronic diseases so the concept of multifactorial causation emerged, recognizing multiple predisposing, exciting, and environmental factors contribute to disease occurrence. Modern diseases especially involve lifestyle and behavioral factors in their pathogenesis. The "web of causation" model illustrates the complex interrelationships between various factors.
This document discusses various topics related to cancer, including increasing cancer rates, flaws in conventional cancer treatments, and alternative natural treatments. It notes that cancer rates have increased significantly in recent decades and survival rates have not improved much in 55 years. It questions the suppression of alternative cancer cures and discusses how various foods, drugs, and other toxins may contribute to cancer development and rates. Natural alternative treatments for cancer are presented, along with cases of cancer being cured without conventional treatments.
A team of scientists at Lund University in Sweden developed a new drug for pulmonary fibrosis by accident while working on a potential cancer treatment. The drug binds to and inhibits a protein called galectin, slowing the progression of lung scarring in pulmonary fibrosis patients. This promising drug was licensed by Bristol-Myers Squibb for $444 million, and approved by the FDA to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The success of the drug demonstrates how serendipity can play a role in medical discoveries.
20 significantly Brave Leaders who contributed to Medicine | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
This document profiles 20 leaders who have significantly contributed to medicine. It describes their accomplishments and impact, including being the first woman to receive an MD degree (Elizabeth Blackwell), discovering the structure of DNA (Rosalind Franklin), developing radioimmunoassay technology (Rosalyn Yalow), discovering nitric oxide signaling (Louis Ignarro), pioneering organ transplantation (Sir Roy Calne), discovering HIV as the cause of AIDS (Francoise Barré-Sinoussi), and more. These leaders advanced fields like genetics, cancer research, transplant medicine, and virology through their pioneering studies.
This document discusses the history of infection control from ancient times to modern practices. It covers various ancient civilizations that practiced early forms of infection control and hygiene. It then discusses key figures and discoveries in medical history that advanced the germ theory of disease and modern infection control practices, such as antisepsis, antibiotics, and the roles of hospitals and regulations in preventing healthcare-associated infections. Risk factors and differences between community-associated and healthcare-associated MRSA are also covered. The effects of diet, stress, and lifestyle on immune function are discussed in relation to infection risk. Infection control practices for complementary therapies are proposed.
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health of populations and the foundation of public health. Key events in its history include Hippocrates examining disease relationships to environment, John Snow identifying the Broad Street pump as the cause of a cholera outbreak, and recent studies linking smoking to lung cancer. Descriptive epidemiology involves measuring disease occurrence in populations to identify risk factors, form hypotheses, and guide public health programs.
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health of populations and serves as the foundation of public health research and preventive medicine. Key events in the history of epidemiology include Hippocrates' examination of disease patterns, John Snow's investigation of a cholera outbreak, and the 1954 British Doctors Study which provided strong evidence linking smoking to lung cancer. Modern epidemiology utilizes statistical and mathematical methods to identify risk factors and optimal disease treatment, with the goal of improving population health outcomes.
Alfred Knudson developed the two-hit hypothesis for cancer causation in 1971 to explain hereditary and non-hereditary retinoblastoma. The hypothesis proposed that cancer results from two mutations, with hereditary cancer requiring one mutation inherited in all cells and non-hereditary cancer requiring two spontaneous mutations. This anticipated the discovery of tumor suppressor genes. Later work extended the two-hit model to other childhood cancers and carcinomas. Currently, Knudson's research focuses on using knowledge of hereditary cancers to develop chemoprevention strategies by targeting early somatic events in high-risk individuals.
This document summarizes a research article about proposing a new hypothesis regarding the origin and spread of cancer. It begins by describing how cancer has become a major threat to global health. It then introduces the hypothesis that cancer should be viewed as an invasive parasite that is able to invade the human body, subsist off the host's resources, and spread between humans through transmission in reproductive cells like sperm and eggs. The goal of the research was to present evidence from epidemiology, clinical observations, genetics, and immunology to support this parasitic view of cancer. It describes how cancer would progress through different stages from invasion to transmission in a "circle of life" within the human body.
Parasite Subsistence of Human Cancer_Crimson Publishers
MiscHealthFiles
1. DO NOT BE DECEIVED!
AllDS AND CANCER ARE CURABLE!
FRIENDSPAY ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING:
If you are deceived into believing that there is NO cure for Aids o r
Cancer and are suffering from or have loved ones who are suffering
from these dreaded dis-eases. the following may be o f extreme help in
reducing or even arresting the furtherance of yours or their suffering.
Check out the following extracts.
These are n o t Irepeat NOT from any unrecognized sources or journals
but from highly-respected individuals and institutions!
The Government, in association with the FDA. AMA and even the press.
is being NEGLIGENTt o the welfare of our fellow human beings.
DO NOT FALL PREY TO THEIR NEGLIGENCE
AND THE LACK OF RECOGNITIONOF THEIR OWN DATA!
Rise up from the doldrums o f apathy and unbelief!
Our ignorance and lack o f care t o the laws of the Mother and
our personal insensitivity(ies) has caused these problems.
Demand utilization NOW o f these scientifically, time-tested.
safe. non-toxic. harmless and life-saving compounds.
Demand this from your Government officials. health and welfare
institutions. doctors, colleges o f research and the press NOW!
CHECK OUT THE EXTRACTS BELOW!!!
The following dtzitlon Is from BLOOQ The Jourrul of the A m e r i a n Sodety o f Hematology, .
