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microwave_and_radio_Part_AM_Protection_SNCP_LMSP
1.
www.huawei.com Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Microwave Part [ AM ; protection, SNCP , LMSP ]
2.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2 AM Function The AM function adjusts the modulation scheme according to the quality of the channel , In the case of the same channel spacing, the microwave service bandwidth varies with the modulation mode. The higher the modulation efficiency, the higher the bandwidth of the transmitted services is. In this manner, the anti-interference capability of the radio link is improved and the link availability of the services with a higher priority is ensured. The AM technology adopted by the OptiX RTN 950 has the following features: > The AM technology can use the QPSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM modulation mode. > The lowest modulation mode (also called "reference mode") and the highest modulation mode (also called "nominal mode") actually used by the AM can be configured. > When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the transmit frequency, receive frequency, and channel spacing do not change. > When the modulation modes of AM are switched, the step-by-step switching mode must be adopted. > When the AM switches the modulation modes to a lower one, the services with the low priority are discarded but no bit errors or slips occur in the services with the high priority. The speed of switching the modulation modes meets the requirement for no bit error in the case of 100 dB/s fast fading.
3.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page3 Capacity Time 99.999% Voice Adaptive Modulation Outage: 5.25min 99.998% 99.995% 99.99% 99.95% 256QAM 128QAM 64QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM 32QAM 99.9% Outage: 10.51min Outage: 26.28min Outage: 52.56min Outage: 262.80min Outage: 525.60min QPSK 16QAM Packet radio GSM HSPA Purpose to use the microwave frequency resources more efficiently and to provide a higher valid bandwidth, according to the propagation condition of air interface, the modulation mode is automatically changed to ensure that the services are transmitted to the greatest extent. > When the AM function is enabled, the Hybrid microwave supports the 1+1 protection and N+1 protection and XPIC function. > When the XPIC function is enabled, the XPIC workgroup can be configured only on the channel spacing of 28 MHz or 56 MHz.
4.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page4 AM Working Principle (Before the Switching) 1. The service is scheduled to the IF interface of the IF board and then multiplexed into the microwave frame at the MUX unit. 2. The microwave frame is transmitted to the opposite end over the Tx path after being modulated by the IF unit. 3. The Rx path of the opposite end receives the IF signal and then checks the quality of the received signal based on the received signal to noise ratio (SNR). In the case of the current modulation scheme, the quality of the received signal is considered to be degraded if the value of the received SNR is lower than the preset threshold. In this case, the opposite end sends a signal that indicates the quality of the received signal to the AM engine. 4. The AM engine at the opposite end sends the microwave frame to the local end after the switching indication signal is inserted into the overhead of this microwave frame. 5. The IF unit at the local end processes the received IF signal and sends the AM switching indication signal to AM engine at the local end. 6. The AM engine sends the switching indication signal to the MUX unit to enable the MUX unit and the air interface to change the modulation scheme, as shown
5.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page5 System gain is decreased while modulation increased and service bandwidth also , under bad weather condition or even an interference the Modulation mode is down shifted to conserve the highest priority service and drop low priority services giving granularity of different services types as in below diagram 999% % data 99.99 % in the AM technology , modulation mode switched step by step according to signal to noise ration ( SNR ) at the receiver , to ensure smooth jitter and bit error free events in the switching , the system does not switch the modulation mode immediately in all cases that SNR reaches the relevant threshold , instead , certain AM margin is added , so final SNR is called SNR threshold , to prevent frequent modulation switching , SNR value of the downshift is lower than SNR value of the up shift , another powerful feature that the site participate in the formation of the AM link , start to search for optimum modulation mode it can use in the transmission direction , while it can use another low modulation type in the receiving direction in case the opposite site do not got AM function enabled, so that at an instance Huawei MW site can have two types of carrier one used for modulation and other used for demodulation. On the NMS, modulation mode can be set to lowest modulation mode (Guaranteed mode) , and the highest modulation mode ( Full-Capacity mode) , for convenient description , the modulation mode for meeting the highest link availability of the service capacity of the customer is called the reference mode , By default reference mode is considered as the Guaranteed mode.
6.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page6 QPSK demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled 16-QAM demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled 32-QAM demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled 64-QAM demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled 128-QAM demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled 256-QAM demodulation threshold before the AM function is enabled Up shift switch threshold from QPSK-> 16-QAM Up shift switch threshold from 16-QAM> 32-QAM Working in 16-QAM Up shift switch threshold from 32-QAM> 64-QAM Working in 32-QAM down shift switch threshold from 64-QAM> 32-QAM down shift switch threshold from 32-QAM> 16-QAM Working in 64-QAM down shift switch threshold from 16-QAM> QPSK UP-Shift Down-Shift Working in 32-QAM Working in 16-QAM 16-QAM ? – 32-QAM AM up adjustment margin of 16-QAM AM down adjustment margin of 16-QAM
7.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page7 QPSK 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM A- UP-Shift procedure QPSK Area 16-QAM Area 32-QAM Area 64-QAM Area 128-QAM Area 256-QAM Area System switched to use 16-QAM while it can support up to 32-QAM used as margin Probability of working duration in each mode is almost the same.
