The solar system formed from a cloud of gas and dust approximately 4.6 billion years ago. As the cloud collapsed due to gravity, it began to spin and form a disk. Most of the material ended up in the center to form the sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk that later condensed into planets, moons, and other objects like asteroids and comets. Over time, gravitational interactions between the objects led them to take on orbits within separate regions like the inner and outer planets, asteroid and Kuiper belts, and scattered disk.

1. (Solar System)
(Solar System) F F F
F F F F F8 F F F 166 [1] F
3 F F F 4 F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
4 F F F F 4 F F
F F (scattered disc)
heliopause ( F ) F
F F
F F
-
- F
-
-
F F F
-
- F

2. -
-
F 3 F
- F F F
- F F F
- F F scattered disc
F F F F F F F
" " F F F F "
" F F F F " " F
F
F F F F F F F
F F F
F F Piere Simon Laplace F
F . .1796 F F F F
F F
F F F
(Angular Momentum)
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F
F F F F
F F F
F F F
F F Laplace
F F Coral Von Weizsacker F F F F
F F F F (Solar Nebular) F F F F
F F F F F

3. F F F F F
F F F
F F F
F F F
(Milky Way) F F F F F F
F 30,000 F F 225 F
F F 1 F F F
FF F F F F F
F F
F F F F F
4,600 F F
F F F
F 4,600 F F
F F 5000 F F F
F F F F F F
F F9 F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F
F FF F

4. - F F G2 99.86%
- F 8 F F F
F
- F
- F
- F F F
- F F F
F F
- F F F F F F F
F F F F
- F F F F F F
F F
- F F F F F
L4 L5 F F F F F F F
- F F F F F
- F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F
- F F F F F F
- F F
- F F F 30 50 F F F
F F
F F
- F F F F 50,000 100,000 F F
F
- F F F F 76-850
F F F F F FF F F F F F
F

5. - F F
F F
F
F
F F F
F F
F F
F F F F F ( F · F · F ) F
F F F F F
F
F 90428 F & 28978 38628 F 20000
136108 F (2003 EL61) 50000 F 19521 136472 F (2005 FY9)
(2004 XR190)
F 148209 (2000 CR105) 90377
F
F
F F F
F
F ( )

6. F 90428 F 28978 38628 F 20000 136108 F (2003
EL61) 50000 F 19521 136472 F (2005 FY9) (2004 XR190) 90377
F F F F F ( F· )
( F)
F
F F
F F

7. F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F FF 74 F 25
F F F G2V G2 F F
5,780 ( 5,515 9,940 ) F F
F V ( 5) F F F F
F F F
F F F F F 26,000 F
225-250 F 215 F 1
1,400
F
F FF 3 F F F
F F F F
F F FF
F F F F F F
F F (solar constant) ( 1 F F F) F
1,370 F F F F F F F
F 1,000 F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F

8. F F F F
F F
F F F F F F
F (solar flare) F
F F F F
FF F F F F F F
F F( ) F 1 F F
F( F) F 6,000 F
FF F (prominence) F F
F F F F F F
F
F
FF F F F F
F 4,570 F F F F
F F 4 F F F
1 F F
F F F (
F ) F F 4-5
F F F F
F 100 F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F
F F
F

9. F FF F F
F FF
F F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F
F F F 99 F
F F F F
F F F F F F F F F 10
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
25 F 35 F F F
F F F 28
F F F F F
F FF F F
F F F FF F F
F F F 0.2 F F F
150,000 F F 150 F F
13,600,000 F F F F
- F F F F
F F
3.4×1038 F
383×1024 F (TNT) 9.15×1019
F F F F 50 F F F 17,000
( F ) F F
F

10. F F
F F
F F F (radiation zone) F F 0.2 0.7 F F
F F (convection) F
F F (adiabatic lapse rate) F
F F F FF F
F
F F (convection zone) F F
F F F F (heat column) F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F
F
F F (photosphere) F F F
F F F F H-[13][14]
F F F
F F ( F F )

11. F F 5 F F (temperature minimum)
F (chromosphere) F (transition region) (corona) F
(heliosphere)
4,000 500
F F F
2,000 100,000 F F
F F F
F F F (magnetic connection) F
F F 20 F F
(20 F )
F
F F
F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F
(Aztec) F F F F F
F F (Summer solstice)
24 F F (El
Castillo)
F
F F (Anaxagoras) F F F
F F F F F F F F
) F F F F F 3 F
F 149 F F
F F
F F F F F F 16 F F (Thomas
Harriot) F F F
F F F . . 2215
(Giovanni Cassini) F (Jean Richer) F
F F F