Vol. 78. No. 7, October 1, 1991:
lnoctivalon of Human lmmunodefulency Vlms Type Iby Ozone In Vhro
By Keith H. Wells, Joseph Latino, lerrie Gavalchin, and Bernard 1. Poiesz
A device was designed to deliver a constant source of given concentration of ozone to fluids containing human immuno-
deficiency wrus type 1 (HN-1). Ozone was found to Inacttvate HIV-1 vlrons in a dose-dependent manner. Greater than
11 log inactlvat~onwas achieved wthin 2 hours at a concentration of 1,200 ppm ozone. Similar concentrations of ozone had
min~maleffect on factor Vlll activ~tyin both plasma and immunoaffinity-purifiedpreparationsof factor Vlll treated for the
5ame time period. The data indicate that the antiviral effects of ozone include viral particledisruption. reverse transcriptase
~nac~vation,andor a perturbationof the ability of the vlrus to bind to 16receptor on target cells. Ozone treatment offers
p m b e a a means to lnacttvate human retroviruses In human body fluids and blood product pmparatlons.
Q 1901 by The American Sociefy of Hematology
llw~following dtetfon Is from the mpected d e n t l f i c journal
SCIENCE,Vol. 209. August 22, 1980--om deven yecm ago:
Ozone klecttvely lnhibtts Growth of Human Cancer Celk
Abrtract: The growth of human cancer cdls from lung, breast. and uterine tumon was sdectivdy Inhibitedin a dose-
dependent manner by ozone at 0.3 to 0.8 part per million of ozone in ambient air during 8 days of culture. Human lung
d~ploidfibro-blastssewed as non-cancerouscontrol cells. The presence of ozone at 0.3 to 0.5 part per millioc ~nhib~tedcancer
cell g r m h 40 and 60 percent. respectively. The non-canceroa lung cells were unaffectd at these levels. Exposure to ozone
at 0.8 pert per rnllllon inhlbhed cancer cell growth more than 90 percent and control cell growth less than 50 percent.
Evidendy, the mechanisms for defense against ozone damage are imparted in human cancer cells.
The tollowing bmklet showlng the cause of cancer as cellular anoxia (oxygen deprlvatlon) and toxlcRy
was wrltten by Dr. Otto Warburg. the ONLY man In the history of sclence and medldne to be given the
Nobel Prize in Medicine hvlce and nominated a thlrd tlme tor hle dlocoverlee In health:
The PrimeCause and Prevention of Cancer with two prefaces on prevention- Revised lecture at the meeting
of the NobelLaureates on June 20, 1966 at Lindau. Lake Constance, Germany by Otto Warburg. Director, Max
Planck Institutefor Cell Physiology. Berlin-Dahlmer; English Edition by Dean Burk, National Cancer Institute,
Bethesda, Maryland. USA 1967.
Ifyou desire more information, call or write:
P.0. BOX 1360 'PRIEST RIVER. IDAHO 83856 -
2. Warbure, Blass and Koch: Men With a Message
Dr G A Fre~bott
lnternatronal Assoc~atlonfor Oxygen Therap)
P 0 Box 1360
Pnest Rrver, ID 83856 USA
'Today's Scientists have substituted mathematics for experiments, and they wander off through equa-
tion after equation, and eventually builda structure which has no relation to reality." '
"The scientists from Franklin to Morse were clear thinkers and did not produce erroneous theories.
The scientists of today think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can
think deeply and be quite insane."
'Nobody today can say that one does not know what cancer and its prime cause is. On the contrary,
there is no disease whose prime cause is better known, so that today ignorance is no longer an excuse
that one cannot do more about prevention. That the prevention of cancer will come there is no doubt,
for man wishes to survive. But how long prevention will be avoided depends on how long the proph-
ets of agnosticism will succeed in inhibiting the application of scientific mowledge in the cancer field.
In the meantime, millionsof men must die of cancer unnecesarily." .
'A11 truth passes through three stages: First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it is
accepted as self-evident."
These quotes are the frank opinions of the Fsther of Alternating Cur-rent, a two-time Nobel Laureate, and a
nineteenth century German philosopher.
Warburg, Blass and Koch were men whose truths are beconling evident in today's world of science. These
were pioneersand scientists of the highest magnitude. This abstract uncovers, postmortem, the discoveries of
these men and their contributionsto future scientific studns.
Otto Warburg won his first Nobel Prize in 1931for the oxygen-transferringenzyme of cell respiratlonand hrs
second in 1944for his discoveryof the hydrogen transrerrir~genzyme.
Regarding his discoveries he IS quoted as follows:
"Even for cancer, there is only one primary cause. Summarized In a few words, the prime cause of cancer
is the replacementof the respirationof oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar."
"Because no cancer cell exists the respiration of which is intact, it cannot be disputed that cancer could be
prevented if the respiratlonof the body cells would be kept intact."
Dr. F. M. Eugene Blass, an oxidation specialist and enginerldesigner of the PennsylvaniaSteelcokeovens,
clinically verified Warburg's foundational work. Returning to the United States in 1925, cured of his cancer
and armed with the knowledge of the Institut fur Sauerstoff-Heilven-ahren, Blass adamantly represented the
'The recognizable resultr of an insuffkient oxidation erther because of a lack of minerals or oxygen or because of the pres-
ence of foreign matter In the bloodstream are the symptoms wh~chhear the lmpostng nomenclature of modern 'dis-ease.'
The drfferent knds of parasrtes, whlch are the 'germs' commonly blamed for the creabon of these various symptoms, find
food anc! lodglng In the d~seasedsoil which accumulates rn the body, but logically they are not the cause of disease. A
clean body will not tolerate such habrtatron and normal vrtal flulds constrtute the best Insuranceagainst sickness." '
"OXIDATION is the source of Life, its lack causes impaired health or disease, its cessation death."