8.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page8 QPSK 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM A- Down-Shift procedure QPSK Area 16-QAM Area 32-QAM Area 64-QAM Area 128-QAM Area 256-QAM Area Up-shift threshold Down-shift threshold Up-shift margin Down-shift margin
9.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page9 Formula of Calculating Required SNR at the receiver S/N = THR + k*B - F THR = Receiver threshold , k = Boltzmann Constant , B = Signal Bandwidth , F = Noise Factor After the AM Function is Enabled , S/N’ = ( THR + AM ) + k*B – F , thus the New S/N’ required in the Design for each up-shift or down-shift switching has an added Margin = AM , saving switching criteria has hitless switching. where L - Receiver threshold level for a given BER (no interference) [dBW] k - Boltzmann's constant = 1.3806503 × 10-23 m2 kg s-2 K-1 T - the absolute temperature in Kelvin = ([K] = [°C] + 273.15 ) B - the IF bandwidth in Hertz F - the receiver noise figure in decibel
10.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page10 BER=10-9 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 7M QPSK -90.50 -90.50 -90.50 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -89.50 -89.00 -88.00 -87.50 16QAM -84.50 -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50 32QAM -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50 64QAM -77.50 -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50 128QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50 256QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50 14M QPSK -88.50 -88.50 -88.50 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -87.50 -87.00 -86.00 -85.50 16QAM -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50 32QAM -77.50 -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50 64QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50 128QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50 256QAM -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50 28M QPSK -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50 16QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 32QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50 64QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50 128QAM -68.50 -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50 256QAM -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50 56M QPSK -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50 16QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 32QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50 64QAM -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50 128QAM -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50 256QAM -62.50 -62.50 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -61.50 -61.00 -60.00 -59.50 Receiver Sensitivity – IFU2
11.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page11 BER=10-6 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 7M QPSK -92.50 -92.50 -92.50 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -91.50 -91.00 -90.00 -89.50 16QAM -86.50 -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50 32QAM -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50 64QAM -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50 128QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50 256QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50 14M QPSK -90.50 -90.50 -90.50 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -89.50 -89.00 -88.00 -87.50 16QAM -83.50 -83.50 -83.50 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -82.50 -82.00 -81.00 -80.50 32QAM -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50 64QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50 128QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50 256QAM -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50 28M QPSK -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50 16QAM -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50 32QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50 64QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50 128QAM -70.50 -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50 256QAM -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50 56M QPSK -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50 16QAM -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50 32QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50 64QAM -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50 128QAM -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50 256QAM -64.50 -64.50 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -63.50 -63.00 -62.00 -61.50 Receiver Sensitivity – IFU2
12.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page12 BER=10-3 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 7M QPSK -94.50 -94.50 -94.50 -94.00 -94.00 -94.00 -94.00 -93.50 -93.00 -92.00 -91.50 16QAM -88.50 -88.50 -88.50 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -87.50 -87.00 -86.00 -85.50 32QAM -84.50 -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50 64QAM -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50 128QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 256QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 14M QPSK -92.50 -92.50 -92.50 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -92.00 -91.50 -91.00 -90.00 -89.50 16QAM -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50 32QAM -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50 64QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 128QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 256QAM -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50 28M QPSK -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50 16QAM -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50 32QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 64QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 128QAM -72.50 -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50 256QAM -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50 56M QPSK -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50 16QAM -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50 32QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 64QAM -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50 128QAM -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50 256QAM -66.50 -66.50 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -65.50 -65.00 -64.00 -63.50 Receiver Sensitivity – IFU2