12. F F F FF F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F (Joseph von Fraunhofer) F
F F F F F F F F (Fraunhofer line)
F F F F F
F ( ) F F F F (Hermann von Helmholtz) F
- F F (Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism) F F
F F . . 2447 F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F - E=mc2
. . 2463 F F F F F
F F F F
F (Subrahmanyan Chandrasekar) F
F (Hans Bethe) F
F
F 4
F F F F F F F . . 2502
. . 2511 F F F F F
. . 2516 F F . . 2534 F
F F F F F F
F . . 2548

13. F F F F F F
(Solar and Heliospheric Observatory; SOHO) F F
F 2 . . 2538 F F
F 10 F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F . . 2551 F (Solar
Dynamic Observatory) F F (Lagrangian point) F
F
F (Ulysses)
. . 2533 F
-
F 9 . . 2537
F F F 750 F
F F F F F F F
F F
F F (thermonuclear reaction) F F
F F
F F F 8
F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F ( F F ) F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F
F

14. F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F

15. F F F F F
. F F F F F F F FF F
F F. F F F F 28.3° F
F F 10 . . 2517-2518 ( . . 1974-
1975) F 40-45% F
(Mercury) F Mercurius F F
F F 5 F
F F F
F
F F
F F
FF F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F
F
F 452 F F 90-700 F (
) F 11 ( F
F F ) F F F
6.5 F (irradiance) F 9.13 kW/m²
F FF F . . 2535 ( . . 1992) F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F

16. F F F
F F F F 1014 -
1015 F F 4 x 10 18
F F F F F F F
F F F F ( F
F )
F F F F F 1,350
F F F F F
F F F F F 2 F
F F F F F F
F
F F F ( F )
70% 30% F F 5,430 / F F F
F F F F F F F
F F 5.5% F 42%
( F F 17%) F F 600

17. 1. - 100 200 .
2. - 600 .
3. - 1,800 .1

18. F 10 F . . 2517 2518

19. F
F F F F F 2 F (Venus)
F F F F F
" F " FF F F F
F ( ) F
F F F 3 F
F F F F F F F F 47.8°
F F F F F
" " F F F " "
" F"
F F F 1,600 F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F

20. F F F F F
F F F F FF
F F 4,570 F (4.57×109) F F
F
F
F F F 12,711 .
12,755 . F 44 . 3 F 71% 1 F 29 % 23.5
F F F F F F
F F F F F
( )
F
(crust) 60-70 F
F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F 2
: (sial) F F
F
F F F F F
: (sima) F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F

21. F
(mantle Earth's mantle) F
3,000 F F F (Magma) F
F 800 - 4300°C F F
F F F
F 5,515 ./ . . F F F
F F F F F F 3,000 ./ . .
F F F F F F F F F F F
4.5 F F F F F
F F F F F F F
(core) F 80%, F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F 2 F F
F (outer core) 2,900 - 5,000
F F 6200 -
6400 F F 12.0 F
F (inner core) F F 1,000
4,300 - 6,200 F F
F F F F 17.0
F F F 5 F F
F F 0-10 F
F

22. F F 10-35 F
F F F
F F35-80 F F F
F (UV) F F F
F F 80-600 F
F
F F 600 F
F F F
15
F F F F F 29 F F 71
F F

23. F F F F 4
(Mars) F F F Ares
F F " " "Red Planet" ( F
F F) F F F F
F 2 F F
F F F F F F F F F
F (terrestrial planet) F
F
(Olympus Mons) F
(Marineris) F F
F F F F F
F
F
F F
F
F
( .) ( .)
( .) ( .)
22.2 27 × 21.6
1.08E+16 9,378 7.66
(Phobos) × 18.8

24. 12.6 10 × 12
2.0E+15 23,400 30.35
(Deimos) × 16
F F F
8 . . 2550 - F F- F F
F F F F
F F F F F F
22 . . 2550 - 2001 F F 7 F
F F F

25. F F F F F
F F 7 F FF " F 7

26. F F
F F ( : Asteroid belt) F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F " "
F F F F
(scattered disk)
F F F F F4 F F ,4 F ,2
10 F F F F 400
F F F F F F 950
[1][2][3][4] F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F (C-type) F (S-type) F (M-
type)
F F F F F
F F F F F F

27. F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F
F
FF F F
F F Contemplation de la Nature
. . 1766 F F
F F F F 0 F 3, 6, 12, 24, 48,
F F F 4 F 10 FF F F
F F F( F F 1 AU F F F)
F F F - F
( F F) F
" F F " F F " F F
F F F F ? F" . . 1768 F F
F Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels F F F F
F F F " " F F