3. William F. KO&, M.D., Ph.D., a well-pl~b~shedpathologist and medical school professor, presented his co-
practitioners with 'a study of the phenomena of the free radical, the double bond, and its alpha-placed hydro-
gen atom in the pathogenesis and correction of neoplastic, viral and bacterial diseases." This professor and
teacher was truly the granddaddy of ALL oxidative therapies, now referred carte blanche to "oxygen thera-
pies". It is absolutely a fact that all REAL"oxygen therapies 'are oxidative in nature and should litterally "flood
the body with oxygen". But not all "oxidattherapies are "OXYGEN therapies". The following quotes illustrate
further:
"Oxidationhasse
..v e d DOSI~IO~Sof aontml in it* nrvcess in line with our ~twtulate.The first isthe potency
of the K G (Functional Carbonyl Group) which must start the process by dehydrogenating the fuel. When this car-
bonyl group is not free, as when the hydrogen it removes from the fuel is not taken away by some electron acceptor
system, then oxidation is blocked. And for this oxygen is essential as the ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic organ-
isms. So lack of oxygen has two steps in blockingoxidation or hindering it.""
"Our postulate provides for the polymerization of the carcinogenictoxin as it developsto the cancer producing stage,
and this provislon is based upon the chemical and clinical circumstances that stare one straight in the face. Atrophy
precedes neopiasia. If one answersthat the neoplasia is a reactionto the atrophy stimulusas hay fever is to the pol-
len stimulus, one must still offer a mechanismfor the reaction. The simplest mechanismthat could be involved is that
the toxin producesboth changes, and this medianism we have already explained as due to block in energy production
and transfer. Recovery from the state caused by the carcinogenicagent, be it virus or chemical, is therefore a satis-
factory support to the contention, since the same agency accomplishes the correctiaras of all states, atrophy, pre-
growth toxic state, cachexia, and the tumifactions.""
"After the pathogen, be it a virus, carcinogen, or some allergen has made the pathogenic integration,
the need for oxygen in the diseased cells is all the more imperative, and removal of all sources of the
pathogenicamines is the prime consideration. And not until a goad dispersion of the tissue colloids is
had, and a goad oxygen supply is present in the diseased cells should the reagent be given. f i r if it
does not have a molecule of bxvuen at hand tv wmblne with the f m a d b l formedbv each dehvdrv-
gemtion, them will be no curativea ~ ~ o nof oxidation, and the muent is uiven in vain. This also
applies to the free radicals produced by the use of the reducing agent" (Possibly the MOSTImportantstate-
mentever pronouncedby Dr. Koch regardingthe PROPER use of his treabnent(s).)
"The best proof of the correctness or practicabilityof any postulate in medicine is doubtless the curative value of its
app~ication."'~
REFERENCES:
1) Nikola Tesla, Radio Power Will Revolutionize t h e World, Modem Mechanix and Inven
tions, July, 1934, p.2.
2) Ibid.
3) Otto Warburg, The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer, 1969, p.16. (Translation by
Dean Burk, National Cancer Institute)
4) Arthur Schopenhauer, International Tesla Society Journal of Power and Resonance,
Vo1.5, No.4, 1990, p.40.
5) Otto Warburg, The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer, 1966, p.6.
6) Ibid.
7) F.M. Eugene Blass, Oxygen-Therapy-Blass: Its Development into a Complete Uniform
Treatment of Disease, Oxidation News, Vol. 1, No.1.
8) F.M. Eugene Blass, Oxygen Therapy: ItsFoundation, Aim and Results, 1927, p.1.
9) W.F. Koch, The Sunrival Factor in Nmplastic and Viral Diseases, 1961, 1967, p.257.
lo) Ibid. p.24.
11) W.F. Koch, Survival Factor in Neoplastic and Viral Diseases, 1961, 1967, p.257.
12) W.F. Koch, Neoplastic and Viral Parisitism, ItsBasic Chemistry and Its Clinical Rever-
sal (An Introduction to Free Radical Therapy), 1967, pp.4142.
13) W.F. Koch, Survival Factor in Neoplastic a n d Viral Diseases, 1961, 1967, p.25
4. The Prime Cause
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As cn~pharizcd, it is the first prrcor~ditionof the proposed treatment
that all growing body cells be saturated with oxygen. It is a second pre-
condition that exogenous carcinogens be kept away, a t least during the treat-
ment. All carcinogens impair rrspir;?tion tlirectly o r indirectly hy deranging
capillary circulation, a statenlent thar is proved hy the fact that n o cancer
cell exists, the recpiratior~of which ir trot impaired. Of course, respiration
canrlot be repair[-d if it ic irrrpnircd .it rhc came rime by carcinogcris.
:..
:. :: ::
'1'0 prf*verlrc.anc.rr it i rll(~rc.fc,r-cI>rc)r~c,~c~clfirrt to krep tile rpc.cd o f tlrc
I,lootl <tre;lrrr (I Irigh that t l ~ rc.rlr,u t>lood ti11 rontait~ssufficierrt oxygen:
c(%c.o~icl,t o l<cc)l)igl~the ~ . I ~ I I L ~ * I I ~ I ~ ~ I I ~ ~ ~ Iof l~c~rio~It)l>iriill tlic l~loocl;tl~irclt o
add alfa),r t o tlrc food, c c n oC hc.iltlry pc%ol>lr,tlic active grorlpc o f the
rcspiratol-- cn/yllrcr: anel ro i~~c.rc,nctlic clorc of rlrre groups, if a pre-
cariccrorrs tatc:') lias alrcad, dcclopctl. l i ar tllc .inre time cxogcr~uur
carciriogcri arc cxclrrcicd rigoroucly, rlicn r~rudrof t l ~ rc n d o g c ~ i o u ~cincer
niay bc prcvcrrtccf toclay.