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page13 Receiver Sensitivity IF1 BER=10-9 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 1 QPSK_4E1 -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50 2 16QAM_4E1 -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50 3 QPSK_8E1 -86.50 -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50 4 16QAM_8E1 -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50 5 QPSK_16E1 -83.50 -83.50 -83.50 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -82.50 -82.00 -81.00 -80.50 6 16QAM_16E1 -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50 7 128QAM_STM-1 -68.50 -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50 10 32QAM_22E1 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 11 64QAM_26E1 -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50 13 16QAM_35E1 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -75.50 -74.50 -74.00 14 32QAM_44E1 -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 15 64QAM_53E1 -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page14 Receiver Sensitivity IF1 BER=10-6 (Typical value) 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 1 QPSK_4E1 -91.50 -91.50 -91.50 -91.00 -91.00 -91.00 -91.00 -90.50 -90.00 -89.00 -88.50 2 16QAM_4E1 -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50 3 QPSK_8E1 -88.50 -88.50 -88.50 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -88.00 -87.50 -87.00 -86.00 -85.50 4 16QAM_8E1 -84.50 -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50 5 QPSK_16E1 -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50 6 16QAM_16E1 -81.50 -81.50 -81.50 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.00 -79.00 -78.50 7 128QAM_STM-1 -70.50 -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50 10 32QAM_22E1 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50 11 64QAM_26E1 -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50 13 16QAM_35E1 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -77.50 -76.50 -76.00 14 32QAM_44E1 -77.50 -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50 15 64QAM_53E1 -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page15 Receiver Sensitivity IF1 BER=10-3 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 1 QPSK_4E1 -93.50 -93.50 -93.50 -93.00 -93.00 -93.00 -93.00 -92.50 -92.00 -91.00 -90.50 2 16QAM_4E1 -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50 3 QPSK_8E1 -90.50 -90.50 -90.50 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -90.00 -89.50 -89.00 -88.00 -87.50 4 16QAM_8E1 -86.50 -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50 5 QPSK_16E1 -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50 6 16QAM_16E1 -83.50 -83.50 -83.50 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -83.00 -82.50 -82.00 -81.00 -80.50 7 128QAM_STM-1 -72.50 -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50 10 32QAM_22E1 -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50 11 64QAM_26E1 -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 13 16QAM_35E1 -81.00 -81.00 -81.00 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -79.50 -78.50 -78.00 14 32QAM_44E1 -79.50 -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50 15 64QAM_53E1 -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page16 BER=10-9 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 28M QPSK -85.50 -85.50 -85.50 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -85.00 -84.50 -84.00 -83.00 -82.50 16QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 32QAM -74.50 -74.50 -74.50 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -74.00 -73.50 -73.00 -72.00 -71.50 64QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50 128QAM -68.50 -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50 256QAM -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50 56M QPSK -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50 16QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 32QAM -71.50 -71.50 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -71.00 -70.50 -70.00 -69.00 -68.50 64QAM -68.50 -68.50 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -68.00 -67.50 -67.00 -66.00 -65.50 128QAM -65.50 -65.50 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -65.00 -64.50 -64.00 -63.00 -62.50 256QAM -62.50 -62.50 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -62.00 -61.50 -61.00 -60.00 -59.50 BER=10-6 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 28M QPSK -87.50 -87.50 -87.50 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -87.00 -86.50 -86.00 -85.00 -84.50 16QAM -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -80.00 -79.50 -79.00 -78.00 -77.50 32QAM -76.50 -76.50 -76.50 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -76.00 -75.50 -75.00 -74.00 -73.50 64QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50 128QAM -70.50 -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50 256QAM -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50 56M QPSK -84.50 -84.50 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -84.00 -83.50 -83.00 -82.00 -81.50 16QAM -77.50 -77.50 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -77.00 -76.50 -76.00 -75.00 -74.50 32QAM -73.50 -73.50 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -73.00 -72.50 -72.00 -71.00 -70.50 64QAM -70.50 -70.50 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -70.00 -69.50 -69.00 -68.00 -67.50 128QAM -67.50 -67.50 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -67.00 -66.50 -66.00 -65.00 -64.50 256QAM -64.50 -64.50 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -64.00 -63.50 -63.00 -62.00 -61.50 Receiver Sensitivity IFX2
