1. (Solar System)
(Solar System) F F F
F F F F F8 F F F 166 [1] F
3 F F F 4 F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
4 F F F F 4 F F
F F (scattered disc)
heliopause ( F ) F
F F
F F
-
- F
-
-
F F F
-
- F

2. -
-
F 3 F
- F F F
- F F F
- F F scattered disc
F F F F F F F
" " F F F F "
" F F F F " " F
F
F F F F F F F
F F F
F F Piere Simon Laplace F
F . .1796 F F F F
F F
F F F
(Angular Momentum)
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F
F F F F
F F F
F F F
F F Laplace
F F Coral Von Weizsacker F F F F
F F F F (Solar Nebular) F F F F
F F F F F

3. F F F F F
F F F
F F F
F F F
(Milky Way) F F F F F F
F 30,000 F F 225 F
F F 1 F F F
FF F F F F F
F F
F F F F F
4,600 F F
F F F
F 4,600 F F
F F 5000 F F F
F F F F F F
F F9 F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F
F FF F

4. - F F G2 99.86%
- F 8 F F F
F
- F
- F
- F F F
- F F F
F F
- F F F F F F F
F F F F
- F F F F F F
F F
- F F F F F
L4 L5 F F F F F F F
- F F F F F
- F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F
- F F F F F F
- F F
- F F F 30 50 F F F
F F
F F
- F F F F 50,000 100,000 F F
F
- F F F F 76-850
F F F F F FF F F F F F
F

5. - F F
F F
F
F
F F F
F F
F F
F F F F F ( F · F · F ) F
F F F F F
F
F 90428 F & 28978 38628 F 20000
136108 F (2003 EL61) 50000 F 19521 136472 F (2005 FY9)
(2004 XR190)
F 148209 (2000 CR105) 90377
F
F
F F F
F
F ( )

6. F 90428 F 28978 38628 F 20000 136108 F (2003
EL61) 50000 F 19521 136472 F (2005 FY9) (2004 XR190) 90377
F F F F F ( F· )
( F)
F
F F
F F

7. F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F FF 74 F 25
F F F G2V G2 F F
5,780 ( 5,515 9,940 ) F F
F V ( 5) F F F F
F F F
F F F F F 26,000 F
225-250 F 215 F 1
1,400
F
F FF 3 F F F
F F F F
F F FF
F F F F F F
F F (solar constant) ( 1 F F F) F
1,370 F F F F F F F
F 1,000 F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F

8. F F F F
F F
F F F F F F
F (solar flare) F
F F F F
FF F F F F F F
F F( ) F 1 F F
F( F) F 6,000 F
FF F (prominence) F F
F F F F F F
F
F
FF F F F F
F 4,570 F F F F
F F 4 F F F
1 F F
F F F (
F ) F F 4-5
F F F F
F 100 F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F
F F
F

9. F FF F F
F FF
F F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F
F F F 99 F
F F F F
F F F F F F F F F 10
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
25 F 35 F F F
F F F 28
F F F F F
F FF F F
F F F FF F F
F F F 0.2 F F F
150,000 F F 150 F F
13,600,000 F F F F
- F F F F
F F
3.4×1038 F
383×1024 F (TNT) 9.15×1019
F F F F 50 F F F 17,000
( F ) F F
F

10. F F
F F
F F F (radiation zone) F F 0.2 0.7 F F
F F (convection) F
F F (adiabatic lapse rate) F
F F F FF F
F
F F (convection zone) F F
F F F F (heat column) F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F
F
F F (photosphere) F F F
F F F F H-[13][14]
F F F
F F ( F F )

11. F F 5 F F (temperature minimum)
F (chromosphere) F (transition region) (corona) F
(heliosphere)
4,000 500
F F F
2,000 100,000 F F
F F F
F F F (magnetic connection) F
F F 20 F F
(20 F )
F
F F
F
F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F
(Aztec) F F F F F
F F (Summer solstice)
24 F F (El
Castillo)
F
F F (Anaxagoras) F F F
F F F F F F F F
) F F F F F 3 F
F 149 F F
F F
F F F F F F 16 F F (Thomas
Harriot) F F F
F F F . . 2215
(Giovanni Cassini) F (Jean Richer) F
F F F

12. F F F FF F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F (Joseph von Fraunhofer) F
F F F F F F F F (Fraunhofer line)
F F F F F
F ( ) F F F F (Hermann von Helmholtz) F
- F F (Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism) F F
F F . . 2447 F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F - E=mc2
. . 2463 F F F F F
F F F F
F (Subrahmanyan Chandrasekar) F
F (Hans Bethe) F
F
F 4
F F F F F F F . . 2502
. . 2511 F F F F F
. . 2516 F F . . 2534 F
F F F F F F
F . . 2548