28. . . 1781 F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
. . 1800 F F F 24 F
F F F F " " F
F F F " " (Himmelspolitzei)
F F F , , F F F F F
F F F 15 F
F F F F F
F 1 . . 1801 (Giuseppe Piazzi) F F
F -
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F
FF F F F F
F F F F . . 1802 F
F F F F " F F " (asteroid)
F asteroeide " "
F F F F F F F
. . 1807 2 F F F
F F F F F F F
. . 1845 F 5 F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F
F
F . . 1846 F - F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
F
F 1868 F F F 100 F F F
F F . . 1891 F F F F F
F 1,000 1923 10,000 1951 100,000 1982

29. F F F F F F F F F F
F F
F
. . 1802 F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
FF F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F
F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F ( F F F
) F 4,500 F F F F

30. . . 2007 F F
F F 4 F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F FF
F F F F ( F
F ) F (space weathering) F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F 0.1% F F
F F F F F F
F F
F F 951 F F F F
F F . . 1991
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F FF F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F 200 F

31. F F F 100 F F F F
F 700,000 1.7 F F F F F 1
F F F F F F F F F 11-19 F 16
F F F F F 3.0×1021 3.6×1021 F
4% F F F F 1 ,4 F ,2
10
1 3 F 2.8 F F F
F F F F
F
Allende carbonaceous chondrite F . . 1969
F F F F F 3 F F C F
F , S F M F
F F F F F F
F F F F F 75%
F F F F F (albedo)
F F carbonaceous chondrite
F F F F F
F F F F F F

32. F F F F 5 F
F F F F F F
(Jupiter) F F
F
F F 2.5 F F F
F F F F (1.068 F F
F F) F 318 F F F F F 11 F
1,300 F F F 60-70 F
F F F F
F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F
F 4 F ( F
F F F F F ) F F
F F F F4 F F , ,
. . 1610 F F F
F F F F
F F

33. F
F F (Saturn) F
F F (Cronos) F (Zeus) F
F F F F F 6 1,433 F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F (oblate spheroid) F F
F F F F 10% F
F F F F F F F F
F F F (0.70 / F ) F
F F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F
500 F F F
F F 80,000 F

34. ( ) F F F F 7
F F F 3. F Ouranos F
( F F F )
F
F F
F F F F (Sir William Herschel) . . 2324 ( . .
1781)
F . . 2520 ( . . 1977) F F F F (James L. Elliot,
Edward W. Dunham, and Douglas J. Mink using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory) F F
F2 F
F F F . . 2529 ( . .
1986) F 2 (Voyager 2) F

35. F
F F F F F
FF F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F
F
F F 84 98
F F 42 F F 42
F F 42 F F 42
F F F F F F 2
F
F
F F 27 5 (Miranda) (Ariel)
(Umbriel) (Titania) (Oberon) F F 6
F F F
F

36. F F 8 F F
F F( F F F F F F)
F F F F 4 F
3 F F " " F F F
( : ) F ( )
F
(2500 / .) F -
2200℃ (-364°F) F F F
F F F 7,000℃ (12,632°F) F F
F
F2 F 25
. . 2532 ( . . 1989) FF F F
( F F ) FF F F F (
F F F F (Edward Guinan)
F 13 F F
F2 F

38. F F
69,817,079 108,941,84 152,097,701 249,228,730 816,081,45 1,503,983,4 3,006,389, 4,536,874,3
. 9 . km . 5 . 49 . 405 . 25 .
F 0.46669835 0.72823128 (1.016 710 3 1.665 991 16 (5.4551675 (10.0535084 (20.096471 (30.327131
F F F F 9 F 0 F 90 F 69 F
F F )
F F )
F
)
F )
F )
F
46,001,272 107,476,00 147,098,074 206,644,545 740,742,59 1,349,467,3 2,735,555, 4,459,631,4
F . 2 . km . 8 . 75 . 035 . 96 .
F 0.30749951 0.71843270 (0.983 289 9 1.381 333 46 (4.9515584 (9.02063224 (18.286055 (29.810795
F F F F 3 F F 96 F 27 F
F F )
F F )
F
) F )
F )
F
57,909,176 108,208,92 149,597,887 227,936,637 778,412,02 1,426,725,4 2,870,972, 4,498,252,9
. 6 . km . 7 . 13 . 220 . 00 .
0.38709893 0.72333199 (1.000 000 11 1.523 662 31 (5.2033630 (9.53707032 (19.191263 (30.068963
F F F F 1 F F 93 F 48 F
F F )
F F ) F
) F )
F )
F
F 2.406 F 0.680 0.940 Tm 1.429 4.888 59.879 18.029 28.263
F (6.283 F F
(4.545 )
F 9.553 F 32.675 F (120.515 (188.925
F F F F F
)
F F )
F )
F
0.20563069 0.00677323 0.016 710 22 0.09341233 0.04839266 0.05415060 0.04716771 0.00858587
F
87.96935 224.70096 365.256 96 686.9601 4,335.3545 10,757.7365 30,708.160 60,224.903
(0.2408470 (1.8808 0 6
) (0.6151977 (1.000 019 1 ) (11.87 (29.45 (84.07 (164.89
) ) ) ) ) )
115.8776 583.92 365.5 779.96 398.86 378.09 369.65 367.49