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page17 Receiver Sensitivity IFX2 BER=10-3 6GHz 7GHz 8GHz 11GHz 13GHz 15GHz 18GHz 23GHz 26GHz 32GHz 38GHz 28M QPSK -89.50 -89.50 -89.50 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -89.00 -88.50 -88.00 -87.00 -86.50 16QAM -82.50 -82.50 -82.50 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -82.00 -81.50 -81.00 -80.00 -79.50 32QAM -78.50 -78.50 -78.50 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -78.00 -77.50 -77.00 -76.00 -75.50 64QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 128QAM -72.50 -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50 256QAM -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50 56M QPSK -86.50 -86.50 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -86.00 -85.50 -85.00 -84.00 -83.50 16QAM -79.50 -79.50 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -79.00 -78.50 -78.00 -77.00 -76.50 32QAM -75.50 -75.50 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -75.00 -74.50 -74.00 -73.00 -72.50 64QAM -72.50 -72.50 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -72.00 -71.50 -71.00 -70.00 -69.50 128QAM -69.50 -69.50 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -69.00 -68.50 -68.00 -67.00 -66.50 256QAM -66.50 -66.50 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -66.00 -65.50 -65.00 -64.00 -63.50
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page18 Noise factor of the receiver RSL@-65dBm HP(dB) XMC-2(dB) SP(dB) SPA(dB) LP(dB) XMC-1(dB) 6GHz NA NA NA 7.0 NA NA 7GHz 7.0 NA 7.5 7.0 7.0 NA 8GHz 7.0 NA 7.0 7.0 NA 11GHz 6.5 NA 7.0 7.0 7.0 NA 13GHz 6.5 NA 7.0 7.0 7.0 NA 15GHz 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 18GHz 6.5 NA 7.0 7.0 7.0 NA 23GHz 7.0 7.1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.1 26GHz 7.0 NA 7.5 NA NA NA 32GHz 8.0 NA NA NA NA NA 38GHz 9.0 NA 10.0 NA NA NA
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page19 FKTB dBm = -174 + 10logB+NF. B indicates the bandwidth at the symbol rate, and NF indicates the preceding noise factor. CS 7M 14M HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1 HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1 6GHz / / / -98.55 / / / / / -95.54 / / 7GHz - 98.55 / -98.05 -98.55 -98.55 / -95.54 / -95.04 -95.54 -95.54 / 8GHz - 98.55 / -98.05 -98.55 -98.55 / -95.54 / -95.04 -95.54 -95.54 / 11GHz - 99.05 / -98.55 -98.55 -98.55 / -96.04 / -95.54 -95.54 -95.54 / 13GHz - 99.05 / -98.55 -98.55 -98.55 / -96.04 / -95.54 -95.54 -95.54 / 15GHz - 99.05 -99.05 -98.55 -98.55 -98.55 -99.05 -96.04 -96.04 -95.54 -95.54 -95.54 -96.04 18GHz - 99.05 / -98.55 -98.55 -98.55 / -96.04 / -95.54 -95.54 -95.54 / 23GHz - 98.55 -98.45 -98.05 -98.05 -98.05 -98.45 -95.54 -95.44 -95.04 -95.04 -95.04 -95.44 26GHz - 98.55 / -98.05 / / / -95.54 / -95.04 / / / 32GHz - 97.55 / / / / / -94.54 / / / / / 38GHz - 96.55 / -95.55 / / / -93.54 / -92.54 / / /
20.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page20 FKTB 28M 56M HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1 HP XMC-2 SP SPA LP XMC-1 6GHz / / / -92.53 / / / / / -89.52 / / 7GHz -92.53 / -92.03 -92.53 -92.53 / -89.52 / -89.02 -89.52 -89.52 / 8GHz -92.53 / -92.03 -92.53 -92.53 / -89.52 / -89.02 -89.52 -89.52 / 11GHz -93.03 / -92.53 -92.53 -92.53 / -90.02 / -89.52 -89.52 -89.52 / 13GHz -93.03 / -92.53 -92.53 -92.53 / -90.02 / -89.52 -89.52 -89.52 / 15GHz -93.03 -93.03 -92.53 -92.53 -92.53 -93.03 -90.02 -90.02 -89.52 -89.52 -89.52 / 18GHz -93.03 / -92.53 -92.53 -92.53 / -90.02 / -89.52 -89.52 -89.52 / 23GHz -92.53 -92.43 -92.03 -92.03 -92.03 -92.43 -89.52 -89.42 -89.02 -89.02 -89.02 / 26GHz -92.53 / -92.03 / / / -89.52 / -89.02 / / / 32GHz -91.53 / / / / / -88.52 / / / / / 38GHz -90.53 / -89.53 / / / -87.52 / -86.52 / / /
21.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page21 AM Sensitivity data IFU2 IFX2 For XPIC disable only Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward QPSK -81.0 -78.0 -75.5 -72.0 QPSK -75.5 -72.0 16QAM -77.5 -84.0 -74.5 -82.0 -72.0 -79.0 -68.5 -75.5 16QAM -72.0 -79.0 -68.5 -75.5 32QAM -71.5 -79.0 -69.0 -76.0 -66.5 -73.0 -63.5 -70.0 32QAM -66.5 -73.0 -63.5 -70.0 64QAM -67.0 -76.5 -65.0 -74.5 -63.5 -71.5 -61.0 -68.5 64QAM -63.5 -71.5 -61.0 -68.5 128QAM -66.0 -71.0 -63.5 -68.5 -60.5 -65.0 -57.0 -62.5 128QAM -60.5 -65.0 -57.0 -62.5 256QAM -69.0 -66.5 -63.5 -60.0 256QAM -63.5 -60.0 Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward QPSK -80.5 -77.5 -75.0 -71.5 QPSK -75.0 -71.5 16QAM -77.0 -83.5 -74.0 -81.5 -71.5 -78.5 -68.0 -75.0 16QAM -71.5 -78.5 -68.0 -75.0 32QAM -71.0 -78.5 -68.5 -75.5 -66.0 -72.5 -63.0 -69.5 32QAM -66.0 -72.5 -63.0 -69.5 64QAM -66.5 -76.0 -64.5 -74.0 -63.0 -71.0 -60.5 -68.0 64QAM -63.0 -71.0 -60.5 -68.0 128QAM -65.5 -70.5 -63.0 -68.0 -60.0 -64.5 -56.5 -62.0 128QAM -60.0 -64.5 -56.5 -62.0 256QAM -68.5 -66.0 -63.0 -59.5 256QAM -63.0 -59.5 56M 11-18G 28M 56M 6-8G 28M 6-8G 7M 14M 28M 56M 56M 11-18G 7M 14M 28M
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page22 AM Sensitivity data IFU2 IFX2 For XPIC disable only Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward QPSK -80.0 -77.0 -74.5 -71.0 QPSK -74.5 -71.0 16QAM -76.5 -83.0 -73.5 -81.0 -71.0 -78.0 -67.5 -74.5 16QAM -71.0 -78.0 -67.5 -74.5 32QAM -70.5 -78.0 -68.0 -75.0 -65.5 -72.0 -62.5 -69.0 32QAM -65.5 -72.0 -62.5 -69.0 64QAM -66.0 -75.5 -64.0 -73.5 -62.5 -70.5 -60.0 -67.5 64QAM -62.5 -70.5 -60.0 -67.5 128QAM -65.0 -70.0 -62.5 -67.5 -59.5 -64.0 -56.0 -61.5 128QAM -59.5 -64.0 -56.0 -61.5 256QAM -68.0 -65.5 -62.5 -59.0 256QAM -62.5 -59.0 Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward QPSK -79.5 -76.5 -74.0 -70.5 QPSK -74.0 -70.5 16QAM -76.0 -82.5 -73.0 -80.5 -70.5 -77.5 -67.0 -74.0 16QAM -70.5 -77.5 -67.0 -74.0 32QAM -70.0 -77.5 -67.5 -74.5 -65.0 -71.5 -62.0 -68.5 32QAM -65.0 -71.5 -62.0 -68.5 64QAM -65.5 -75.0 -63.5 -73.0 -62.0 -70.0 -59.5 -67.0 64QAM -62.0 -70.0 -59.5 -67.0 128QAM -64.5 -69.5 -62.0 -67.0 -59.0 -63.5 -55.5 -61.0 128QAM -59.0 -63.5 -55.5 -61.0 256QAM -67.5 -65.0 -62.0 -58.5 256QAM -62.0 -58.5 56M 26G 28M 56M 23G 28M 26G 7M 14M 28M 56M 28M 56M 23G 7M 14M
23.
Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page23 AM Sensitivity data IFU2 IFX2 For XPIC disable only Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward QPSK -79.0 -76.0 -73.5 -70.0 QPSK -73.5 -70.0 16QAM -75.5 -82.0 -72.5 -80.0 -70.0 -77.0 -66.5 -73.5 16QAM -70.0 -77.0 -66.5 -73.5 32QAM -69.5 -77.0 -67.0 -74.0 -64.5 -71.0 -61.5 -68.0 32QAM -64.5 -71.0 -61.5 -68.0 64QAM -65.0 -74.5 -63.0 -72.5 -61.5 -69.5 -59.0 -66.5 64QAM -61.5 -69.5 -59.0 -66.5 128QAM -64.0 -69.0 -61.5 -66.5 -58.5 -63.0 -55.0 -60.5 128QAM -58.5 -63.0 -55.0 -60.5 256QAM -67.0 -64.5 -61.5 -58.0 256QAM -61.5 -58.0 Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward Upward Downward QPSK -78.5 -75.5 -73.0 -69.5 QPSK -73.0 -69.5 16QAM -75.0 -81.5 -72.0 -79.5 -69.5 -76.5 -66.0 -73.0 16QAM -69.5 -76.5 -66.0 -73.0 32QAM -69.0 -76.5 -66.5 -73.5 -64.0 -70.5 -61.0 -67.5 32QAM -64.0 -70.5 -61.0 -67.5 64QAM -64.5 -74.0 -62.5 -72.0 -61.0 -69.0 -58.5 -66.0 64QAM -61.0 -69.0 -58.5 -66.0 128QAM -63.5 -68.5 -61.0 -66.0 -58.0 -62.5 -54.5 -60.0 128QAM -58.0 -62.5 -54.5 -60.0 256QAM -66.5 -64.0 -61.0 -57.5 256QAM -61.0 -57.5 56M 38G 28M 56M 32G 28M 28M 56M 32G 7M 14M 38G 7M 14M 28M 56M
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Copyright © 2006
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page24 the presence of interfering signals increases the receiver's threshold level for a given bit-error ratio (BER). When an interfering signal is present, the S/I ratio is decreased, giving a receiver threshold degradation. To maintain the system performance (for an unchanged fading margin) the receiver input level during fading free time must be increased. Maintaining the receiver input unchanged would degrade the BER performance. Decreasing modulation scheme guarantee the Increase of system gain under interference And thus protect the high priority traffic to pass With No BER.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page25 Contents Realization Principle of Protection 1+1 HSB 1+1 SD 1+1 FD Comparison between HSB and HSM
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page26 1+1 HSB Cross-connect board Service board Main IF board Main ODU Hybrid coupler Antenna Standby IF board Standby ODU Muted Muted In the transmit direction: The service signal is transmitted to the main ODU and the standby ODU after traversing the cross-connect board. Then, the service signal is transmitted to the antenna through the hybrid coupler. In normal cases, the standby ODU is muted. After the switching, the main ODU is muted and the standby ODU starts to work. In the receive direction: The service signal received at the antenna is transmitted to the cross-connect board through the main ODU and the standby ODU. The cross-connect board selects the signal transmitted from the main IF board. If faults of different types occur, service signals may be transmitted or received through different ODUs.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page27 1+1 SD Cross-connect board Service board Main IF board Main ODU Antenna 1 Standby IF board Standby ODU Antenna 2 Muted Muted In the case of the IDU 950, the main IF board and the standby IF board must be installed in paired slots. In the receive direction: The main IF board and the standby IF board transmit the received service signal to each other. When a fault occurs on the main channel or the quality of the service on the main channel declines, the main ODU selects the service signal transmitted from the standby IF board (HSM switching).