'llicrc propocals arc in 110 -.I- uropiat~.O n tlie rorltrary, they niay be
rcalizc-d h y everybody. c.cr..l~er;c,at all?. I~our.Unlike the prevention of
nialiy otlier direaces tlie prc-crrtio~~of cariccr rrcluirer no government help,
and riot much tiioney.
1. :. .._I_ .. ,.
.l'lrcrr arc. pritrrc ant1 cc~c~orrd.rr~xrrcnf dicc..~rr. f'c~r csariiple, t l ~ v
prime cause of tlic plague is the plagrrc bacillus, but rccontlary causes of rhc
plaguc are filth, rat, and the fleas th.it tranrfer tlie plague bacillus from
rats to rrlan. By a prime cause o l .I dicare 1 meall one that is found in
t'i.'CYJ c.trc. of tlic dirarc,.
Cancer, ahovc 211 otlirr diccacr. 11.1, i~~urrtlrcscc.ondar!. cartscs. Alriiot
anything can cauc. caticer. But. ~ ~ I , I Ilor carleer, thcrc i orily onc primc
e.arrre. S U I I I I ~ I ; ~ ~ ~ / I ~ I ~iri a feu. u.orci. .rIrc pririlc cinc of a n c c r is thr
r~p~.icerti~rrt01 tlrc. resl>ir;itioti 01 i r t trc>rrirSil lu)cly cr!ls hy a
fernletitation of ru!:ar. All ~~c,rmalhotlv cells meet their cncrgy needs hy
rcqpiration of oxyget~,wl~crcacat1c.c.r ccllr meet tlirir rncrgv ncccls in great
lwrt l y fcrtiic~~tatic~rr.All tic~rni~ill ~ ~ c l ~cclls are tl)us oI>l;gatc arrobrr,
,hercar all c.1lrrc.r cells .ire parti;ll .it~aerobcr. 1:roni tlic randpoint c,f
tllc physics and dlrtnirtry of Iifc thic ditfrrcricr hrtween riorn~al;ir~dcancer
cells ir 50 grc.it tliat one can scarrrly pictrtrc .I greater cliflcrc.t~cr.Oxygen
gas, the donor o f energy iri plant5 arid animals is dctllror~cdin the caiiccr
cells and replaced l,y at? energy yirlding reaction of the lowest li,ing forms,
namely, a fcrn~ent~itic~no f glucore.
Eitglish Edition by Dean Burk
National Canccl- Ttitirr~tc,Rcthc~d;l.?.I;lryland, [ISA
5. 111 all).
cac.. c l u r ; ~ ~ ~tlic cAricrI- cl<.c-loliriic.~itr l ~ cos!,g~ri-i-c*~irario~inl,,l< i.ills,
frrriirrltaticin nppr.lr5. .i11t1 rhc hislily ditTcrcnriatcd cclls a r c tran<for~iicdt o
fcr111~lirili~;i~iaCrol>ec.vliich l i i i v ~Ioqt nll tllcir I~ociyfunctions alld rrtain
onlv rlir IIO.r~<clcx.;propcrr!. oi grc~vrll.'l'liur, when rccpiratior~dival~pcars,
lit.<* clor c I i < ~ p p c ~ i r .>III l i t , v , c ~ I ~ I ; I , , ~o f lifr tii;~ppc.~rr,anii w l ~ n tri-111aitis
. ~ r r< r o v i ~ , ~111,ldlinc.rli.ir clt..~ro!. tlic 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ .in i,llich the! grow.
bIa11y cxpcrtt .igr-cc. 1h;lt orir c17ulJ prccnc about 80°.0 of a11 cancers In
man, if one could ;iway rhc knon-n c.ircinogcnc from the nornlal body
cells. 'l.lic prc,entron of cancer ~iiigl,rillvolvr 1 1 0 gre.lt cxpcnses, a11decpecially
would require littlc frlrtlicr rcseard~t o I>ring about canccr Prcvcntion in
u p to 80 pcrcent.
r, :: ':
Most cspcl-tc ngrcc thnt 11cat.l~80'l 11 of cnncerc could be prevcr~ted.if all
contacl with the Itnonn cuc~gcnc~tl<cnrc.inosrr~rc o ~ ~ l t lheavoitlcd. But h o w c a n
the rc%riininin,,:20" (1, t h r c l i d ~ ~ ~ c r i o r l r,r r, c ~ ~ i l l c * t lIloritancous cancers, hc pre-
acntril?
Ilcc:luc n o cnlicer cell ~ s i ~ t r .tlli. r('~~>ir,1liol1of ~vllichis intact I). it cannot
hc tlicputcd tllnt canccr could b~ pl-c,.cnr<~cl;f ~ h rrespiration of the body
cells would hc kept intact.
$4 + C ..-,
W h y does it happen that iri spite of all [hie so little is done towards the
prevention of cancer? T h e answer has always bccn that o n e does not know
what cancer o r thc prilnc causc of cancer is, a n d that one canllot prevent
roriicthi11~that is not known.
Hut nobody today cnn say that onc does not kliow w h a t cancer alid its
prilnc causc is. O n the contrary, there is n o disease whose prime cause is
better known, so that t o d a y ignorance is no loliger a n excuse that one cannot
do ~ n o r ca b o r ~ tpreventioli. 'l'hat tlic p r c r e ~ i t i o no f cancer will come thcre is
n o do~rbt,for m a n wiclies t o si~rvivc.Rut h o w long prevention will be
avoided d e p e ~ i d son h o w long the prophets of agnosticism will succeed in
inhibiting the application of scientific knowledge in the cancer field. In the
1ne.ir~tin1c.niillions of men ~irustdie o f cancer un~lrcessarily.