13. F F F F F F
(Solar and Heliospheric Observatory; SOHO) F F
F 2 . . 2538 F F
F 10 F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F . . 2551 F (Solar
Dynamic Observatory) F F (Lagrangian point) F
F
F (Ulysses)
. . 2533 F
-
F 9 . . 2537
F F F 750 F
F F F F F F F
F F
F F (thermonuclear reaction) F F
F F
F F F 8
F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F ( F F ) F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F
F

14. F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F

15. F F F F F
. F F F F F F F FF F
F F. F F F F 28.3° F
F F 10 . . 2517-2518 ( . . 1974-
1975) F 40-45% F
(Mercury) F Mercurius F F
F F 5 F
F F F
F
F F
F F
FF F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F
F
F 452 F F 90-700 F (
) F 11 ( F
F F ) F F F
6.5 F (irradiance) F 9.13 kW/m²
F FF F . . 2535 ( . . 1992) F
F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F

16. F F F
F F F F 1014 -
1015 F F 4 x 10 18
F F F F F F F
F F F F ( F
F )
F F F F F 1,350
F F F F F
F F F F F 2 F
F F F F F F
F
F F F ( F )
70% 30% F F 5,430 / F F F
F F F F F F F
F F 5.5% F 42%
( F F 17%) F F 600

17. 1. - 100 200 .
2. - 600 .
3. - 1,800 .1

18. F 10 F . . 2517 2518

19. F
F F F F F 2 F (Venus)
F F F F F
" F " FF F F F
F ( ) F
F F F 3 F
F F F F F F F F 47.8°
F F F F F
" " F F F " "
" F"
F F F 1,600 F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F

20. F F F F F
F F F F FF
F F 4,570 F (4.57×109) F F
F
F
F F F 12,711 .
12,755 . F 44 . 3 F 71% 1 F 29 % 23.5
F F F F F F
F F F F F
( )
F
(crust) 60-70 F
F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F 2
: (sial) F F
F
F F F F F
: (sima) F F F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F

21. F
(mantle Earth's mantle) F
3,000 F F F (Magma) F
F 800 - 4300°C F F
F F F
F 5,515 ./ . . F F F
F F F F F F 3,000 ./ . .
F F F F F F F F F F F
4.5 F F F F F
F F F F F F F
(core) F 80%, F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F 2 F F
F (outer core) 2,900 - 5,000
F F 6200 -
6400 F F 12.0 F
F (inner core) F F 1,000
4,300 - 6,200 F F
F F F F 17.0
F F F 5 F F
F F 0-10 F
F

22. F F 10-35 F
F F F
F F35-80 F F F
F (UV) F F F
F F 80-600 F
F
F F 600 F
F F F
15
F F F F F 29 F F 71
F F

23. F F F F 4
(Mars) F F F Ares
F F " " "Red Planet" ( F
F F) F F F F
F 2 F F
F F F F F F F F F
F (terrestrial planet) F
F
(Olympus Mons) F
(Marineris) F F
F F F F F
F
F
F F
F
F
( .) ( .)
( .) ( .)
22.2 27 × 21.6
1.08E+16 9,378 7.66
(Phobos) × 18.8

24. 12.6 10 × 12
2.0E+15 23,400 30.35
(Deimos) × 16
F F F
8 . . 2550 - F F- F F
F F F F
F F F F F F
22 . . 2550 - 2001 F F 7 F
F F F

25. F F F F F
F F 7 F FF " F 7

26. F F
F F ( : Asteroid belt) F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F " "
F F F F
(scattered disk)
F F F F F4 F F ,4 F ,2
10 F F F F 400
F F F F F F 950
[1][2][3][4] F F F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F (C-type) F (S-type) F (M-
type)
F F F F F
F F F F F F

27. F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F
F F F F
F F F
F
FF F F
F F Contemplation de la Nature
. . 1766 F F
F F F F 0 F 3, 6, 12, 24, 48,
F F F 4 F 10 FF F F
F F F( F F 1 AU F F F)
F F F - F
( F F) F
" F F " F F " F F
F F F F ? F" . . 1768 F F
F Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels F F F F
F F F " " F F

28. . . 1781 F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
. . 1800 F F F 24 F
F F F F " " F
F F F " " (Himmelspolitzei)
F F F , , F F F F F
F F F 15 F
F F F F F
F 1 . . 1801 (Giuseppe Piazzi) F F
F -
F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F
FF F F F F
F F F F . . 1802 F
F F F F " F F " (asteroid)
F asteroeide " "
F F F F F F F
. . 1807 2 F F F
F F F F F F F
. . 1845 F 5 F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F
F
F . . 1846 F - F F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
F
F 1868 F F F 100 F F F
F F . . 1891 F F F F F
F 1,000 1923 10,000 1951 100,000 1982