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page28 1+1 FD Cross-connect board Service board Main IF board Main ODU Hybrid coupler Antenna Standby IF board Standby ODU tf2 rf2 tf1 rf1 Compared with the 1+1 SD protection, the 1+1 FD protection uses two frequencies. The main ODU and the standby ODU both transmit signals.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page29 Comparison Between the 1+1 HSB, 1+1 SD, and 1+1 FD — Traditional Microwave HSB (Switching on the Equipment Side ) HSM (Switching on the Channel Side ) 1+1 HSB √ × 1+1 SD √ √ 1+1 FD √ √ Switching position The service signal is selected at the cross-connect board. The service signal is selected at the IF board. Switching condition Automatic switching: hardware fault of the IF board, hardware fault of the ODU, remote fault indication, and loss of microwave frames Switching triggered by external commands: lockout of protection, forced switching, manual switching, and clear switching Automatic switching: loss of microwave signals, loss of microwave frames, bit errors in microwave frames, and forced selection of the service signal from the IF board in the paired slot triggered by the HSB switching Switching triggered by external commands: commands of forcibly selecting the service signal from the IF board in the paired slot and clearing the forced selection Slot restriction The main IF board and the standby IF board need not be installed in the paired slots. In the case of the IDU 620, the main IF board and the standby IF board must be installed in the paired slots. Switching time < 500 ms The software and the hardware perform the switching action. The hardware performs the automatic switching action quickly. During the switching process, bit errors do not occur. Revertive switching The revertive mode and the non-revertive mode are supported. The wait-to-restore (WTR) time can be set to 5 to 12 minutes. Regardless of whether the switching is set to the revertive mode or the non-revertive mode, the IF board attempts to perform a revertive switching action every two minutes after the HSM switching. Switching mode Single-ended switching Single-ended switching
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page30 Contents Study topic about interference calculation
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page31 Microwave Frequency Planning Co-channel interference: When the interfering signal has the same frequency as the interfered signal, the interference is called co- channel interference. F1 (transmitted signal) = F2 (interfering signal) F1 F2 FREQ RX1
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page32 Microwave Frequency Planning Adjacent channel interference: When the central frequency of the interfering signal falls in an adjacent channel of the main transmitted signal, the interference is called adjacent channel interference. F1 (transmitted signal) and F2 (interfering signal) are overlapped. F1 F2 FREQ RX1
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page33 Microwave Interference Analysis Source of co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference: • Adjacent links of the same BTS • Other stations on a chain network • Networks of the other carriers • Other possible interference sources, such as radio stations, radar stations, or other equipment • Poor grounding or electrostatic shielding of microwave equipment
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page34 Microwave Interference Analysis Cause of co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference: • The angle between two adjacent links of the same BTS is smaller than 90 degrees • Single-channel configuration • Low front-back ratio of antennas • Short-haul chain network topology • Low angle discrimination of small-aperture antennas
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page35 Microwave Interference Analysis Examples of co-channel interference in microwave transmission: Case 1: Interference caused when the antenna beam width is large and the included angle between links is small. The signals transmitted from site A to site B interfere with the signals received by site B from site C. Similarly, the signals transmitted from site C to site B also interfere with the signals received by site B from site A. 80 Deg. Site A Site B Site C
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page36 Microwave Interference Analysis Examples of co-channel interference in microwave transmission: Case 2: Front-back interference is caused by a poor front-back ratio of antennas. The signals transmitted from site X interfere with the signals received by site Y from site Z. Similarly, the signals transmitted from site Y to site X also interfere with the signals received by site Z from site Y. Site X Site Z Site Y
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page37 Microwave Interference Analysis Examples of co-channel interference in microwave transmission: Case 3: Overreach interference. The signals transmitted from site A to site B interfere with the signals received by site D from site C. Similarly, the signals transmitted from site D to site C interfere with the signals received by site A from site B. A B C D F1 F2 F1
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page38 Microwave Interference Analysis Target C/I ratio related to microwave interference: The target C/I ratio indicates the ability of a microwave receiver to tolerate radio interference from the same band, that is, the ability to tolerate co-channel or adjacent channel interference. F1 F2 FREQ RX1 Carrier (C) Interference (I)
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page39 Microwave Interference Analysis Requirements on the C/I Ratio related to microwave interference: • The C/I ratio on the input port of a microwave radio receiver should be equal to or higher than the target C/I ratio, so that the receiver can attain the threshold-to-interference (T/I) ratio. • The lower requirements on the target C/I ratio on the input port of a microwave radio receiver, the stronger ability of the receiver to resist interference.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page40 Microwave Interference Analysis Definition of the T/I ratio related to microwave interference: • The T/I ratio defines interfering signal influence on the interfered radio receiver, that is, a radio receiver sensitivity to interfering signals. • When the static threshold of a radio receiver is known, the received signals can manually fade till the bit error ratio (BER) reaches 1x10-6 so as to compute the T/I ratio. • The T/I ratio is defined as the ratio of the threshold to interference when the BER is 1x10-6 and the threshold value is decreases by 1 dB.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page41 Microwave Interference Analysis Example 1 of microwave interference types:
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page42 Microwave Interference Analysis Example 2 of microwave interference types: V H XPD f1 f1 f1 F / B f1 f2 Adjacent Copolarized f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 Overreach F / B + Overreach Opposite Hop F / B f1 f1 f1 f1 f1 Opposite Hop Overreach f1 Satellite and Analog Radio f1 f1 f1 f1 Other Digital Systems