Literature to Preface of Second Edition: a 3 4
WILI.STAETTER,WIEI,ANDand EUI.FR,1.ccturcs (>ti cni-ynlcs at thc CcrlrcIiary 01
tlie Gesellslhalr Dn~tsclirrNaturforschcr. Rcricl~teder -I)cul.;cl~c~i( : l ~ c r ~ l i ~ c l l ~ ~ i
(;esellrchaft, 55, 35S3? 1922. The 3 lectures of the 3 famous chcmisrs show that
it1 the year 1922 the action of all enzy~iicsn.is ctill a mystery. N o .ic~icgroup
ol any enzyme was known then.
OTTOWARBURC,Biocheni. Zeitschrift, 152, 479, 1924.
O r l o WARRURC,1ie.ivy Mrt;iIs as pros~licri~Groups of vll/yriicr. <:1.1rvo~Io11
I'rers, Oxford, 1949.
OTTO WARBURG,Wasser~tnffiibcrtrag~ntleFcrmcnte, Verlag W'erncr Singer,
Berlin, 1948.
I)FAN~ I J R K ,1941. On the specifirit)- of glycoly5ir in rnaliKn.lrit livrr rulrior~a'.
ccirr~paredwith honi~logousadult or Rrosing liver tissues. in Sympo~ic~~iiof
Respirator Enzymes. Univ. of Wi5consili Press. pp. 235-245. 1942.
I ) F A N RIIRK.1956. SCICIICC,123, 514. 19Sh Y'oods, hl. YX'., S~ir~dfttr~I.K. K..
Ilurk, U., arid Itarle. V. R. J. Nariorr.il (:arrccr lrlsritutr 23, IOi!,-- 1049. Ii)5').
1 ) r . q ~BURK,1964. Burk. I).. Woocis, hl. arid flunter, 1. On tlic SiFriific.iricc of
(;lucolvtis for Cancer Grtrvth, wi~liSpcci.11 Rcfercr~ccre, hifrrri~I<.it 1lcp.1~
Icmas. Journ. National Cnnccr l~irtitutc38. 839-865. 1967.
0. WARRURGund F'. KVBOWITZ,Hioch. %. 189, 242, 1927; 11. (;III I , I ~ I . A T Tuntl
G. CAMTRON,J. Expcr. Med. 97, 52.5, 1953.
(3. WARBURG,17. Musbad~erKolloq~riurn,April 1966. VcrlaF:SprirrKvr, I lciclrl-
l>i,r~,1966. '
0. V('ARRURG,K. GAU-FIIN,A. W. <;FI%I I R, 1). KAYSIR allel ';. ~ . ( > K IN7,
Klitritrhc Wochrnsrhrift 43. 2%9, 196.5.
0. WARBURG,Oxygen, The C:reator of 1)ilfcrc1itiario1l,l)ir~chcnitc.ilI-~irrgriic.
Ac.idcmic Pres5. New Ynrk, 1766.
0.WARBURG,New Methods of Cell Physic>logy,Gcorg Thicn~e,S~utrfi;lrt;nlid
Intcr$cience Publisher$, New York, 19112.
6. .;; Ozone Selectively Inhibits Growth of Human Cancer Cells
. .
Abstract. 7'111~~rutt*tIr~!~IIII~PI~I:Ictrttt,eri~rll.*,lh)t~~l t t t r ~ ~ .hrt*ti.~,~I~II/ttIt,ritrt* rrth11w.s
HYJS side(.rit.(~/yit~/tihitt,tlit1 tr dtj.~t'-tlt./)t*111/1*~11ttrct~tttt-r.h!. o:t,trt* rrr 0.)Io 0.81ttrr1prr
million t~'o:otrt~itr ~r)t~hit~trtuir drtrirtg A tht)..t ~~I't~111tttri~.//I~III~I~I/II~I~tli/~lt)it/)ihrt~.
blusrs srrt-rdt r . ~ttorri.trtrc,cJrtJrrsc.t~tnrr~lt~1~1l.s.7'hc /It c,.ttdt~tr t!/'o:tjnt~ trr 0.1to u..4ptrt
prr milliott i t ~ h i h i ~ t ~ t lt.trtrt,c3r tat,/I protr.tlr 40 cttrtl 61)/~t~rt~c~ttt,rt*.r/~c~r+~it~c~l,y,7'111,nt)tl.
cuni.rrort.1 11111~r.rI/. ~t&t;rt*ttn~~fli*~.tt*tl111 tl~c.~taII*W/.. t,x/~t).rrrt~111tj:t)trt6 tit 0.8pcrrt
prr mill;t~n~trlribitt~tlt,trt~t.t,rt.i*ll grtttcv11ttrtjrt. IIIIIIIMJl)tvtvt3trrt r t ~ t li.ontr1j1t*t*/Igrcjtt,t/r
Irss thun SO pc.rt.mr. Et~it/~~t~rly,~ h ctt~c~r.htrttitnrs~ i j rtlt;fi.trst*rtgtrin.tr t1:onte dtin~trgv
urr inlpuirrd in 11rrtt111t1rrtnt~c~i~v1l.v.
The effects of ozone on hum;tn health
have been o focus of pl~hlicconcern and
scientific investignlion for more than two
decades (14). Considerable atlention has
been devoted to itshessing its cellular ef-
fects (3) because il is thc major citnslitlt-
en1 of the ground.leve1 oxid;rnts in pi$-
luted air, Much hit3 hecn leurncd ahtrt~t
the efTecls of ozone on normal tissues,
but little is known itbttut its action on
cancer cells. We have conducted experi-
ments in which cctnclnuous exposrlre to
ozone at 0.3 pprn (hI electively inhibited
the growth ofh~~rnirncilncer cells 40 per-
cent in 8 di~yh.