39. F F
47.36 ./ 35.020 ./ 29.783 km/s 24.077 ./ 13.050 ./ 9.638 ./ 6.795 ./ 5.432 ./
58.98 ./ 35.259 ./ 30.287 km/s 26.499 ./ 13.705 ./ 10.182 ./ 7.128 ./ 5.479 ./
38.86 ./ 34.784 ./ 29.291 km/s 21.972 ./ 12.440 ./ 9.136 ./ 6.485 ./ 5.385 ./
7.00487° 3.39471° 0.000 05° 1.85061° 1.30530° 2.48446° 0.76986° 1.76917°
( F (3.38° F (3.86° (7.25° (5.65°; (6.09° (5.51° (6.48° (6.43°
F F F F F F F
)
F )
F )
F )
F )
F )
F )
F )
F
)
F
48.33167° 76.68069° 348.739 36° 49.57854° 100.55615° 113.71504° 74.22988° 131.72169°
29.12478° 54.85229° 114.207 83° 286.46230° 274.19770° 338.71690° 96.73436° 273.24966°
F
F
F F F F F F F
- - 1( ) 2
F 63 60 27 13
(Phobos),
(Deimos)

40. F F
F F 4,879.4 . 12,103.7 . 12,756.28 6,804.9 . 142,984 120,536 . 51,118 . 49,528 .
F (0.383× ) (0.949× ) km (0.533× ) . (9.449× ) (4.007× (3.883× )
(11.209× )
F )
F F 4.60×108 .² 12,713.56 6,754.8 . 133,709 108,728 . 49,946 . 48,681 .
F (0.147× ) km (0.531× ) . (8.552× ) (3.929× (3.829× )
(10.517× )
)
0.003 35 0.00736 0.06487 0.09796 0.0229 0.0171
7.5×107 .² 510,067,42 1.448×108 6.14×1010
4.27×1010 8.084×109 7.619×109
(0.147× ) 0 km² .² .² .² .² .²
(0.284× ) (120.5× (83.703× ) (15.849× (14.937×
) ) )
6.1×1010 9.28×1011 1.0832×101 1.638×1011 1.338×1015
7.46×1014 6.834×1013 6.2526×101
.³ .³ 2 km³ .³ .³ .³ .³ 3 .³
(0.056× ) (0.857× ) (0.151× ) (1235.6× (688.79× ) (63.086× (57.723×
) ) )
3.302×1023 4.8685×1024 5.9736×102 6.4185×1023 1.899×1027
5.6846×1026 8.6832×102 1.0243×102
. . 4 kg . . . 5 . 6 .
(0.055× ) (0.815× ) (0.107× ) (317.8× (95.162× ) (14.536× (17.147×
) ) )
5.427 / 5.204 / 5.515 g/cm³ 3.934 / 1.326 / 0.6873 / 1.318 / 1.638 /
F .³ .³ .³ .³ .³ ( F F .³ .³
)
F 3.701 / 8.87 / 9.780 m/s² 3.69 / 23.12 / 8.96 / 8.69 / 11.00 /
F ² ² 1 ² ² ² ² ²
F (0.377 ) (0.904 ) (0.997 32 (0.376 ) (2.358 ) (0.914 ) (0.886 ) (1.122 )
)
4.435 ./ 10.36 ./ 11.186 5.027 ./ 59.54 ./ 35.49 ./ 21.29 ./ 23.5 ./
F km/s