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page43 Microwave Interference Analysis Example 3 of microwave interference types:
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page44 Microwave Interference Analysis Methods for interference cancellation and suppression: • Reduce the Tx level of interfering signals • Select a proper channel and polarization mode • Use angle isolation between links • Select an antenna with a higher front-back ratio and better directivity • Select microwave equipment with the ATPC function • Configure Tx high stations and Tx low stations correctly
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page45 Microwave Interference Analysis Application of the ATPC: When a microwave channel device has the ATPC function, generally, the transmitter can work with the set transmitted power. When the receiver detects that the received level decreases as a result of link attenuation, the transmitter automatically increases its transmitted power in steps of 1 dB till the maximum transmitted power is reached to compensate the decrease in the received level. You can select microwave channel devices with the APTC function to effectively conquer the degradation of the received power threshold caused by co-channel interference. The ATPC value can compensate most of the threshold degradation. Microwave channel devices with the ATPC function has the following advantages over the microwave channel devices without the ATPC function: • Less power consumption • Longer MTBF • Less interference to other networks
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page46 Microwave Interference Analysis Example 1 of microwave interference cancellation through reasonable route planning: Site A Site B Site A Site B Site C Site D Site D Site C Site A Site B Site C Site A Site B Site C
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page47 Microwave Interference Analysis Example 2 of microwave interference cancellation through reasonable route planning: Site A Site B Site A Site B Site C Site D Site D Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page48 Examples of Interference Analysis and Calculation
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page49 Microwave Interference Analysis Target T/I ratio: Typical T/I values of microwave devices Co-channel T/I = 30 dB (1dB threshold decreased) Adjacent channel T/I = -35 dB (1dB threshold decreased) Iobj = Rx Threshold Level – T/I = - 68 – 30 = - 98 dBm Therefore, the received level of interfering signals should be smaller than -98 dBm to avoid the degradation of the receiver threshold level.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page50 Microwave Interference Analysis Transmission path: C - B Interference path: A - B Transmitted signal From link C to link B 25 dBm – Tx level 35 dBm – Tx antenna gain 35 dBm – Rx antenna gain ---------- 95 dBm -132 dBm – Path loss ---------- (16 km) -37 dBm – Rx level Interfering signal From link A to link B 25 dBm – Tx level 35 dBm – Tx antenna gain 35 dBm – Rx antenna gain ----------- 95 dBm -128 dBm – Path loss (10 km) ----------- -33 dBm – Rx level -48 dBm – 530 discrimination ----------- -81 dBm – Rx level of interfering signal C/I : -37 - ( -81 ) = 44 dB A B C 530 I Obj: -68 - 30 = -98 dBm In this example, I Obj is -98 dBm, whereas the Rx level of the interfering signal is -81 dBm. As a result, the threshold of the interfered receiver is decreased by about 17 dB. The ATPC function of the receiver provides 15 dB to control the interference to an acceptable level.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page51 Microwave Interference Analysis Antenna discrimination pattern (L6G 0.6 m antenna) H - H V - V H - V V - H
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page52 Microwave Interference Analysis Antenna discrimination pattern (L6G 1.2 m antenna) H - H V - V H - V V - H
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page53 Microwave Interference Analysis Antenna discrimination pattern (L6G 1.8 m antenna) H - H V - V H - V V - H
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page54 Microwave Interference Analysis Antenna discrimination pattern (L6G 2.4 m antenna) H - H V - V H - V V - H
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page55 AM Configuration Steps Step 1 In the NE Explorer, select a Hybrid IF board from the Object Tree and then choose Configuration > Hybrid/AM Configuration from the Function Tree. Step 2 Configure the parameters of the Hybrid/AM attribute. Step 3 Click Apply.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page56 ATPC 1- reduces the interference of a transmitter to adjacent systems 2- reduces the residual bit error rate. If the RSL at the receiver is 2 dB lower than the central value of the ATPC upper threshold and the ATPC lower threshold, the receiver notifies the transmitter of an increase in the transmit power. Therefore, the RSL can be within the value range that has a bias of ±2 dB from the central value of the ATPC upper threshold and the ATPC lower threshold. See > The preset maximum transmit power of the ODU should not be more than the rated maximum transmit power of the ODU. > If the actual transmit power of the ODU reaches the preset maximum transmit power whereas the RSL at the receiver fails to be within the value range that has a bias of ±2 dB from the central value of the ATPC upper threshold and the ATPC lower threshold, adjustments are no longer made.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page57
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page58 ATPC Max Value ATPC Min Value Actual RX Value Actual TX Value A B C D E F G A:TX & RX normal; B: RX decrease cause by some reason; C: RX meet ATPC minimum value and TX increase; D: The influence steady TX&RX keep the value; E: the influence decrease and the TX keep the value; F: the influence continue decrease meet ATPC max value and TX decrease; G: Normal
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page59 ATPC Max Value ATPC Min Value Actual RX Value Actual TX Value A B C D E F G A:TX & RX normal; B: RX decrease cause by some reason; C: TX increase when RSL rech - 2dBm of the central value; D: the influence continue increase,but TX meet the MAX value,so RX decrease;E:The influence steady TX&RX keep the value; F: the influence decrease; G: the influence continue decrease to meet the the +2dBm of the central value,TX decrease; H: Normal MAX TX Value MIN TX Value 2dBm 2dBm H
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page60 ATPC Max Value ATPC Min Value Actual RX Value Actual TX Value MAX TX Value MIN TX Value 2dBm 2dBm Min = 15 dB Y X CF CF = (X + Y)/2 = (X+ “X+L”)/2 = X + L/2 L Step increase at TX power at the Transmitter is taking an earlier action to adjust the Link RX Level near to designed CF value within bias of -2dB Step decrease at TX power at the Transmitter is taking an earlier action to adjust the Link RX Level near to designed CF value within bias of +2dB