Conrrolled levels of ozone (0.3 l o 0.8
ppm) were contint~ot~slygeneratedby 111-
trrviolel irridii~tiunol' filtcred itmhicnt
air. The ozon;rtcd itir, contitining S per-
cent curhon dioxide, W~IS introduced illit
constitnt flow rille of 4.0 IitcrJmin into ;In
environmcnti~lck;lmhcr in itn incuhntor
mitintitineJ ;I! 37°C (t:ig. 11, 'l'hc u?one
Icvels were u:tytbd ditily with tt spcWrb
photometric i t r o l ) ~.i~n;~lyrer.I:or con!-
piirison, nonc;tnccroirs humicn lung dip-
loid fibroh1;tsts (7) were oultitrcd in tho
chitrnhcr itlong with thi* cancer cells. The
cancer cells werc fl.orn itlveulur ( I ~ ~ n g l
tidcnr~c;rrcinorn:tuby). bre;trt'adcni~c;~rci-
nomus ( 9 ) .uterine cnrcinos;rrcom;~s.and
endornetri;tl citrcinom;~h (10). All thc
cells were grown in 60-mm petri dishes
Fi&.I.Schemu~icdi;rgmm (not
to scdC) of the rytcm rlaedfor
culturing humun.cells in ctP+
natcd umbicnt ..rir. Fillered
unbicnt air wus mixcd with
cubon dioxide (5 percent)and
introduced inlo n duul chum-
ber incubator lNutional 335 1).
in 10 rnl of medium and were placed in
the ch;trnher at the surne time. Contrd
cclls wcra inctrbirred in an ui{joiningcom-
purtmcnt reccit in^ fillered urnbient air
contilininl: 5 percent c;trhlm dioxide (4.0
litcr~rnin~.Three petri dishes for each cell
type rr t.rc removed from each of the two
c.omp;rrtmcnlsewry 48 hours for 8 days,
and thc nurnher of cells per plate werc
co~~nted.All of the canccr cells showed
marked dose-dependent grow.th inhibi-
tion in wont. iit 0.1itnd 0.5 pprn (Fig. 2).
'I'hcrc t w s no yrowlh inhiYtion of the
nons;ttrccrolls Itrng cells at these alone
level, and they were murphalogically
identi~itllo the corresponrlinp conlrol
cells. At 0.8 pprn. lhc growth of the non.
ci~nccrvuscells Wits inhihrled SO percent.
httt it11 fullr types of'cilncer cells we:% in-
hihilt4 n1or.c thirn Wl percent.
Al'lcr hti11ycul1111.cdthri~trgh(14 pas-
hoy~.the noncirlrccrotis cells e~hibited
nrt*;ln~r;thlc growth inhibition rtnd mor-
pholtyicill ~ h i t n g ~ stvecuolation) ' in
irrimc ill 0.5 ppln, sttggctiny th;rt.oginp
increases the sensitivity of norrnnl lung
cells 10 oxonc (Fig. 3), In cultured 'hu-
nlitt1 dipl1)id fihrohl;hrls, morpholopicnl
ch;tngcs :tnJ :Igrad11;llJt.creitse in rate of
growth h:tw hcen ;~ttribtrttdto a buildup
of ccllul;~~d;tm:tgc with eitch st~ccessive
division (11. 12). Ozone may accelerate
processes similar l o those nJurully
Half was conducted through u 1 I
ul~braledozunc ~eneritor((;r c
con$i.ctin~of a quaflz PYM
tube irrudiatcd with ultravtolet B
light and then into u herme~i. J -Aully senled (?O hy 20 by 20
em) glass rnd ntrinlcsr stcel
. cnvironmcntul chiunhcr (C')
containing u ~;txhe~edw i e s s
d m . Output ofoxcMc from the pnemIMvaried lens thitn Ipercent per duy. t h e ozone content
of the vented icir ('I frvm Ihc chamher ~ 8 1 smeuuurt-dJail) with r spccttophi~tomctricuzctne
malyzet.(Dirbibi IO3.AH). Malignant rnd normill h~~rn;tncclls werc incubated in chumkr E
satumttd with water vupctr. Comspnndi~cells reruing it ct~ntrolrwere incubated in the 4.
joining comprrtment (('1, alsa utuntcd v ~ t hwu~crvrtprlr.