41. F F
58.6462 −243.0185 0.997 258 1.025957 0.41353802 0.4440092592 −0.718333 0.67125000
(58 (23.934 (24.622962 1 333
15.5088 .) ) .) (9 . 55 (10 . 39 (17 . 14 (16 . 6
29.685 22.40000
) ) 24.00000 36.00000
) )
10.892 ./ 6.52 ./ . 1674.38 868.22 ./ 12.6 ./ 9.87 ./ 2.59 ./ 2.68 ./
. km/h = .
465.11 m/s (45,300 (35,500 ./ (9,320 ./ (9,660 ./
( F F ./ .) .) .) .)
)
~0.01° 2.64° 23.439 281° 25.19° 3.13° 26.73° 97.77° 28.32°
F 281.01° 272.76° 0° (0 317.68143° 268.05° 40.59° 257.31° 299.33°
(18 . 44 (18 . 11 0 (21 . 10 (17 . 52 (2 42 (17 . 9 (19 . 57
2 2 ) 0 44 ) 12 21 15 20
) ) ) ) ) )
61.45° 67.16° 90° 52.88650° 64.49° 83.54° −15.175° 42.95°
F 0.10-0.12 0.65 0.367 0.15 0.52 0.47 0.51 42.95°
F
93 K 55 K
100 K 228 K 185 K 186 K 110 K 82 K 59 K 50 K
340 K 737 K 287 K 227 K 152 K 143 K 68 K 53 K
700 K 773 K 331 K 268 K

42. F F
F 9,321.9 0.7-0.9 70 140 120 100-300
F
31.7%
24.9%
9.5% 21% 0.13%
F 7.0% 0.0017% 1% 1.6%
5.9% 0.0012% ~14% >5% 15% >12%
0.0007% 2.5 ppm
300 ppb
80 ppb
30 ppb
10.5 ppb 0.1% 0.2% 1.99% 2%
0.0002% 0.0005% 0.00025% 0.00025%
0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
5.6%
5.2% ~3.5% 77% 2.7%
F 3.6% ~96.5% 95.32%
F
3.4%
0.007% 0.03% 0.1% 0.1%
3.2% ~86% >93% 83% >84%
0.0001% 0.0001% F
F

43. F F
<0.0001%
F
F 0.015%
F
F 0.002% 0.07% F
F
F F
F
F
F
F
F
F 0.01%
0.00001% 0.00001%

44. F
F F F F 3,476
( F F 5 )
F 384,403 F 2%
F F 17% FF F . . 2512 ( . . 1969) F
F F F2
F F F F F
F . . 1979
F F (synchronous rotation)
F F F F 27.3
F F F F F F F " F F" (near side) F F F
" F " (far side) F F F F F F F
F F F F 50% F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F " "( F ) F F
F
F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F
F FF F F F F F F
F F
F F F
F F F F F F F
F

45. F F F F F ( F )
F
F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F
F F F F
F - F F F F F
F - F
F F - F F F .
F F F F
F F F F
F (libration) F F
F 59% F
FF F( F ) FF (F F )
F F " F F" F F F F " F " F
F FF F F F F ( F F F F
F F F ) F F F F F 3
1959 F F F F F
.

46. F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
4.5 F F F F F
F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F
F F F
(Artemis) F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
FF F 2 1959
F F F F F
F F F F F FF
F F F F F ( )
F F F F F F F F
F F ( )
F
2 F F
F F F F Space-faring nations
F F F F F
FF F F F

47. F F F ( ] F F - F -
) .F
F F " F"
F F moon mensis
-
F F 1665 F F
F F F luna
F
F : 363,104 .
0.0024 F F
: 405,696 .
0.0027 F F
: 384,399 .
(0.00257 F )
F
F 2,413,402 .
: (0.16 F )
F
F : 0.0549
: 27.321582
(27 7 . 43.1 )
: 29.530588

48. (29 12 . 44.0 )
: 27.554550
: 27.212221
: 27.321582
1.022 ./
:
1.082 ./
:
0.968 ./
:
: 5.145° ( F 18.29°
28.58° F )
1 18.6
:
F F 1 8.85
F :
:
F F F : 3,474.206 .
(0.273× )
F F F 3,476.28 .
F : (0.273× )
F F F 3,471.94 .
: (0.273× )
: 0.00125
F F : 10,916 .

49. : 3.793×107 .²
(0.074× )
: 2.1958×1010 .³
(0.020× )
: 7.3477×1022 .
(0.0123× )
F : 3,346.4 ./ ³
F F 1.622 / ²
F : (0.1654 )
F : 2.38 ./
27.321582 ( )
:
4.627 /
:
: 1.5424° ( )
: 6.687° ( )
F F : 0.12
:
F 100 K 220 K 390 K
85°N 70 K 130 K 230 K
: -12.74
: F 29' 33'
F : 107 F .³ ( )
105 F .³ ( )