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page61 Setting the configuration for ATPC :- 1- First old scenario concerning the Setting of two or three parameters for the transmitter and one parameter for the receiver 1- [ ATPC MAX ] = 0 , which is the maximum TX power of the transmitter at attenuation = 0 dB 2- [ ATPC MIN ] = 0 , which is the minimum TX power of the transmitter at attenuation = [-1 ~ -10] dB 1 and 2 is called ATPC control range. 3- at Receiver is the setting of RX _ threshold which is the triggering condition for the control of ATPC. 2- Second scenario which is used here with OPTIX900 Automatic ATPC Threshold Setting The functions of the automatic ATPC threshold setting are described as follows: > When the automatic ATPC threshold setting is enabled, the ATPC lower threshold and the ATPC upper threshold that are manually set do not take effect. The equipment uses the preset ATPC lower threshold and ATPC upper threshold according to the IF work mode. > When the automatic ATPC threshold setting is disabled, the ATPC lower threshold and the ATPC upper threshold that are manually set are used.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page62 SNCP The SNCP, which requires one working subnetwork and one protection subnetwork, selects one service from the dually transmitted services. In this manner, the SNCP protects the services that are transmitted across subnetworks. The SNCP is applicable to the ring, tangent rings, intersecting rings, ring with a chain, or mesh network.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page63 > The OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of 12 higher order SNCP groups and a maximum of 756 lower order SNCP groups. > The SDH/PDH microwave, Hybrid microwave, and STM-1 optical transmission link all support the SNCP. SNCP Service Pair An SNCP service pair is a basic unit of SNCP. It consists of a working source, a protection source, and a service sink. The working source and the protection source can be optical lines or radio links. The working source and the protection source can be of different types. The service sink can be any line, tributary, or IF. Hold-Off Time The SNCP protects services, whereas the 1+1 protection, N+1 protection and linear MSP protect links. Hence, when the SNCP is configured on a link that is already configured with the link level protection, the hold-off time needs to be set to enable the link-level protection switching to first occur. Hence, the SNCP switching does not occur repeatedly due to the protection switching that occurs on the link. Coexisting 1+1 SD and SNCP SD 1- When configuring SNCP with the 1+1 FD/SD protection, N+1 protection, and linear MSP. The hold-off time must be longer than the switching time of the protection scheme that works with the SNCP (generally, it is set to 200 ms). 2- When the SNCP works with the 1+1 HSB, it is recommended that you do not set the holdoff time. The reasons are that the 1+1 HSB switching time is far longer than the SNCP switching time and therefore setting the hold-off time increases the service interruption duration.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page64 Switching Conditions 1- Clear switching (external switching) 2- Lockout of protection channel (external switching) 3- Forced switching (external switching) 4- Signal failure Automatic Switching External Switching Signal failure Manual command Signal failure [(VC-4 services) ] Default (R_LOS, R_LOF, R_LOC , MS_AIS , B2_EXC , AU_LOP , AU_AIS , HP_LOM ) MW_LOF , MW_LIM (when the IF board functions as the working source or protection source) Optional (B3_EXC , B3_SD , HP_TIM,HP_UNEQ) [VC-3/VC-12 services ] Default (hardware fault , R_LOS, R_LOF, R_LOC , TU_AIS , TU_LOP ) MW_LOF , MW_LIM (when the IF board functions as the working source or protection source) Optional (BIP_EXC , BIP_SD , LP_TIM ,LP_UNEQ) [E1 in Hybrid microwave frame] Default [ E1-AIS , R_LOF , R_LOC , Hardware fault , MW_LOF , MW_LIM , MW_BER_EXC] 5- Manual switching (external switching) 6- Revertive switching (valid only in revertive mode) Note In the case of the revertive SNCP, if the services are currently on the protection trail, the services cannot be switched to the working trail when you perform the forced switching or manual switching.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page65 Availability Linear Multiplex Section Protection The linear MSP is applicable to a point-to-point network. The linear MSP is classified into the 1+1 linear MSP and 1:N linear MSP. 1+1 Linear MSP The OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of six 1+1 linear MSP groups. The 1+1 linear MSP requires one working channel and one protection channel. When the working channel becomes unavailable, services are switched to the protection channel for transmission.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page66 1:N Linear MSP The OptiX RTN 950 supports a maximum of six 1:N (N≤11) linear MSP groups. The 1:N linear MSP requires N working channel(s) and one protection channel. Normal services are transmitted on the working channel, and extra services are transmitted on the protection channel. When a working channel becomes unavailable, the services on this channel are switched to the protection channel for transmission. As a result, the extra services that are previously transmitted on the protection channel are interrupted.
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page67 With regard to the protection mechanism, the linear MSP is classified into the dedicated protection and the shared protection. > Dedicated protection In the case of the dedicated protection, one working channel exclusively uses one protection channel. The dedicated protection channel cannot carry extra services. The 1+1 protection is the dedicated protection. > Shared protection In the case of the shared protection, one or more working channels share one protection channel. The shared protection channel can carry extra services. The 1:N (including the 1:1) protection is the shared protection. With regard to the switching mode, the linear MSP is classified into the single-ended switching and the dual-ended switching. > Single-ended switching In single-ended switching mode, the switching occurs only at one end and the state of the other end remains unchanged. > Dual-ended switching In dual-ended switching mode, the switching occurs at both ends at the same time. With regard to the revertive mode, the linear MSP is classified into the revertive mode and the non-revertive mode. Hence, the linear MSP is classified into the following modes: [ last three modes not supported by Optix-950 l 1+1 dual-ended revertive mode l 1+1 dual-ended non-revertive mode l 1+1 single-ended revertive mode l 1+1 single-ended non-revertive mode l 1:N dual-ended revertive mode l 1:N dual-ended non-revertive mode l 1:N single-ended revertive mode l 1:N single-ended non-revertive mode
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