a SCIENCE. VOL. 209. 22 AUGUST I'M) Wth WU7.(~11o.II(??.WZISN~clH) Cup)nyhl b IW AAAS
7. causin~cellular damage and may de- Evidently, cancer cells are Ics ilhle to
crease the arowth rate of fhr aging compcnsnte for the oxidative tr~lrdcno f
fibroblast colony. However, in'ozone ut otonc than normal cclls. 7'hc mitrtied
0.5 ppm, dl o f the human cancer cdls sensitivity orcancer cells to ozone rilises
(which do not age) had growth rates questions about the possible mcchs-
several times lower than that of the nisms o f oxidative inhihitwn o f their
wed, noncancerous cells (Fig. 2). growth. Virtually every m;t.ior com-
Fig. 2. Inhibition by ozone of roo
growth of malignant and non-
malignant cclls in culture oa
day 8. Each of the cell types
were grown in 10 ml of DJI-
&GO'S modified EMe's mini- 80
mum esscntial. medium con-
toipirg 10 percent calf serum. f
In a typical experiment, 12
dishes pcr cell lina (urudly
three or four cell lines were 80
t e e r e n w e
loaded into the environmental
chamber with an equal number
of control dishes in the adjoin- ging compartment (Fis. I). The
initid population was 3 x 18
cells,per dish. Every 48 hours g
three dishes for each cell type
were removed from both com-
pnmcnts and the cells were W
tested for viability with 0.4 )
percent trypan blue and
cwnred w~rha hemocytom-
etcr. Each data point rtpre-
wnlr the number d expcri- 0.3 0.5
mcntJ cells divided by the
0.8
number of correspondinpcon-
Ozone (ppm)
11-01 cells per dish multipliedby 100(thepercentage of ccotrol growth) md is plottedagainst the
measurrdlevelof,ozone in the environmentalchamber. The percentage ofgrowth inhihition is
calculated by subtractin8the percentage of grtiw~hfrom la).The dataore from ccll collntingon
duy.6 of incubation. There is a nearly linear rcla!ion between inhibition of the growth of the
cancer cells and increasingozone levels. The noncancerouscell line IMH-W) (A)bcpim to dis-
play measurable growth inhibition only when oz,onc levels exceeded$5 ppm. a level that pro-
dufcd approximately 60 percent inhihition in it11 of the cancer cell lines tested IA, ;llvcolar
adenocarcinoma(A-W9); 0,breast adenocarcinnma (MCF-7);0.uterinecarcinosarcomn110);
O, endometrialadenocarcinoma(lo)].Then was some srowtb inhibitioninnoncancerouscdls
aged through 14 passnges (0).The mcnn populations of the cells serving as controls were as
fdlp;vs (per dish on day 8): IMR-90, 34;8 x lq: A-549. 36.5 x IF; MCF-7. 57.0 x los; en-
Jomctrial adenwarcinoma, 64.2 x loS;myomelrialcarcinosarcoma. 121.1 x 10".
. .. .
! ,
Fip.3. Photomicrographs( x 100) showing growth inhibt~ionand morphologicalchanges in lung
dvcular adcnocarcinomacells after IIdrylr dinc~~hutioninozone et 0.5ppm. (A) Control A-549
cellh, (U) Ozone-treated A-W9 c 1 5 ahirwing viic1101e formation, a typical morphulogicd
change urscrcialed with uowth inhibition.
932
poncnt o f normal cells has been found to
be ~ffectedby elevated ozone levels ~ 7 ) .
However. glt~tathione in its reduced
form (GSH) has been credited with pro-
viding the first line of defense against the
peroxides and free rddicals generaled in
all cells by ozone and oxygen (1. 13-15),
It deactivates peroxides and rddicals by %
donating one hydrogen atom to the rcac- '
tive species. Loss of a GSH hydrogen
loxid;~tion) rcsulrs in formation of oxi-
dized glutathione (GS-SG). The cellular
respiratory system is responsible for re-
ducing,GS-SG to GSH.The GSH-linked
respiratory system in normal and cancer
cells. before and after exposure to
ozone, must be examined to learn wheth-
er ;If ~ ~ n c ~ i o n dimpairment of this system
is associated with the marked sensitivity
of cancer cells to the oxidant.
These findings lead us to believe that
o7one-alone, in combination with radi-
utic~ntheri~py(16),or in chemotherapy
utilizing electrophilic compounds (17)-
may have therapeutic value for patients
wit% certain fi?rms of lung cancer.
FILI>LRICK S W ~ E T
MING-SI~IAN KA.
SONG-CHIAU D. LEE
Dr.purtnrr,nt oJOhstc~lric~crrrd
C;?.n~c*ologp,Wt~shingronUnil,rrsity
Sr.lioi)l of Mt*d(c.itir.
St. Lrtitis. Missorrrt'63llO
WILL L.HAGAR
City of St. I.rruis Air Pt)llution
Control, St. Liwis 6303
WILEENE. S W ~ E T
Air Qrrcrlity S~rrion,E~ISI-Wesr
(;(I rot,(ty Coordirrurin~Council,
SI. Lortis 63102
R d a m n d Ndta
I.D. I..Dunwarth, C. E.Cross. J. R.Oilteapic,
C. G. Ploppcr, in Ozone Chrn~isrryand Tet.h-
noltrxr. J. S. Murph and J. R, On. EB.
(FranklinInslitu!c. ~hiradclphin.1973).chsp.2.
2. H. E. Slokinlcr and O. Coffin, inAlr P~rlkrtion.
A. C. Stem. W. (Academic Rers, New YocC.
Iwnl. vcd. I.p f .446-546.
3. H. D. Kerr rl ul.. Am. Mrv. Nrspir. Dis. Il!
761 lt97.5).
4. J. n.Hackney. W. S. finn. C. D. L w . S. K.
Krm7.. Orccnhcr~.R. D.Backley. E.E. Ped-
crsen, Arch. E n ~ . ~ r r ~ n .Hrrrlrh 30. 385 (1973).
5. 8. D. C;~)Ids~ein,h i , .t,nvircm. Iiculfh 2, In
11977).
b. Ncwmsl httrnvn ruhjerts loleraled breathin80.3
ppm ozimr in air 2 hours p r day for Iweek a
0.25 ppm ozone 2 hours per day for 3 weeks (I).
The two gri~~pseny~gdinli&hrexercised u r k
thposurc. Allhqh bolh poups developd
chest disccnnfmand moderately docreasedrrs.
rMarry functionduriwexposure, their removal
romthe oxidativeenvironmenlresultedia rapid
disapwarmcc or the symptom.. nK mean
doserer onrccurvesfrom this ~tudyshow r no.
d*eetrhf'-emcct lcvcl at 0.25 to 0.50 ppm. A
rimilar rrudy LO ftund that humanwbjrclr 101-
erared exposure lo 0.5 ppm ozone for up to 6
hnurb. Pulmonary functlun wur .Ilccled and
chent diaromkrldevelopedat this level. with no
rignihcw~ diUerences abrervtd &we-
amokera Yd nonsmokcn.
7. Thcbr cells {IMR-90)were obtained from
Human Adtq Cdl Reposilwy and plated r,
hnursnher r h ~piw T h i s ccU r y p w u c h u r -
tcrizcdby W, b.~/rho)s;D.G. Murphy. V:J.
Cri!lohlu, L.H. Toji. A. E. tircenc, and St A.
htyht (Sc.irnr,r 196,61(l1971),
SCIENCE. VOL. 209
8. Inactivation of Human l m n ~ u n o d e f i c i e n c yVirus Tyve 1 by Ozone I n Vitro
By Keith H. Wells, Joseph Latino, Jerr~eGavalchin. and Bernard J. Poiesz
A device was designed to deliver a constant source 01ulrrll
concentrations of ozone to fluids containing human immuno-
deficiency virus type 1(HIV-1).Ozone was found to inactivate
HIV.1 virions in a dore-dependent manner. Greater than 11
log inactivation was achieved within 2 hours at a concentra-
tion of 1,200ppm ozone. Similar concentrations of ozone had
minimal effect on factor Vlll activlty in both plasma and
immunoaffinity-purified preparations of factor Vlll treated
HUMAN immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I). the
etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syn-
drome (AIDS), is a lentivirus that cornpleles its replicative
cyclc by budding through the host ccll membrane. acquir~ng
host-derived and v~rus-encodedcomponents in thc process.
Subsequent rounds of replication requlre an Intact lipid
envelope containing the viralk encoded envelope proteins
necessary for receplor binding.' 11has been suggested that
perturbation of the HIV-I envelope may be a suitable
approach to inactivating HIV-1.: Compounds that fluidize
membranes by removing cholesterol (AL721)-'or by com-
plex~ngmembrane cholesterol (umpho~ericinB methyl
ester)'can inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitm. Although their
precise mode of action has yet to be defined. these
compounds may reduce HIV-1 infectivity by perturbing the
envelope of HIV-1. We therefore investigated the activity
of another membrane active agent, ozone, on HlVLl
infectivity in vitro.
Ozone. the triatomic allotrope of oxygen, is an extremely
potent oxidant that has been shown to possess broad
spectrum antimicrobial activity."' It has been widely used in
sewage treatment. in water purification. and in medi~ine."'~
In particular. ozone has been shown to be effective against a ,
number of enveloped and nonenveloped viral species. with '
enveloped viruses being more susceptible to ozonc inactiva-
tion than those lacking lipid envelopes.'."" We report on
the in virm inactivation of HIV-I in cell culture media and
dclibcrately infected factor VI I1 preparations at concenlra-
tions of ozone that are not toxic to target cells, while
maintaining the biologic activrty of factor V111. We also
investigated the mechanism by which Ozone mediates its-
antiviral effect.
- 1 - , . -:
- -
for the same time period. The data indicate that the antiviral
effects of ozone include viral yrticle disruption, reverse
transcriptase inactivation. andlor a perturbation of the abil-
ity of the virus to bind to its receptor on target cells. Ozone
treatment offers promise as s merm to inactivate human
retroviruses in human body fluids and blood product prepara-
trons.
r 1991 by The American Society of Hematology.
Ozollc has previously been shown to possess potcnt
antiviral activit~.cspcciall$ whcn used against liprd-
cnvclopcd viruscs. For this rcason wc inveslrgatcd Ihc usc
01 iIzonc ;I% a polrntral i~nt~-MlVI ~pcnt.Wc used a hollou
lihcr J c l ~ v c nsybtcnl that mdxrrnlzcs the >url'acc arcit
a,ailablc for ozone to interact with the fluid rnal'crial ol'
interest. The syslem also allows for the precise regulation of
concentrations of ozone to be delivered into the hollow
fiber cartridge. Afferent as well as efferent concentrations
of ozonc can also be monitored to determine ir-saturating
levels of ozone are achieved in the treated material. With
regard to laboraton. safety concerns, this closcd system has
proven to be safe and Icak-proof, thereby reducing possible
exposure of laboratory personnel to ozone and human
retroviruses to an absolute minimum.
We first examined the ability of ozone to inactivate
cell-free HIV-1 in ?ell-free CM. These results indicate that
ozone has potcnt anti-HIV-1 activity. Preliminary experi-
men15 using an escalating dose regimen indicared that a
1.200 ppm dose of ozone achieved a 2 2 ly ~nactivationof
virus. Thc data s h o ~that neither incubation of the virus
preparation at room temperature and at atmospheric condi-
tions for the duration of the experiment nor mechanical
sh&r created b~ the virus through the syslcrn
inactivate the virus to any great extent. However. therc was
a signiticant inactivation of the virus due to exposurc ol'
virus-containing CM to :h~.slrcam of carrier nitrogen.
Exposure of the virus to purc nitrogen for 6 hours results in
an almost 85% inaclivntion of virus.
From rhr Deponm& of~?dtcrnrand ~ ~ r v b ~ o l o g v~lmmu;ldlo&
SUNY Health Science Ccwer. S,vmcw. W, rhu Drpunmrn~of
Hcmatolog?:Oncul~.Thr Brwklyn Hosprral, Nm York hY. utui
rhe Blolopcal Techn~calSrrvrc~s.Mcrck Phannlrcruncal. Munufucrur-
-mg Dtvrsron. Wrsr Pornr. PA